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Microbiology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes - they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Where are fungi found?

A

In terrestrial environments

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3
Q

Fungi are saprotrophic, what does that mean?

A

They are primary decomposers of dead and organic matter

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4
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

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5
Q

How can fungi be classified?

A

By morphology = the structures produced during sexual reproduction
By evolutionary relationships

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6
Q

What fungi is likely to be the first fungi to have evolved?

A

Chytridiomycota

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7
Q

What are the features of chytridiomycota?

A

Lively mostly in water and soil
Mostly saprotrophs
Asexual and sexual zoospores have flagella - enabling motility
Major threat to amphibian species

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8
Q

What are the features of zygomycota?

A

Saprotrophs

Hyphae lack cross walls and are multinucleate

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9
Q

What does asexual production of zygomycota produce?

A

Sporangiospores

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10
Q

What does the sexual production of zygomycota produce?

A

Zygospores

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11
Q

What are the features of ascomycota?

A

Plant pathogens
Saprotrophs
Symbiotic partner in lichens
Morphologically diverse

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12
Q

Name three examples of ascomycota.

A

Yeasts
Mould
Truffles

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13
Q

What does the asexual reproduction of ascomycota produce?

A

Conidia

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14
Q

What does the sexual production of ascomycota produce?

A

Ascospores

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15
Q

What are the features of basidiomycota?

A

Mainly saprotrophs
Some plant pathogens
Septate hyphae

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16
Q

Name three examples of basidiomycota?

A

Mushrooms
Puffballs
Birds next fungi

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17
Q

What does the rare asexual production of basidiomycota produce?

A

Arthrospores

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18
Q

What does the sexual reproduction of basidiomycota produce?

A

Basidiospores

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19
Q

When are spore forming structures produced?

A

In both sexual and asexual reproduction

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20
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Thin thread-like filaments found in fungi

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21
Q

What are mycelium?

A

Filamentous mass grown from hyphae

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22
Q

What are septa?

A

Hyphae containing cross walls which produces uninucleate cell like units

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23
Q

What are conenocytic hyphae?

A

Hyphae that does not contain cross walls which makes it appear multinucleate

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24
Q

What do the cell walls of fungi contain?

A

Chitin

25
Q

What other organelles are found in fungi?

A 
Vacuoles 
ER
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
Golgi apparatus 
Nucleus
26
Q

Fungi are heterotrophs, what does this mean?

A

They do not make their own food

They obtain nutrients from pre-formed sources of organic carbon

27
Q

In what form do fungi store food?

A

Glycogen

28
Q

Where and why are enzymes secreted before intake of nutrients?

A

From hyphae tips to break down food so that they can intake the nutrients

29
Q

What happens when there is mechanical damage to cell walls in fungi?

A

Septal ‘plugs’ block septal spores

30
Q

How fast does the cytoplasm stream?

A

12cm per hour

31
Q

In what direction does cytoplasmic streaming occur?

A

Unrestricted bi-directional flow

32
Q

Name three forms of asexual production.

A

Hyphal fragmentation
Production of spores
Uneven cell division

33
Q

What happens during hyphal fragmentation?

A

Asexual spores formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae

34
Q

What happens during the production of spores?

A

Asexual spores formed by mitosis at the tips of specialised hyphae

35
Q

What happens during uneven cell division?

A
  1. Budding = parent cell forms a bud on the outer surface
  2. As the bud grows the parent cell’s nucleus divides and one nucleus migrates into the bud
  3. Cell wall material is laid down between the bud and the parent cell
  4. The bud breaks away leaving a scar
36
Q

What pH do fungi grow best in?

A

pH 5

37
Q

Why can fungi grow in relatively high salt or sugar concentrations?

A

Because they are more resistant to osmotic pressure

38
Q

Can fungi grow on substances with low moisture content?

A

Yes

39
Q

Do fungi require a continuous water phase for growth?

A

No

40
Q

Do fungi need nitrogen for growth?

A

Little

41
Q

Are fungi capable of metabolising complex carbohydrates?

A

Yes - lignin

42
Q

Name three threats to fungal plants.

A

Rice blast disease
Wheat stem rust
Late potato blight

43
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Interactions between two different organisms living in close physical association that typically advantage both

44
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

Mutualistic relationship between fungus and a plant root

45
Q

What does the plant gain from fungi in mycorrihizae?

A

Fungus functions like a root by growing in the soil and absorbing nutrients

46
Q

What does the fungi gain from plants in mycorrihizae?

A

Plant provides energy

47
Q

What is lichen?

A

Associated between fungi and a photosynthetic organism or green alga

48
Q

What does the photosynthetic organisms gain from the fungi in lichen?

A

Fungi provides structure

49
Q

What does the fungi gain from the photosynthetic organism in lichen?

A

Photosynthetic organism provides food

50
Q

What are the two main forms of association?

A

Ectomycorrhiza

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

51
Q

What is ectomycorrhiza?

A

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of various plants
- Fungi forms between roots

52
Q

What is arbuscular mycorrhiza?

A

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of various plants
- Fungi penetrates the root

53
Q

Name three ways in which fungi act as pathogens.

A

Superficial infections
Subcutaneous fungal infections
Systemic mycoses

54
Q

What are superficial infections?

A

Infections of the outer layer of the skin hair and nails

  • Athletes foot
  • Ringworm
55
Q

What are subcutaneous fungal infections?

A

Infections that usually occur in deep layers of the skin or in underlying bone

56
Q

What are the treatments for subcutaneous fungal infections?

A

Local surgery

Antibiotic treatment

57
Q

What are systemic mycoses?

A

Infections that occur via the inhalation of fungal spores by individuals with weak immune systems

58
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

An infection caused by pathogens that takes advantage of an opportunity not normally available (weak immune system)

Microbiology (18 decks)

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