Infection Control and Isolation Flashcards
Unit 1
What is chain of infection?
A sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur.
What are the elements regarding the chain of infection?
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
What is an infectious agent?
Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion.
What is a reservoir?
the habitat of the infectious agent, a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate.
What are some examples of reservoirs?
Health care workers, equipment, clients, anf furniture.
What is a portal of exit?
Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir.
What are modes of transmission? What are some examples?
How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne.
When does direct contact transmission occur?
when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person.
When does indirect contact transmission occur?
when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two.
What is personal protective equipment?
Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. This equipment may include masks, eye protection, gown, gloves, shoe covers and hair caps.
What is the definition of donned?
To put on
What is droplet transmission?
when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (ex. nurse, other client, healthcare worker).
What is airborne transmission?
when small particulates move into the airspace of another person.
What is vehicle transmission?
Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water.
What is vector-borne transmission?
Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent, carrying from one to another.
What is the difference between standard precautions and various types of isolation precautions?
Standard precautions (also called universal precautions) are used for all clients. Contact precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact. Droplet precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through sneezing, coughing, or talking.
Airborne precautions are used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted via particles in the air.
What is a portal of entry?
Any body orifice (ears, nose, mouth, or breaks in the mucous membranes or skin) that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act..
What is a susceptible host?
Someone who gets exposed to an infectious agent and becomes ill or exhibits manifestations.
Virulent
describes how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill.
What are the factors that increase host susceptibility?
Age,
Underlying disease HIV/AIDS,
Malignancy,
Transplants,
Medications: immunosuppressants, antirejection medications, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, gastric suppressants (e.g., proton pump inhibitors),
Surgical procedures,
Radiation therapy, and
Indwelling devices: endotracheal tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and implants such as pacemakers and artificial joints.
What are the elements regarding the body’s natural defenses?
The body’s natural defenses include physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific and specific immunity.
What is nonspecific immunity?
Immunity that responds to many antigens not just one.
What do phagocytes do?
Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm.
What is specific immunity?
The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.
What is an inflammatory response?
A Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack.
What are the steps of inflammation?
1 Pattern receptors on cell surfaces recognize harmful stimuli;
2 Inflammatory pathways are activated;
3 Inflammatory markers are released;
4 Inflammatory cells are recruited.
What are some inflammatory response infectious triggers?
Viruses,
Bacteria,
and Other micro-organisms
What are some inflammatory response non-infectious triggers?
Physical: burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation
Chemical: glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants (e.g., fluoride, nickel)
Biological: damaged cells
Psychological: excitement
What are the manifestations of an inflammatory response?
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation, prodromal, acute illness, period of decline, and period of convalescence.
The incubation stage is the
First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans.
What happens in the prodromal stage?
The client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates.
The third stage of infection also known as
Acute illness is where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe.
What happens in the period of decline?
Manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases.
What is the fifth stage of infection and what happens?
Fifth and last stage of infection is called the period of convalescence and is when the client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health.
Infections are categorized into which two groups? What is the difference between the two?
Local and Systemic.
Local infections are confined to one area of the body.
Systemic infections start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system.
Diagnostic testing
is selected based on the client’s manifestations. Over-testing is not only costly, but also puts a burden on the system and can delay care and treatment. For these reasons, testing should be prescribed only when needed.
Types of WBC slide here
What is the expected WBC count?
5,000 - 10,000/mm3
What is medical asepsis?
Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces.
What is surgical asepsis?
Includes techniques that ensures the sterility of items that will come in contact with the client, through use of equipment such as sterile gloves, in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client.
What is sterilization?
Cleaning instruments so that all microorganisms, including bacterial spores are eradicated.
What are sterile fields?
Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated.
What does disinfectors do?
Cleans instruments so that almost all micro-organisms are eradicated, but not all.
How does medical and surgical asepsis principles relate to the application of client care?
Which precaution states you should Don a mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with a client
Droplet precaution
Which precaution states you should Don an N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client?
airborne precautions
What is an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)?
Single client rooms built with special air handling and ventilation to provide a negative pressure (relative to the surrounding area, such as the hall or neighboring rooms). Also referred to as a negative pressure room.
What is protective isolation?
Used during the first 100 days after the transplant, specific engineering and hospital designs that decrease the risk of environmental fungi to the client who had hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).
Which nursing interventions can help protect against infection?
The use of PPE
Needlestick Injury Prevention
Linens and Medical Waste
What are the five types of WBCs?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophil, and eosinophils
What is the point of medical asepsis?
To minimize the presence of disease-causing micro-orgamisms
Which type of room is needed for a cline requiring airborne precautions?
Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR), also called a negative-pressure room
Which PPE is needed for a client requiring droplet precautions?
Mask
What are Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)?
Organisms that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials
What are some examples of MDROs?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms
Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP)
What are Health care-associated infections (HAIs)?
Infections that are acquired in a healthcare facility (ex. hospital, nursing home, ambulatory care facility).
What are the four major HAIs?
Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
Surgical-site infections (SSIs)
Ventilator-assisted pneumonias (VAPs)
What are infection control bundles? // What are care bundles?
Guidelines for practice that are bundled together to help prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, and SSIs.
What are enhanced barrier precautions?
Nursing home staff must wear gown and gloves to prevent transfer of organisms to themselves or their clothing when engaging in certain client care activities.
In what order is PPE to be donned?
Gown
Mask
Eye goggles or face shield
Gloves
In what order is PPE to be removed?
Gloves
Gown
Face shield/eye goggles
Surgical mask or N-95 respirator
Objectives broken down further
Examine the elements of the chain of infection and the body’s defenses.
Determining Links in the Chain of Infection
Determining Modes of Transmission of Infection
Identifying Links in the Chain of Infection
Identifying Modes of Transmission of Infection
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Recognizing Different Modes of Transmission of Infection
Describe the manifestations of an inflammatory response, local and systemic infections, and related diagnostic tests.
Identifying Laboratory Tests That Indicate Inflammation
Identifying Stages of Infection
Identifying Triggers to Inflammatory Responses
Performing a Throat Culture
Recognizing Different Stages of Infection
Relate principles of medical and surgical asepsis and their application to client care.
Assisting with Teaching About Surgical Asepsis
Evaluating Hand Hygiene
Hand Hygiene for Surgical Asepsis
Identifying Hand Hygiene for Clostridium difficile
Setting up a Sterile Field
Differentiate between standard precautions and various types of isolation precautions.
Assisting with Teaching About Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms
Assisting with Teaching About N95 Mask
Implementing Precautions for Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Implementing Precautions for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
Interventions for a Client on Contact Precautions
Identify nursing interventions that can protect against infection.
Assisting Teaching About Needlestick Injuries
Assisting Teaching About Personal Protective Equipment
Decreasing the Risk for Catheter-Associated Infections
Identifying Situation to Change Gloves
Removing Personal Protective Equipment
