Infant Flashcards
What age is an infant?
Birth to 1y
What changes occur in infancy?
Move from gravity dependent to against gravity.
Non communicative to communication.
Developing a place in society and role development.
Huge developmental occurrences in multiple areas (FM, gross motor, cognition, social)
What changes occur in the first year?
Body weight triples
Body size increases
Heartbeat/ pulse slows
- From120 bpm to 80-100
- 100/55 for BP
How can you divide the first year of life?
B-3m: early infancy
4-6m: middle infancy
7-9m: late infancy
10-12m: transition to toddler
What happens in early infancy (B-3m)?
Head control
- To 45º - 1-2m
- 90º - 2-3m
Visual tracking
- Cross midline at 2-3m.
- “Nystagmus” normal
Social skills
- Smiles: 2-3m
Why is crossing the midline important?
Coordination of sides
Coordination and integration of cerebral hemispheres
Weight shift
What parts of the body cross the midline?
UE, LE, eyes, and tongue
What happens in middle infancy (4-6m)?
Most primitive reflexes are integrated!
Mature NOB and BOB
Volitional roll
- supine to prone
- prone to supine
Describe sitting in middle infancy?
4m: pulls to sit.
5m: sits supported.
6m: 3-point or prop sit.
What movements are associated with middle infancy?
Associated reactions, overflow
Doing something on one side, same motion on the other
Onset: young to mid infancy
Trigger: effortful action
Response: copy of the other side
Integration: late childhood (adulthood)
- Use after a CVA or with weakness.
What other developmental milestones occur in middle infancy?
Bring hands to midline.
- 4m: hold bottle.
- 5m: play - hands and feet.
True suck
- 4m: disassociation of parts
- 4m: start of spoon feeding.
- 5-6m - active lip
Vocalization (4-5m)
- Laughing
- Babbling
What fine motor and hand development occurs from B-6m?
Birth-grasp is reflexive.
- Hands to mouth or eyes
- Hands typically fisted.
3 months
- Hands relax in open position.
4 months
- Hands to midline away from body slightly
5 months
- 5-6m: begins reaching
- 5-6m: Ulnar palmer (palmer) grasp
- Raking begins.
Describe late infancy (7-9m).
Protective reactions
Sitting -tall and stable
Prone work
7m: radial palmer grasp
8-9m: lateral pincer grasp
9m: voluntary release
Describe the development of sitting.
Newborn- slumped, C-shape, no head control
4-5 months: 3-point sit, some extension
6-8 months: sits erect and stable.
7-8 months: dynamic sitter (rotation is added)
- W sitting
Describe prone development.
Newborn-flexed with reflex driven movement
1-2m: head against gravity (45º)
3-4m: prop on arms (head at 90º, 3months)
4-5m: rolling.
6m: roll to sit.
7-8m: “crawl”, commando
8m: all fours and rock
9m: creep
Describe FM and hand development in late infancy?
10-11m: inferior pincer grasp
- Can now pick up a pea and put it in their ear.
11-12m: pincer (pad to pad) grasp
12m: tip pincer
Also look at position of wrist, immature wrist flexed, mature wrist stable
Describe ambulation in late infancy.
10-11m: pulls to stand
10-11m: cruises
Walks with two hands held.
Walks with one hand held.
Walks independently.
- Wide base
- High guard
What developmental milestones occur in late infancy?
8m: object permanence
8m: understand impact to environment.
8m: becomes “emotional”, happy, mad etc.
8-10m: begins to form attachments
- Strong research to suggestion, attachment in the first-year influences lifelong ability to attach.
11-12m: first words
12m: stranger anxiety
Describe feeding milestones in late infancy.
7m: eats from spoon
- Teeth start to show up (6m on)
- Munching pattern
- Finger feeds
10-12m:
- Can eat most foods.
- Rotary chew and tongue movement
What is developmental delay?
Failure to meet milestones associated with the norm.
May be due to a known condition or idiopathic.
May be global or focal.
What is transient developmental delay?
Often due to difficult start
Importance of early intervention
- Plasticity in the first 2 years
How can you determine developmental age?
Gestational age - time from conception (38 weeks)
Last menstrual cycle or LMP (40 weeks)
Chronological age – age since birth
Corrected age - age the baby should be if it was full term.
What is the APGAR?
Rating for newborns
Done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
0-10 score
How does pastural control against gravity occur?
Postural control against gravity occurs in sequence.
- Cephalo-caudal
- Proximal-distal
Coordinated movement follows what pattern?
Extension-flexion-lateral flexion-rotation
Weight shift follows what predictable sequence?
Anterior posterior
Lateral
Diagonal
Motor function is dependent on…
stability and mobility
Reflex integration allows for…
postural control
Gross patterns of movement precede…
fine (isolated or disassociated) movement
Sensory input influences…
motor output
