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GS-1 > Indus Valley > Flashcards

Indus Valley Flashcards

1
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: discoverer? yr?

A

daya ram sahni
1921

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2
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: location?

A

on the bank of river Ravi in Pakistan

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3
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: findings: buildings and architecture?

A
  1. Citadel
  2. 6 Granaries in a row
  3. cemetery- burial sites indicating social hierarchy: There are over fifty-five burial sites in the Indus Valley which were found in Harappa. The burials are interpreted primarily as reflections of social structure and hierarchy. The strongest evidence for this interpretation would be burial sites in Harappa, cemetery R-37 and Cemetery H. R-37 is the smaller site compared to Cemetery H, and has about 200 burials. Archeologists believe it was a restricted cemetery that was used by a particular group or family that lived in Harappa.
  4. Skull with hole suggesting surgical practice of Trepanation
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4
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: statues and toys

A
  1. sandstone statues of human anatomy- stone symbols of lingam and yoni
  2. sandstone statuette of male torso
  3. steatite statuette of male dancer painted pottery
  4. working floors, workmen’s qtrs
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5
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: seals and beads

A
  1. seals made of stones;
  2. humped bull (zebu) seal made of steatite
  3. A seal depicting Mother Goddess with plant growing from the womb
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6
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: pottery and metal

A

1 .copper scale, copper made mirror
2. crucible for bronze

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7
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: agriculture

A
  1. Bullock carts
  2. wheat and barley in wooden mortar
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8
Q

IVC: site: Harappa: miscellaneous

A
  1. vanity box
  2. dice
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9
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: discoverer? yr?

A

RD Bannerjee
1922

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10
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: location?

A

on the banks of River Indus in Pakistan

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11
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: findings: buildings and architecture?

A
  1. Great Bath (largest building of IVC)
  2. citadel and Assembly Hall
  3. Brick kilns
  4. Great Granary
  5. Though there was uniformity in the drainage system in Indus valley civilization, but the drainage system of Mohenjodaro was so elaborate that the like of which lias not yet been found am’ where in the world in any other city of the same antiquity
  6. human skeletons huddled together
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12
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: findings: statues and toys?

A
  1. Steatite statue of Bearded Priest
  2. clay figure of mother goddess
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13
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: findings: seals and beads

A
  1. Pashupati Mahadeva seal
  2. Rhino seal;
  3. painted seal of demi-god;
  4. 2 mesopotamian seals;
  5. 56% of IVC’s seals are found here
  6. A tablet with Swastika
  7. Many beautiful beads of blue Lapis Lazuli, Red Camelian, and Agate stones of all colours have been found throughout Mohenjodaro and were probably worn by the women. Archaeologists have found beads in such locations as the Great Bath, where bathers probably lost them, and in the lower city, where bead makers may have dropped them in and around the kilns they used to make the beads.
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14
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: findings: pottery and metals

A

Bronze dancing girl

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15
Q

IVC: site: Mohenjodaro: findings: agriculture

A

A piece of woven cotton

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16
Q

IVC: site: Sutkagendor: discoverer? yr?

A

Stein
1929

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17
Q

IVC: site: Sutkagendor: location?

A

in SW Balochistan. Pakistan
on the bank of river Dast

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18
Q

IVC: site: Sutkagendor: findings?

A

trade point betn Harappa and Babylon

westernmost site if IVC

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19
Q

IVC: site: Chanhudaro: discoverer? yr? :

A

NG Majumdar
1931

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20
Q

IVC: site: Chanhudaro: location?

A

Sindh in Pakistan
on the bank of Indus

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21
Q

IVC: site: Chanhudaro: findings?

A
  1. Bead makers shop- The evidence of beadmakers’ shops has been found at Chanhudaro and Lothal.
  2. Footprint of a dog chasing a cat
  3. Evidence of Jhangar and Jhukar culture (late harappan age)
  4. terracota model of a bullock cart
  5. city without a citadel
  6. inkpot, lipstick
  7. bronze toy cart
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22
Q

IVC: site: Amri: discoverer? yr?

