Infection/Safety/Sleep/Skin Integrity/Wound Care/Activity & Exercise Flashcards
What are the 2 types of asepsis?
medical and surgical
Define medical asepsis
includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area
objects in medical asepsis are referred to as “clean”
Define surgical asepsis
practice that keeps an Rea or object free of all microorganisms
aka sterile
What are the 3 methods of transmission?
direct; indirect; airborne
Define direct transmission
immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, kissing, biting, or sexual intercourse
Is droplet spread a form of direct transmission?
Yes - only if the source and host are within 3 feet of each other
What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?
vehicle; vector
examples of vehicle borne transmission
food, water, milk, blood, serum, plasma, soiled clothes, toys, cooking utensils, etc.
example of vector borne transmission
animal or flying/crawling insect that serves an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent
define airborne transmission
droplets or dust
What are the 2 types of specific defense/immunity?
active immunity; passive immunity
Define active immunity
host produces its own antibodies in response to infection or vaccines
Define passive immunity
host receives it naturally from mother or artificially from injection of immune serum
Factors that increase risk of infection
age, heredity, stressors, nutritional status, medical therapies, dx procedures, meds, presence of disease
What is the etiologic agent?
microorganism
What is the reservoir?
source
what are the major goals of a pt susceptible to infection?
maintain or store defenses
avoid spread of infectious organisms
reduce or alleviate problems associated with infection
How long does the CDC recommend you wash your hands for?
vigorously for 10 seconds
Factors that affect safety
age and development, lifestyle, mobility and health status, cognitive awareness, emotional state, ability to communicate, safety awareness, environmental factors
Define circadian rhythm
biorhythm that is controlled from within the body and synchronized with environmental factors such as light and darkness, gravity and electromagnetic stimuli
What are the 2 types of sleep?
NREM (non-REM sleep)
REM (rapid eye movement sleep)
How many stages of NREM are there?
4
What occurs during stage 1 of NREM
relaxed and drowsy
profound restfulness
lasts only a few minutes
floating sensation
What occurs during stage 2 of NREM
lightly asleep
easily aroused
What occurs during stage 3 of NREM
less easily aroused medium depth sleep muscles totally relaxed decreased in BP decrease in body temperature
What occurs during stage 4 of NREM
deepest sleep stage rarely moves muscles completely relaxed difficult to arouse occurs 30-40 minutes following sleep onset
Physiological changes during NREM
arterial BP falls HR decreases peripheral blood vessels dilate GI tract activity can increase skeletal muscles relax basal metabolic rate decreases 10-30%
Characteristics of REM sleep
active dreams occur/remembered
difficulty arousing but may wake spontaneously
depressed muscle tone
irregular HR, RR
irregular muscle movements occur, esp. rapid eye movement
brain is very active
Sleep requirements for newborns
16-18 hours over approx. 7 sleep periods
Sleep requirements for infants
12-14 to 22 hours per day
Sleep requirements for toddlers
10-12 hours
Sleep requirements for preschoolers
11-12 hours
Sleep requirements for school aged children
8-12 hours
Sleep requirements for adolescents
8-10 hours
Sleep requirements for young adults
7-8 hours
Sleep requirements for middle aged adults
6-8 hours
Sleep requirements for older adults
6 hours
factors that affect sleep
age, illness, environment, fatigue, lifestyle, emotional stress, alcohol and stimulants, diet, smoking, motivation, meds
Nursing interventions to promote sleep wellness
pt teaching of importance of sleep and factors that may be contributing to lack thereof supporting bedtime rituals creating restful environment promoting comfort and relaxation enhancing sleep with medications
6 different types of wounds
incision contusion abrasion puncture laceration penetrating wound
Describe incision
caused by a sharp instrument
open wound; painful, deep or shallow
Describe contusion
blow from blunt object
closed wound, skin bruised due to damage blood vessels
Describe abrasion
surface scrape; intentional (ex: bx) or unintentional (ex: scraped knee)
open wound involving skin; painful
Describe puncture
penetration of skin and possibly underlying tissue; intentional or unintentional
open wound
Describe laceration
tissue torn apart, often from accidents
open wound; edges usually jagged
Describe penetrating wound
penetration of the skin and underlying tissue
open wound
What are the 3 phases of wound healing
inflammatory, proliferative, maturation
What occurs during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
hemostasis and phagocytosis
What occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
collagen is synthesized (strengthen wound); increased blood supply; granulation tissue develops; fibrinous tissue is eventually converted into scar tissue
what occurs during the maturation phase of wound healing?
collagen fibers continue to grow; scar tissue becomes stronger; keloids may develop d/t excess collagen
What are the 3 major types of exudate?
serous, purulent, sanguineous (hemorrhagic)
Describe serous exudate
serum derived from blood and the serous membranes of the body
Describe purulent exudate
thicker d/t presence of pus (WBC, liquefied dead tissue debris, dead and living bacteria)
Describe sanguineous (hemorrhagic) exudate
large amounts of RBC
