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Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in specified populations

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2
Q

Is the focus of epidemiology on populations or individuals?

A

Populations

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3
Q

What does frequency mean in terms of epidemiology?

A

The quantification of occurrence of disease

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4
Q

What does distribution mean in terms of epidemiology?

A

Who
When
Where
How

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5
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

Those which are transmittable

  • Measles
  • Mumps
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6
Q

What are non-infectious diseases?

A

Those which are non-transmittable

  • Heat disease
  • Diabetes
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7
Q

What are contagious diseases?

A

Diseases which are easily transmitted by contact between hosts

  • Flu
  • Colds
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8
Q

What are non-contagious diseases?

A

Diseases whose spread usually requires a mode of transmission
- Lyme disease

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9
Q

What does reproduction number tell us about diseases?

A

How contagious and infectious the disease is

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10
Q

What is the reproduction number derived from?

A

The number of people who catch the disease from one sick person

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11
Q

What is reproduction number affected by?

A

The mode of transmission

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12
Q

The higher the reproduction number the ______ the herd immunity required.

A

Higher

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13
Q

What is incidence of disease?

A

The number of new cases of disease in a population at a particular time

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14
Q

What does the incidence of disease provide?

A

An indication of the risk of contracting a disease

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15
Q

What is prevalence of disease?

A

The total number of cases in a population at a particular time
- Existing and new cases

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16
Q

What does the prevalence of disease provide?

A

An indication of how common and widespread a disease is within a population

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17
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

An unusually high number of cases in a population at the same time

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18
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

An unusual cluster of cases appearing within a short time in a localised population

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19
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A widespread epidemic

- Usually global

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20
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease which is constantly present in the population

21
Q

What is sporadic disease?

A

Individual cases occur in geographically distinct places

- Not linked

22
Q

What did John Snow identify?

A

Cholera outbreaks in London

23
Q

What did Florence Nightingale record?

A

Statistics on typhus epidemic in English civilian and military populations

24
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis discover?

A

Causes of deaths attributed to childbirth fever

25
Q

Why are infectious diseases spread?

A

Global travel
Globalisation of food supply
Overcrowding
Closer contact with wilderness environments

26
Q

What is chain infection?

A

Infection transported to the host via the route of transmission from a reservoir

27
Q

Do all infected individuals exhibit disease?

A

No - carriers act as reservoirs for disease

28
Q

Who was typhoid Mary?

A

An asymptomatic carrier of the agent that caused typhoid

29
Q

What are the two modes of transmission by contact?

A

Direct and indirect

30
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Host to host

  • Animal to person
  • Person to person = mother to child, skin to skin, exchange of bodily fluids
31
Q

What diseases are spread via direct contact transmission?

A

Rabies
STI’s
Measles

32
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A 
Via non-living objects = formites 
- Toothbrushes
- Bedding
- Drinking cups 
Via droplets in the air
33
Q

What diseases are spread via indirect contact transmission?

A

Hepatitis B

Respiratory disease

34
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Transmission by a medium

  • Food and water
  • Airborne
  • Vector
35
Q

What is indirect mechanical transmission?

A

Passive transmission of pathogens on the insects feet or other body parts

36
Q

What is indirect biological transmission?

A

Active process through insect bite

37
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The ease of transmission

38
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

39
Q

What is virulence?

A

How serious the disease outcome is

40
Q

What measures may be taken to control disease?

A

Reduce pathogen reservoir
Reduce transmission of pathogens
Reduce host susceptibility to disease

41
Q

How might pathogen reservoirs be reduced?

A

Human immunity
Animal immunity
Reduce vector population

42
Q

How might transmission of pathogens be reduced?

A

Treatment of food and water to eliminate pathogens

Wearing masks = respiratory pathogens

43
Q

How might host susceptibility to disease be reduced?

A

Immunity

44
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Individual develops antibodies in response to infection or vaccination

45
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Individual gains antibodies via mother, injections of antitoxins or immune globulin

46
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The resistance of a group to infection due to the immunity of a high proportion of the members of the group

47
Q

What pathogen causes small pox?

A

Orthopoxvirus

48
Q

What is the reservoir for small pox?

A

Humans

49
Q

How is small pox transmitted?

A

Respiratory route

Microbiology (18 decks)

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