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1523 Theory > Infection Control and Isolation > Flashcards

Infection Control and Isolation Flashcards

Unit 1

1
Q

What is chain of infection?

A

A sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur.

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2
Q

What are the elements regarding the chain of infection?

A

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host

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3
Q

What is an infectious agent?

A

Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion.

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4
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

the habitat of the infectious agent, a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate.

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5
Q

What are some examples of reservoirs?

A

Health care workers, equipment, clients, anf furniture.

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6
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir.

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7
Q

What are modes of transmission? What are some examples?

A

How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne.

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8
Q

When does direct contact transmission occur?

A

when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person.

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9
Q

When does indirect contact transmission occur?

A

when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two.

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10
Q

What is personal protective equipment?

A

Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. This equipment may include masks, eye protection, gown, gloves, shoe covers and hair caps.

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11
Q

What is the definition of donned?

A

To put on

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12
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (ex. nurse, other client, healthcare worker).

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13
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

when small particulates move into the airspace of another person.

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14
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water.

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15
Q

What is vector-borne transmission?

A

Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent, carrying from one to another.

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16
Q

What is the difference between standard precautions and various types of isolation precautions?

A

Standard precautions (also called universal precautions) are used for all clients. Contact precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact. Droplet precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through sneezing, coughing, or talking.
Airborne precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted via particles in the air.

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17
Q

What is a portal of entry?

A

Any body orifice (ears, nose, mouth, or breaks in the mucous membranes or skin) that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act..

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18
Q

What is a susceptible host?

A

Someone who gets exposed to an infectious agent and becomes ill or exhibits manifestations.

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19
Q

Virulent

A

describes how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill.

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20
Q

What are the factors that increase host susceptibility?

A

Age,
Underlying disease HIV/AIDS,
Malignancy,
Transplants,
Medications: immunosuppressants, antirejection medications, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, gastric suppressants (e.g., proton pump inhibitors),
Surgical procedures,
Radiation therapy, and
Indwelling devices: endotracheal tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and implants such as pacemakers and artificial joints.

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21
Q

What are the elements regarding the body’s natural defenses?

A

The body’s natural defenses include physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific and specific immunity.

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22
Q

What is nonspecific immunity?

A

Immunity that responds to many antigens not just one.

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23
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm.

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24
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.

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25
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

A Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack.

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26
Q

What are the steps of inflammation?

A

1 Pattern receptors on cell surfaces recognize harmful stimuli;
2 Inflammatory pathways are activated;
3 Inflammatory markers are released;
4 Inflammatory cells are recruited.

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27
Q

What are some inflammatory response infectious triggers?

A

Viruses,
Bacteria,
and Other micro-organisms

28
Q

What are some inflammatory response non-infectious triggers?

A

Physical: burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation
Chemical: glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants (e.g., fluoride, nickel)
Biological: damaged cells
Psychological: excitement

29
Q

What are the manifestations of an inflammatory response?

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

30
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A

Incubation, prodromal, acute illness, period of decline, and period of convalescence.

31
Q

The incubation stage is the

A

First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans.

32
Q

What happens in the prodromal stage?

A

The client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates.

33
Q

The third stage of infection also known as

A

Acute illness is where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe.

34
Q

What happens in the period of decline?

A

Manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases.

35
Q

What is the fifth stage of infection and what happens?

A

Fifth and last stage of infection is called the period of convalescence and is when the client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health.

36
Q

Infections are categorized into which two groups? What is the difference between the two?

A

Local and Systemic.
Local infections are confined to one area of the body.
Systemic infections start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system.

37
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

is selected based on the client’s manifestations. Over-testing is not only costly, but also puts a burden on the system and can delay care and treatment. For these reasons, testing should be prescribed only when needed​​​​​​​​​​​​​.

38
Q

Types of WBC slide here

A
39
Q

What is the expected WBC count?

A

5,000 - 10,000/mm3

40
Q

What is medical asepsis?

A

Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces.

