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Competency Exam > GI Dysfunction > Flashcards

GI Dysfunction Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder
acute or chronic
associated with gallstones

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2
Q

s/sx of cholecystitis

A 
N/V
indigestion
belching, flatulence
RUQ pain
guarding, rigidity, rebound tenderness
mass palpated in RUQ
elevated temp
tachy
s/sx of dehydration
epigastric pain that radiations to scapula 2-4 hours after eating; lasting 4-6 hours
\+ Murphy's sign
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3
Q

what is Murphys sign?

A

can not take a deep breath when examiners fingers are passed below the hepatic margin

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4
Q

s/sx if there is a biliary obstruction r/t to cholecystitis

A

jaundice
dark orange, foamy urine
steatorrhea, clay colored feces
pruritus

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5
Q

take morphine or codeine during cholecystitis may cause what?

A

spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and increase pain

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6
Q

Diet for cholecystitis

A

NPO during N/V episodes

low-fat meals more frequently in small amounts

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7
Q

Chenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodiol) and ursodiol (Actigal) are administered PO for what?

A

to decrease the size of gallstones or to dissolve small stones

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8
Q

What is cholecystectomy?

A

removal of the gallbladder

can be done laparoscopically

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9
Q

What is choledochotomy?

A

incision into the common bile duct to remove the stone

can be done laparoscopically

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10
Q

What is a hernia?

A

protrusion of viscus through an abnormal opening or a weakened area in the wall of the cavity in any part of the body

commonly occurs in the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Reducible vs. irreducible/incarcerated hernia

A

R: can be placed back into the abdominal cavity

I: cannot be placed back into the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of hernias?

A

inguinal
femoral
umbilical
ventral/incisional

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13
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

point of weakness in the abdominal wall where the spermatic cord in men and round ligament in women emerge

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14
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

protrusion through the femoral ring canal

can become easily strangulated; occurs more frequently in women

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15
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

occurs when the rectus muscle is weak, or the umbilical fails to close after birth

most commonly seen in children

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16
Q

What is a ventral/incisional hernia?

A

d/t weakness of the abdominal wall at the site of a previous incision

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17
Q

What is a truss?

A

device that applies pressure to the hernia, keeping it in the abdominal cavity

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18
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

inflammation of the appendix

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19
Q

causes of appendicitis

A

appendix may be gangrenous or rupture
perforation
abscesses

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20
Q

s/sx of appendicitis

A 
periumbilical pain that shifts to RLQ at McBurney's point
low grade fever
anorexia
N/V
localized tenderness
rebound tenderness/muscle guarding
Rovsing's sign
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21
Q

what is Rovsing’s sing?

Study These Flashcards
A

pain felt in the RLQ when the LLQ is palpated

22
Q

What is peritonitis?

Study These Flashcards
A

inflammation of the peritoneum

23
Q

causes of peritonitis

Study These Flashcards
A 
adhesions (scar tissue)
ileus
PNA
hypovolemic shock
septicemia
intrabdominal abscess
paralytic ileus
organ failure
24
Q

s/sx of peritonitis

Study These Flashcards
A 
abdominal pain
tenderness over involved area
rebound tenderness
muscular rigidity
spasms
abdominal distention or ascites
fever
tachy
N/V
altered bowel habits
25
What is peptic ulcer disease?
any ulceration of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
26
What are the most common peptic ulcers?
gastic ulcers | duodenal ulcers
27
Typical age range for PUD
45-70 y/o
28
risk factors for PUD
``` chronic use of ASA, NSAIDS, corticosteroids smoking family hx alcohol use gastritis ```
29
s/sx of PUD
gnawing, sharp pain that occurs to the L of or mid-epigastric region 1-2 hours after eating N/V bleeding
30
PUD treatment
rest bland diet (6 small meals daily) stop smoking antacids (Ca carbonate, Al hydroxide gels) H2 Receptor blockers (Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid) Anticholinergic (ProBanthine)
31
What is diverticulitis?
complication from diverticulosis in which an inflammation of perforation of the diverticulum results
32
About ___% of the the population ___ y/o and older have diverticula and the percentage increases with age.
50% 40 y/o more common in men than women
33
diverticulitis risk factors
increasing age stress lack of fiber and bran in the diet
34
cause of diverticulitis
when food particles and bacteria becomes trapped in the diverticulum, creating a hardened mass known as fecalith
35
s/sx of diverticulitis
``` many pts are asymptomatic abdominal pain D/C bleeding gas formation abdominal distention fever ```
36
What is IBS?
disorder of GI motility with progressive changes in bowel function from diarrhea and constipation, or alternating between the 2
37
s/sx of IBS
episodic abdominal pain, cramping bloating flatulence alternating D/C
38
IBS treatment/care
well-balance, high fiber diet for constipation limit fiber and irritating foods for diarrhea 8 glasses of water daily record amount, consistency of stools establish a regular time for BM daily discourage alcohol and caffeine use
39
What are hemorrhoids?
dilated and distended veins in the anal and rectal areas that are located either internally or externally
40
hemorrhoids are typically seen in adults age ___ - ___ y/o
20-50
41
risk factors for hemorrhoids
pregnancy prolonged constipation straining during defecation portal HTN
42
s/sx of hemorrhoids
bleeding with BM itching and pain internal/external bulge mucous discharge
43
What are the 5 different types of ostomies?
``` colostomy ileostomy cecostomy loop colostomy double-barrel colostomy ```
44
What is a colostomy?
surgical opening created from the colon through the abdominal wall
45
What is a ileostomy?
opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall
46
What is a cecostomy?
opening of the cecum through the abdominal wall
47
What is a loop colostomy?
temporary colostomy that is made when immediate relief is needed for the bowel, often r/t obstruction
48
What is a double-barrel colostomy?
temporary colostomy that is made after bowel resection if anastomosis is not an option at the time of surgery
49
When should an ostomy pouch be emptied?
when it is no more than 1/2 full
50
What and how much should a colostomy be irrigated with?
500-1000 mL of warm, tap water
51
How to introduce foods after an ostomy
slowly, one at a time to check for tolerance

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