Industrial Revolution Test

Question 1

What is the Union Pacific RR?

Answer 1

began to build westward from Nebraska to California

issues by Congress to try and help California bind to the republic

Question 2

Central Pacific Railroad

Answer 2

Railroad starting in California that would extend east - backed by “The Big Four”

Question 3

Leland Stanford

Answer 3

Part of the Big Four

ex-governor of California

Question 4

Collis P. Huntington

Answer 4

Part of the Big Four

adept lobbyist

Question 5

the four transcontinental railroads

Answer 5

Northern Pacific Railroad
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Southern Pacific
Great Northern

Question 6

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 6

financed the successful western railroads, invented the steel rail, standard track, and track gauge. overall, made railroad more efficient

Question 7

Pullman Palace Cars

Answer 7

luxurious but dangerous passenger cars

“like home on the railroad”

Question 8

Jay Gould

Answer 8

a leading railroad developer that played the game of dazzling the public while making multi-million dollars at their expense

Question 9

“stock watering”

Answer 9

companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits

Question 10

“pools”

Answer 10

a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together, usually to set prices

Question 11

The Grange

Answer 11

political group formed by farmers to combat such corruption

Question 12

Wabash Case

Answer 12

Supreme Court ruling which ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce

Question 13

Interstate Commerce Act

Answer 13

1887, banned rebates and pools

required railroads to publish their rates openly as to not cheat customers and forbade unfair discrimination

Question 14

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Answer 14

set up to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act

Question 15

Richard Olney

Answer 15

a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the Interstate Commerce Act to act to capitalist advantage

Question 16

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 16

invented telephone in 1876, launched new age of communication

Question 17

Thomas Edison

Answer 17

invented a lot of things, most remembered for electric light bulb in 1879

Question 18

“horizontal integration”

Answer 18

when someone allies with other competitors instead of controlling everything themselves

Question 19

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 19

dominated oil industry - “rule or ruin”

Question 20

“vertical integration”

Answer 20

when someone buys out and controls all aspects of an industry (ex. mined iron, transported it, refined it, turns it into steel, and sells it) - takes out middleman

Question 21

“interlocking directorates”

Answer 21

placing someones own men on boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence and reduce competition

Question 22

Bessemer process

Answer 22

invention that made steel-making cheaper and more effective

Question 23

William Kelly

Answer 23

an American who discovered the Bessemer process, but an Englishmen got credited

Question 24

J. Pierpont Morgan

Answer 24

made a fortune in the banking industry in Wall Street - wanted to get into steel

Carnegie threatened to ruin him, so after some negotiation, Morgan bought Carnegie’s business (it was Carnegie’s plot from the beginning to sell)

Question 25

Gospel of Wealth

Answer 25

theory that people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money

Question 26

"Social Darwinism"

Answer 26

Darwin's "survival-of-the-fittest" to business world

Question 27

Reverend Russell Conwell

Answer 27

became rich from "Acres of Diamonds" - basic meaning poor people made themselves poor and rich people made themselves rich

Question 28

plutocracy

Answer 28

power through wealth

Question 29

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 29

1890, forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" and "bad" trusts

Question 30

James Buchanan Duke

Answer 30

developed huge cigarette industry with new machines (took out hand-rolling) (called American Tobacco Company)

Question 31

Gibson Girl

Answer 31

the new ideal of women - young, athletic, attractive, outdoorsy didn't really work out, most started working in factories that paid them less of their male counterparts

Question 32

"scabs"

Answer 32

hiring replacements when people went on strike

Question 33

"ironclad oaths" or "yellow dog contracts"

Answer 33

workers were forced to sign these that would ban them from joining a union

Question 34

National Labor Union

Answer 34

1866 founding, first labor union - widespread worked for arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday

Question 35

Knights of Labor

Answer 35

1869 founding like National Labor Union, but it included two groups that they did not: blacks and women

Question 36

John P. Altgeld

Answer 36

German-born Democrat that was the governor of Illinois released the sentenced men free from Haymarket Square Bombing (received both positive and negative reactions from people - civic virtue)

Question 37

Haymarket Square Bombing

Answer 37

May 4, 1886 Dynamite bomb went off in Chicago, eight anarchists were rounded up and were sentenced to death even though no one could prove they had done it `

Question 38

Samuel Gompers

Answer 38

Founded the American Federation of Labor (1886

Question 39

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Answer 39

an association of self-governing national unions, each with keeping its independence was composed of skilled laborers, it was willing to let unskilled laborers end for themselves Terrence Powderly

Question 40

What are scabs?

Answer 40

replacements

Question 41

What did Industrialization impact?

Answer 41

Standard of Living: up More immigrants found work Ag went down in importance Women find more work

Question 42

What are lockouts?

Answer 42

employer refuses to let workers work

Question 43

What is blacklisted?

Answer 43

list of denied workers

Question 44

Pullmen strike

Answer 44

first major strike caused by workers taking pay cuts This was a rr manufacturing company ran by Andrew Pullmen

Question 45

What percent of workers were in Unions?

Answer 45

3%

Question 46

What did government do after Pullmen's strike?

Answer 46

tried to stop Unions

Question 47

What were the 2 main successes from the Labor Unions?

Answer 47

Laborday 1894 | 8 hour workday

Question 48

Credit Mobilier

Answer 48

RR company that took $23 mill from the US govt by using a lot of money for small jobs

Question 49

In 1869, where was the transocontientlal rr completed?

Answer 49

Promontory Point | near Ogden Utah

Question 50

What did Vanderbuilt head?

Answer 50

NY Central

Question 51

Where did RRs help people settle that used to be harsh?

Answer 51

Great Plains

Question 52

What was created due to RRs so that RR conductors would be less confused about time?

Answer 52

4 time zones

Question 53

Trusts

Answer 53

Monopoly (buy everything)

Question 54

Andrew Carneige

Answer 54

Irish immigrant that moved to Pittsburg and worked in the steel industry By 1900, he made 1/4 Bessmer steel and made $25 mill Gospel of Wealth Sold his company to Morgan for $400 mill

Question 55

How did the US become the #1 in the world's largest manufacturer?

Answer 55

Abundent liquid capital Exploited natural resources Massive immigration made labor cheap Inventions like the mass production

Question 56

What was Carnegie's method?

Answer 56

vertical integration

Question 57

What was Rockefeller method?

Answer 57

horizontal integration

Question 58

How was oil used in the 1860s and 1870s?

Answer 58

keroscene was used to light lamps

Question 59

Who was Henry Grady?

Answer 59

editor of Atlanta Constitution and used the south to industrialize