41
Q

What is surgical asepsis?

A

Includes techniques that ensures the sterility of items that will come in contact with the client, through use of equipment such as sterile gloves, in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client.

42
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Cleaning instruments so that all microorganisms, including bacterial spores are eradicated.

43
Q

What are sterile fields?

A

Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated.

44
Q

What does disinfectors do?

A

Cleans instruments so that almost all micro-organisms are eradicated, but not all.

45
Q

How does medical and surgical asepsis principles relate to the application of client care?

A
46
Q

Which precaution states you should Don a mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with a client

A

Droplet precaution

47
Q

Which precaution states you should Don an N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client?

A

airborne precautions

48
Q

What is an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)?

A

Single client rooms built with special air handling and ventilation to provide a negative pressure (relative to the surrounding area, such as the hall or neighboring rooms). Also referred to as a negative pressure room.

49
Q

What is protective isolation?

A

Used during the first 100 days after the transplant, specific engineering and hospital designs that decrease the risk of environmental fungi to the client who had hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).

50
Q

Which nursing interventions can help protect against infection?

A

The use of PPE
Needlestick Injury Prevention
Linens and Medical Waste

51
Q

What are the five types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophil, and eosinophils

52
Q

What is the point of medical asepsis?

A

To minimize the presence of disease-causing micro-orgamisms

53
Q

Which type of room is needed for a cline requiring airborne precautions?

A

Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR), also called a negative-pressure room

54
Q

Which PPE is needed for a client requiring droplet precautions?

A

Mask

55
Q

What are Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)?

A

Organisms that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials

56
Q

What are some examples of MDROs?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms
Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP)

57
Q

What are Health care-associated infections (HAIs)?

A

Infections that are acquired in a healthcare facility (ex. hospital, nursing home, ambulatory care facility).

58
Q

What are the four major HAIs?

A

Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
Surgical-site infections (SSIs)
Ventilator-assisted pneumonias (VAPs)

59
Q

What are infection control bundles? // What are care bundles?

A

Guidelines for practice that are bundled together to help prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, and SSIs.

60
Q

What are enhanced barrier precautions?

A

Nursing home staff must wear gown and gloves to prevent transfer of organisms to themselves or their clothing when engaging in certain client care activities.

61
Q

In what order is PPE to be donned?

A

Gown
Mask
Eye goggles or face shield
Gloves

62
Q

In what order is PPE to be removed?

A

Gloves
Gown
Face shield/eye goggles
Surgical mask or N-95 respirator

63
Q

Objectives broken down further

A

Examine the elements of the chain of infection and the body’s defenses.

Determining Links in the Chain of Infection

Determining Modes of Transmission of Infection

Identifying Links in the Chain of Infection

Identifying Modes of Transmission of Infection
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Recognizing Different Modes of Transmission of Infection

64
Q
A

Describe the manifestations of an inflammatory response, local and systemic infections, and related diagnostic tests.

Identifying Laboratory Tests That Indicate Inflammation

Identifying Stages of Infection

Identifying Triggers to Inflammatory Responses

Performing a Throat Culture

Recognizing Different Stages of Infection

65
Q
A

Relate principles of medical and surgical asepsis and their application to client care.

Assisting with Teaching About Surgical Asepsis

Evaluating Hand Hygiene

Hand Hygiene for Surgical Asepsis

Identifying Hand Hygiene for Clostridium difficile

Setting up a Sterile Field

66
Q
A

Differentiate between standard precautions and various types of isolation precautions.

Assisting with Teaching About Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms

Assisting with Teaching About N95 Mask

Implementing Precautions for Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Implementing Precautions for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus

Interventions for a Client on Contact Precautions

67
Q
A

Identify nursing interventions that can protect against infection.

Assisting Teaching About Needlestick Injuries

Assisting Teaching About Personal Protective Equipment

Decreasing the Risk for Catheter-Associated Infections

Identifying Situation to Change Gloves

Removing Personal Protective Equipment

1523 Theory (13 decks)

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