A

NG Majumdar
1935

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23
Q

IVC: site: Amri: location?

A

on bank of Indus

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24
Q

IVC: site: Amri: findings?

A

Antelope evidence
only place with rhino evidence

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25
Q

IVC: site: Kalibangan: discoverer? yr?

A

Ghose in 1953

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26
Q

IVC: site: Kalibangan: location?

A

RJ
on the bank of Ghaggar

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27
Q

IVC: site: Kalibangan: findings?

A
  1. 7 Fire altar
  2. camel bones
  3. Wooden plough and furrows- pre harappan ploughed surfaces
  4. black bangles
  5. horse remains ( even though Indus valley people didn’t use horses). also terracota figurines of horses
  6. Known as the third capital of the Indus Empire.
  7. acc to some researchers, earliest evidence of Earthquake
  8. decorated bricks
  9. wheels of a toy cart
  10. mesopotamian cylindrical seal
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28
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: discoverer? yr?

A

R Rao
1953

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29
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: location?

A

GJ
on Bhogva river
near Gulf of Cambay

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30
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: buildings and architecture?

A
  1. First manmade port
  2. Dockyard
  3. Fire altars
  4. double burial
  5. House had a front entrance (exception)
  6. double burial
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31
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: statues and toys

A

terracota model of a ship, a horse

32
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: seals and beads

A
  1. persian/iranian and Bahrainian seal;
  2. The people of Lothal worshipped a fire god that could be horned deity depicted on ancient seals.
  3. The evidence of beadmakers’ shops has been found at Chanhudaro and Lothal.
33
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: pottery and metals

A
  1. dyeing vat
  2. painted jar (bird and fox)
34
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: agriculture

A

Rice husk (Rice in Lothal and Rangpur, MH)

35
Q

IVC: site: Lothal: findings: miscellaneous

A

Chess playing

36
Q

IVC: site: Surkatoda: discoverer? yr?

A

JP Joshi
1964

37
Q

IVC: site: Surkatoda: location?

A

GJ

38
Q

IVC: site: Surkatoda: findings?

A
  1. Bones of Horses
  2. Beads
  3. oval grave
  4. pot burials
39
Q

IVC: site: Banawali: discoverer? yr?

A

RS Bisht
1974

40
Q

IVC: site: Banawali: location?

A

Hisar, Haryana

41
Q

IVC: site: Banawali: findings?

A
  1. Beads
  2. Barley
  3. clay model of plough
    4.Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture
  4. Drainage system absent
  5. lack of chess board pattern of town planning
  6. clay figures of mother goddess
42
Q

IVC: site: Dholavira: discoverer? yr?

A

RS Bisht
1985

43
Q

IVC: site: Dholavira: location?

A

Rann of Katchh, GJ

44
Q

IVC: site: Dholavira: findings?

A

The biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi.

Water harnessing system

water reservoir

3 parts + large open area for ceremonies (stadium)

Large letters of the Harappan script (signboards).

45
Q

T/F:
1. evidence of Sugarcane in IVC
2. Horses were not used in IVC
3. use of Iron was known to IVC

A
  1. F
  2. T
  3. F
46
Q

IVC: site: Ropar: findings?

A

Dog buried with humans.

47
Q

IVC: theories of decline?

A
  1. Fariservis Theory: Environmental changes, coupled with a loss of power of rulers (central administration) of Indus valley to sustain the city life might be the cause
  2. Mortimer Wheeler: Aryan invasion
  3. Robert Raikes: Tectonic movements/Flood
  4. Lambrick: change of course of river Indus
48
Q

The people of Indus Valley Civilization were almost:
A) Nigroid

B) Proto-Austroloid

C) Mediterranean
done
D) Nordic

A

C

49
Q

In Indus Valley Civilization, the script was:
A) Kharosthi

B) Brahmi

C) Boustrophedon

D) None of these

A

C
Indus Scripts are popularly known as Boustrophedon scripts which are still not deciphered by the historians, researchers and scholars.

