Infant

Question 1

What age is an infant?

Answer 1

Birth to 1y

Question 2

What changes occur in infancy?

Answer 2

Move from gravity dependent to against gravity.
Non communicative to communication.
Developing a place in society and role development.
Huge developmental occurrences in multiple areas (FM, gross motor, cognition, social)

Question 3

What changes occur in the first year?

Answer 3

Body weight triples
Body size increases
Heartbeat/ pulse slows
- From120 bpm to 80-100
- 100/55 for BP

Question 4

How can you divide the first year of life?

Answer 4

B-3m: early infancy
4-6m: middle infancy
7-9m: late infancy
10-12m: transition to toddler

Question 5

What happens in early infancy (B-3m)?

Answer 5

Head control
- To 45º - 1-2m
- 90º - 2-3m
Visual tracking
- Cross midline at 2-3m.
- “Nystagmus” normal
Social skills
- Smiles: 2-3m

Question 6

Why is crossing the midline important?

Answer 6

Coordination of sides
Coordination and integration of cerebral hemispheres
Weight shift

Question 7

What parts of the body cross the midline?

Answer 7

UE, LE, eyes, and tongue

Question 8

What happens in middle infancy (4-6m)?

Answer 8

Most primitive reflexes are integrated!
Mature NOB and BOB
Volitional roll
- supine to prone
- prone to supine

Question 9

Describe sitting in middle infancy?

Answer 9

4m: pulls to sit.
5m: sits supported.
6m: 3-point or prop sit.

Question 10

What movements are associated with middle infancy?

Answer 10

Associated reactions, overflow
Doing something on one side, same motion on the other
Onset: young to mid infancy
Trigger: effortful action
Response: copy of the other side
Integration: late childhood (adulthood)
- Use after a CVA or with weakness.

Question 11

What other developmental milestones occur in middle infancy?

Answer 11

Bring hands to midline.
- 4m: hold bottle.
- 5m: play - hands and feet.
True suck
- 4m: disassociation of parts
- 4m: start of spoon feeding.
- 5-6m - active lip
Vocalization (4-5m)
- Laughing
- Babbling

Question 12

What fine motor and hand development occurs from B-6m?

Answer 12

Birth-grasp is reflexive.
- Hands to mouth or eyes
- Hands typically fisted.
3 months
- Hands relax in open position.
4 months
- Hands to midline away from body slightly
5 months
- 5-6m: begins reaching
- 5-6m: Ulnar palmer (palmer) grasp
- Raking begins.

Question 13

Describe late infancy (7-9m).

Answer 13

Protective reactions
Sitting -tall and stable
Prone work
7m: radial palmer grasp
8-9m: lateral pincer grasp
9m: voluntary release

Question 14

Describe the development of sitting.

Answer 14

Newborn- slumped, C-shape, no head control
4-5 months: 3-point sit, some extension
6-8 months: sits erect and stable.
7-8 months: dynamic sitter (rotation is added)
- W sitting

Question 15

Describe prone development.

Answer 15

Newborn-flexed with reflex driven movement
1-2m: head against gravity (45º)
3-4m: prop on arms (head at 90º, 3months)
4-5m: rolling.
6m: roll to sit.
7-8m: “crawl”, commando
8m: all fours and rock
9m: creep

Question 16

Describe FM and hand development in late infancy?

Answer 16

10-11m: inferior pincer grasp
- Can now pick up a pea and put it in their ear.
11-12m: pincer (pad to pad) grasp
12m: tip pincer
Also look at position of wrist, immature wrist flexed, mature wrist stable

Question 17

Describe ambulation in late infancy.

Answer 17

10-11m: pulls to stand
10-11m: cruises
Walks with two hands held.
Walks with one hand held.
Walks independently.
- Wide base
- High guard

Question 18

What developmental milestones occur in late infancy?

Answer 18

8m: object permanence
8m: understand impact to environment.
8m: becomes “emotional”, happy, mad etc.
8-10m: begins to form attachments
- Strong research to suggestion, attachment in the first-year influences lifelong ability to attach.
11-12m: first words
12m: stranger anxiety

Question 19

Describe feeding milestones in late infancy.

Answer 19

7m: eats from spoon
- Teeth start to show up (6m on)
- Munching pattern
- Finger feeds
10-12m:
- Can eat most foods.
- Rotary chew and tongue movement

Question 20

What is developmental delay?

Answer 20

Failure to meet milestones associated with the norm.
May be due to a known condition or idiopathic.
May be global or focal.

Question 21

What is transient developmental delay?

Answer 21

Often due to difficult start
Importance of early intervention
- Plasticity in the first 2 years

Question 22

How can you determine developmental age?

Answer 22

Gestational age - time from conception (38 weeks)
Last menstrual cycle or LMP (40 weeks)
Chronological age – age since birth
Corrected age - age the baby should be if it was full term.

Question 23

What is the APGAR?

Answer 23

Rating for newborns
Done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
0-10 score

Question 24

How does pastural control against gravity occur?

Answer 24

Postural control against gravity occurs in sequence.
- Cephalo-caudal
- Proximal-distal

Question 25

Coordinated movement follows what pattern?

Answer 25

Extension-flexion-lateral flexion-rotation

Question 26

Weight shift follows what predictable sequence?

Answer 26

Anterior posterior
Lateral
Diagonal

Question 27

Motor function is dependent on…

Answer 27

stability and mobility

Question 28

Reflex integration allows for…

Answer 28

postural control

Question 29

Gross patterns of movement precede…

Answer 29

fine (isolated or disassociated) movement

Question 30

Sensory input influences…

Answer 30

motor output