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Microbiology > Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Infection and Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to disease

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2
Q

What is the importance of immunity?

A

Developing control strategies

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3
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

The causes of diseases

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4
Q

What are all immune cells derived from?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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5
Q

What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells divide into?

A

Common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor

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6
Q

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells divide into?

A

B cells
T cells
Killer cells

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7
Q

Where do all common lymphoid progenitor cells reside?

A

In the lymph nodes

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8
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In bone marrow

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9
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thyroid

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10
Q

What do common myeloid progenitor cells divide into?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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11
Q

Is innate immunity antigen dependent?

A

No

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12
Q

Does innate immunity have a time lag?

A

No

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13
Q

Is innate immunity specific?

A

Relatively non-specific

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14
Q

Does innate immunity have immunological memory?

A

No

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15
Q

What are the three main innate immunity barriers?

A

Skin
Gut villi
Lung cilia

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16
Q

What are innate immunity soluble factors?

A

Protein and non-protein secretions

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17
Q

What cells are part of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes
Mast cells
Basophils
Natural killer cells

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18
Q

Is adaptive immunity antigen dependent?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Does adaptive immunity have a time lag?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Is adaptive immunity antigen specific?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How does adaptive immunity develop?

A

From memory of previous infection

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22
Q

Are there any adaptive immunity barriers?

A

No

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23
Q

What are adaptive immunity soluble factors?

A

Immunoglobulins = antibodies

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24
Q

What are adaptive immunity cells?

A

B and T lymphocytes

25
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Foreign marcomolecules that induce specific immunity

26
Q

Name four types of molecules that act as antigens.

A

Peptides
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

27
Q

When do phagocytes develop into macrophages?

A

When they enter tissue

28
Q

When do phagocytes develop into neutrophils?

A

When they are in the blood

29
Q

What do the receptors on phagocytes recognise?

A

Specific components of microorganisms

  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Mannose and other sugar residues
  • Teichoic acids
  • N-formyl peptides
  • Bacteria heat shock proteins
30
Q

What microorganisms have lipopolysaccharides on their outer membrane?

A

Gram negative bacteria

31
Q

What microorganisms have teichoic acids on their outer membrane?

A

Gram positive bacteria

32
Q

What are phagocytes directed to the site of infection by?

A

Chemical messengers released by macrophages present in the infected tissue

33
Q

What type of bacteria do phagocytes kill?

A

Oxygen independent microorganisms

34
Q

How do phagocytes kill oxygen independent microorganisms?

A
  1. Phagosome containing the bacteria fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes
  2. The phagocytes oxygen uptake is increased and causes respiratory burst
35
Q

What do enzymes in macrophages produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species

36
Q

What does activation of the phagocyte lead to?

A

Induction of nitric oxide synthase which produces high levels of nitric oxide

37
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

In tissues

38
Q

Where are basophils found?

A

In the blood

39
Q

What do mast cells and basophils contain that stimulates inflammation?

A

Cytoplasmic granules

40
Q

What is degranulation induced by?

A

Traume
Toxins
Proteases and cationic proteins released from other immune cells
Antibodies

41
Q

What does degranulation release?

A

Histamines
Anticoagulants
Leukotrienes
Cytokines

42
Q

What do natural killer cells contain?

A

Toxin chemicals contained in granules

43
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Kill infected and malignant cells

Contact infected cells

44
Q

What do natural killer cells release?

A

Granules which punch holes in infected cell membranes

High levels of cytokines

45
Q

What B cells produce?

A

Antibodies and immunoglobulins

46
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies released by B cells bind to microorganisms or toxins and neutralise them directly or tag them for other parts of the immune system to destroy

47
Q

What are the two main types of T cells?

A

T helper cells

Cytotoxic T cells

48
Q

What are the two main forms of T helper cells?

A

T helper 1

T helper 2

49
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells express?

A

CD8

50
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells?

A
  1. Recognise antigen on target cell
  2. Lethal hit is delivered by T cells using agents
  3. T cell detaches from the target cell
  4. The target cell dies by apoptosis
51
Q

What agents are used by cytotoxic T cells to give target cells a lethal hit?

A

Perforin

Granzyme B

52
Q

T cells are the _________ of the immune response

A

Coordinators

53
Q

What do T cells secrete?

A

Cytokines

54
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signalling molecules which aid cell to cell communication and stimulate inflammation

55
Q

What type of immune cell recognises antigens?

A

T cells

56
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Increase permeability of capillaries to white blood cells

57
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Reduce the risk of blood clots

58
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

Inflammatory chemicals

  • Tighten airway muscles
  • Produce excess mucus

Microbiology (18 decks)

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