50
Q

IVC: site: Rakhigarhi: discoverer? yr?

A

Amarendra Nath

51
Q

IVC: site: Rakhigarhi: location?

A
52
Q

IVC: site: Rakhigarhi: findings?

A
  1. Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent.
  2. Rakhigarhi is among the five iconic sites announced by Union Finance Minister during Budget Speech in 2020.
  3. mature Harappan phase represented by planned township having mud-brick as well as burnt-brick houses with a proper drainage system.
  4. A cylindrical seal with five Harappan characters on one side and a symbol of an alligator on the other is an important find from this site.
  5. The ceramic industry was represented by red ware, which included dish-on-stand, vase, perforated jar among others.
  6. Animal sacrificial pits lined with mud-brick and triangular and circular fire altars on the mud floor have also been excavated that signifies the ritual system of Harappans.
  7. The excavations have yielded a few extended burials, which certainly belong to a very late stage, maybe the medieval times.
  8. Two female skeletons, who were buried with a plethora of pottery and adorned jewellery like jasper, agate beads and shell bangles, have been excavated.
  9. Blades; terracotta and shell bangles, beads of semi precious stones, and copper objects;
  10. animal figurines, toy cart frame and wheel of terracotta; bone points; inscribed steatite seals and sealings.
  11. Recently, a study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi found that the people in the Harappan Civilization have an independent origin.
    This study negates the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry.
53
Q

IVC:
Mostly, beads were made of:
A) Terracotta

B) Jasper

C) Lapis

D) Steatite

A

D

54
Q

Different time periods of IVC?

A

Early Harappan civilization: 3300-2600BCE

Mature Harappan Civilization: 2600-1900BCE

Late Harappan civilization: 1900-1300 BCE

55
Q

What are the proto Harappan culture?

A

Proto Harappan cultures are the pre-Harappan cultures which have some of the features of the mature Harappan phase. Thus, all proto Harappan cultures are pre Harappan ones, but all pre Harappan ones are not proto Harappan.

56
Q

Early Harappan cultures?

A

There were four contemporary, interrelated, archaeological cultures that can be called Early Harappan cultures.

  • They are Amri-Nal culture, Kot Diji culture, Sothi-Siswal culture and Damb Sadat culture.
  • The main differences between these cultures are their different pottery types.
  1. Amri-Nal culture:
  • Location: Sindh, North Balochistan, and north Gujarat.
  • probably dates back to 3500 BCE.
  1. Kot Diji culture:
  • Location: Northern Sindh and adjacent regions.
  • Pieces of evidence of sites that succeeded the earlier Hakra Ware settlements are found.
  1. Sothi-Siswal culture:
  • Location: In the valleys of the Ghaggar-Chautang rivers.
  • There are at least 165 sites of this culture, two of them larger than 20 hectares.
  1. Damb Sadat:
  • Location: Quetta valley of central Balochistan.
  • The largest site is Quetta Miri and Mundigak in Afghanistan with Damb Sadat pottery.
57
Q

Which of the following cannot be considered Proto-Harappan culture?
A) Sothi culture

B) Jornie culture

C) Kot-Diji culture

D) Amri culture

A

B
Jomie culture was around 1500BCe, which was during mature Harappan phase and thus it cannot be proto-Harappan

58
Q

The unique structure in Mohenjodaro was:
A) Bathing pool

B) Assembly hall

C) Granary

D) Dockyard

A

A
Granary was also at Harappa

59
Q

zebu seals were associated with?

A

Harappa
zebu means humped bull

60
Q

T/F:
zebu seals were a rarity in IVC sites.

A

T
Generally carved on large seals with relatively short inscriptions, the zebu motif is found almost exclusively at the largest cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

61
Q

Which of the following Indus Valley Civilization site was located on the Iranian border?
A) Surkotada

B) Sutkagen Dor

C) Kot Diji

D) Balakot

A

B
Sutkagen Dor is the westernmost known archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Makran coast near the Iran border in Balochistan province of Pakistan.

