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Microbiology > Diseases Transmitted by Animals and Insects > Flashcards

Diseases Transmitted by Animals and Insects Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Infections that occur in both animals and humans

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2
Q

What is direct transmission between animals and humans?

A

Transmission by direct animal human contact

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3
Q

What is indirect transmission between animals and humans?

A

Transmission involved a vector

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4
Q

Name three common vectors.

A

Mosquito
Tick
Flea

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5
Q

Why is it difficult to control zoonoses?

A

Because they have a complex infection cycle

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6
Q

How can the susceptibility of a host be controlled?

A

With drug treatment and vaccination

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7
Q

How can wild animals be controlled?

A

Population control

Vaccination

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8
Q

How can vector populations be controlled?

A

Habitat changes

Pesticides

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9
Q

How is anthrax transmitted?

A

By inhalation of spores or direct animal contact

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10
Q

What are the hosts of anthrax?

A

Cattle
Goat
Sheep

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11
Q

How is bovine tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Through milk

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12
Q

What is the main host of bovine tuberculosis?

A

Cattle

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13
Q

What microbe is plague caused by?

A

Yersinia pestis

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14
Q

What are the two main features of yersinia pestis?

A

Gram negative bacteria

Facultative anaerobic

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15
Q

How is plague transmitted?

A

By fleas

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16
Q

In what animals is plague most common?

A

Wild rodents

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17
Q

What does the bacteria of plague do if it is not killed by neutrophils?

A

Kills macrophages
Multiply
New bacteria released is resistant to neutrophils

18
Q

Where does plague spread within the body and what does it cause?

A

Through the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes become swollen and hemorrhagic = bubonic plague

19
Q

Where may bacteria spread to in bubonic plague?

A

The blood = bacteraemia

20
Q

What do the endotoxins released by bubonic plague bacteria result in?

A

Systemic shock
Liver damage
Respiratory disease

21
Q

When does bubonic plague become pneumonic plague?

A

When bacteria in the blood infects organs

22
Q

What transmission route does pneumonic plague take when spreading to other animals?

A

Respiratory

23
Q

What are the treatment drugs for plague?

A

Streptomyosin

Tetracycline

24
Q

What is the incubation period of plague?

A

1-7 days

25
Q

What are the two main protozoa that cause malaria?

A

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum

26
Q

What vector transmits malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

27
Q

What is the cycle of infection of malaria?

A
  1. Transmission by mosquito bite
  2. Sporozoites removed from blood and enter liver
  3. Formation of merozoites
  4. Merozoites reproduce and infect red blood cells
  5. Production of gametes
  6. Different mosquito feeds on the same human and is infected
  7. Maturation and fertilisation of gametes in new mosquito
  8. Growth
  9. Development and release of new sporozoites
28
Q

What are the treatments for malaria?

A 
Quinine = kills sporozoites 
Chloroquine = acts within red blood cells 
Primaquine = acts outside red blood cells
29
Q

How can transmission of malaria be controlled?

A

Eliminate habitats
Eliminate mosquito
Personal protection

30
Q

Why might some individuals be resistant to malaria?

A

As a result of polymorphisms

- Altered haemoglobin

31
Q

What type of microbe causes rabies?

A

RNA virus

32
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

Directly

33
Q

Where does replication of the virus occur?

A

At the site of inoculation

34
Q

What is the incubation time for rabies?

A

1 week to 9 months

35
Q

Where does replication of rabies viruses inevitably occur?

A

In the brain

  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
36
Q

What are the non-specific symptoms of rabies?

A

Malaise
Nausea
Sore throat
Fever

37
Q

What are the neurological symptoms of rabies?

A

Dilation of pupils
Excessive salivation
Throat spasms

38
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Vaccination after infection

- Inactivated and attenuated

39
Q

What are rickettsia?

A

Small obligate intracellular bacteria

40
Q

What are the two main groups of rickettsia?

A

Typhus group

Spotted fever group

41
Q

What is spotted fever?

A

Necrosis of tissue as a result of rickettsia replicating at the site of a tick bite

42
Q

How do spotted fever bacteria spread?

A

Systemically and invade endothelial cells of blood vessels causing haemorrhaging and rashing

Microbiology (18 decks)

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