62
Q

Which of the following is the most common motif of the Indus seals?
A) Elephant

B) Bull

C) Rhinoceros

D) Unicorn

A

D

63
Q

Which of the following was unknown in Indus Valley Civilization?
A) Wheat

B) Pulses

C) Barley

D) Cotton

A

B
In Indus Valley Civilization, pulses were unknown. The chief food crops included wheat, barley, sesame, mustard, peas, etc. The evidence for rice has come from Lothal and Rangpur in the form of husks embedded in pottery. Cotton was another important crop. A piece of woven cloth has been found at Mohenjodaro. Apart from cereals, fish and animal meat also formed a part of the Harappan diet. Ragi was also not known to the Indus people.

64
Q

The earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian subcontinent has been obtained from:
A) Brahmagiri

B) Chirand

C) Mehrgarh

D) Burzahom

A

C
The site of Mehrgarh provides evidence for the earliest agricultural and pastoral communities in South Asia. The first inhabitants of Mehrgarh, dating to around 6500 BC, were fanners who cultivated wheat and barley as their main grain crops and had herds of cattle, sheep and goats.

65
Q

A granary outside to citadel was found at:
A) Harappa

B) Mohenjodaro

C) Lothal

D) Dholavira

A

B
In Indus Valley Civilization, a granary outside to citadel was found at Mohenjodaro. Because farmers outside the walls of Mohenjodaro usually had their own granaries, some archaeologists think that grain stored within the citadel granary may have been collected as taxes.

66
Q

Which of the following sites of Harappan culture gives evidence of ‘Sindoor’?
A) Harappa

B) Mohenjodaro

C) Naushero

D) Balakote

A

C
Naushero gives the evidence of Sindoor in Harappan culture. The site of Naushero, located near Mehrgarh had developed Kotdijian settlement. It was a smaller settlement but sharing fully the developmental process towards maturity of urbanization.

67
Q

Northernmost site of Harappa civilization?

A

Manda, nearJammu

situated near Akhnoor on bank of Chenab

68
Q

Easternmost site of Harappa civilization?

A

Alamgirpur (UP)

69
Q

Southernmost site of Harappa civilization?

A

Daimabad (MH)

70
Q

In which of the following sites has a pre-Harappan settlement not been found?
A) Harappa

B) Mohenjodaro

C) Kalibangan

D) Dholavira

A

A

71
Q

IVC: T/F:
1. The evidence of beadmakers’ shops has been found at Surkatoda and Lothal.
2. Gold and silver beads have also been found.

A
  1. F; Chanhudaro and Lothal
  2. T
72
Q

Name the site which has revealed the earliest evidence of settled life?
A) Harappa

B) Mohenjodaro

C) Kalibangan

D) Mehargarh

A

D
7000BCE

73
Q

Which site of Harappan civilization has yielded a beautiful bronze image of a chariot?
A) Daimabad

B) Mohenjodaro

C) Kalibangan

D) Rakhigarhi

A

A

A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long, 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it and three other bronze sculptures a rhinoceros, an elephant and a buffalo were found at Daimabad in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra.

74
Q

In which Indus Valley Civilization sites, was drainage system absent?
A) Banawali

B) Dholavira

C) Lothal

D) Rakhigarhi

A

A

75
Q

In the Indus Valley Civilization period, Lapis-Lazuli was imported from:
A) Badakhshah

B) Iran

C) Mesopotamia

D) Gujrat

A

A

The Sar-i Sang mines in the region of Badakhshah in north east Afghanistan were probably the source for all Lapis-Lazuli used by the ancient people. So the people of Indus Valley Civilization period imported Lapis-Lazuli from Badakhshah

76
Q

Which of the following Harappan city sites had bipartite division-high citadel and lower town?

A. Harappa
B. Mohenjodaro
C. Kalibangan
D. Surkotada

A

A, B and C

At Surkotada, though the settlement pattern is repeated, there is a minor difference. In other words/though Surkotada also has the citadel and the lower town. Both of them are joined (and not separated as in Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan).

GS-1 (17 decks)

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