HIstory Mains Questions Flashcards

Question

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: during 1857 struggle?

Answer 1

1. Rani of ramgarh, rani Jindan kaur, Rani Avanti Bai, Baiza Bai, Chauhan rani, Tapasvini Maharani led their respective troops in the battlefield 2. Rani Lakshmi Bai. Acc to Sir hugh Bose, who led British forces against Rani Lakshmi Bai, "She was the bravest and the best military leader of the rebels. A man among mutineers"

Answer 2

1. frm all walks of life and across communities 2. Swadeshi movement: boycott of foreign cloth; picketing of liquor shops; A nationalistic cult around 'Bharat Mata' further inspired more women into the freedom struggle 3. HOme rule movement: Annie besant

Answer 3

NCM: Sarla Devi, Muthulaxmy reddy, Susheela Nair, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sucheta Kriplani and Aruna Asaf Ali; picketing , boycotting and processions CDM: marches, boycotts, prabhat Pheris, Desh Sevika Sangh for passive resistance; Sarojini Naidu, M. Reddy, Kamla Nehru, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Swarup Rani and Margaret cousins were put in jail, 14 yr old Rani Gaidinliu was arrested for leading protests in Nagaland QIM: Aruna Asaf ALi, Usha Mehta (Azad Radio) and Sucheta kriplani helped the underground activities

Answer 4

Durgavati Devi helped Bhagat Singh in his escape after Saunders killing Kalpana Dutt if IRA led the armed resistance along with Surya Sen. She was joined with Pritilata Waddedar in 1931 in attacking the European Club in Chittagong. Dr. Lakshmi Sehgal led the Rani Jhansi battalaion in INA veena Das made an attempt to assassinate Stanley Jackson, the then Guv of Bengal

Answer 5

strong base of truth and righteousness which attracted many foreign nationals. they made iNdia their homeland and participated in various ways in freedom struggle

Answer 6

1. British socialist, theosophist, women's right activist 2. came to India to be part of Theosophical society 3. self rule 4. 'New iNdia' and 'commonwealth' 5. first woman president of INC

Answer 7

priest from England, an educator, social reformer and a close associate of Gandhi dismayed by social and cultural injustice inflicted by the British heped in arousing public sentiments against British atrocities in britain due to his love and compassion for poor, earned the title of Dinbandhu

Answer 8

Major Fujiwara was sent by Japan with an intelligence mission to recruit as many soldiers as possible from South Asian British colonies as possible opined that several historic ties betn India and Japan and suggested pacific war as a chance for Indian to rise and fight for Indian freedom, with Japanese help. led to genesis of INA

Answer 9

aka Miraben ## Footnote born inro an aristocratic British familiy inspired by Gandhi's principles dedeicated her life to human development and social reform and became a disciple of Gandhi was arrested multiple times for protetsing against the British govt

Answer 10

fought along with her husband JM Sengupta participated in NCM and sold khadi products door to door became president of INC in 1933, when many senior Congress leaders were arrested during the salt satyagrah

Answer 11

born in successful business family in america came to India to work at a leper colony deeply drawn to spiritual values of iNdia and settled in rural part of INdia had very strong sense of social justice and took part in Indian independence struggle

Answer 12

Irish social and political activist inspired from teachings of Swami Vivekananda promoted Indian culture and pan Indian nationalism through her lectures, appealed to Indian youth to rise against oppressive rule of British govt

Answer 13

* Formed the non regulation system for the newly acquired territories, under which commissioners were appointed to deal with the administrative problems * He handed over all power splitting to justice, police, land revenue and general administration to the district magistrates. * These measures helped the decentralisation of authority and greater accountability and transparency

Answer 14

* for the greater control of the northern and North Western region, after the conquest of Punjab, sindh and Avadh, Dalhousie shifted the headquarters of the artillery from Calcutta to Meerut. the Army Headquarter was also transferred to Shimla * He could clearly foresee that the future safety of India depend upon the numerical strength of the army and thus he created new Gorkha Regiment * A new "irregular force" was also founded and posted in Punjab * these military reforms formed the base of the future military development

Answer 15

Considered as father of the Indian Railways Envisaged a network of Railways connecting the main places with the ports First railway line in 1853 Gradually all important cities and towns are linked up with railway line

Answer 16

Introduced by Dalhousie in 1852 First telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra started in 1854. Buy 1857 it was extended to Lahore and Peshawar In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to mandalay These reforms laid foundations of the modern communication system in India

Answer 17

. When you post office Act was passed in 1854. According to this a director general was appointed to supervise the work of post offices in all the presidencies. A uniform postal rate was introduced throughout India First time postage stamps were issued throughout India Postal department were extended throughout the whole country Post office became the source of revenue for the government Even today post office performs many of the functions like financial services and communication

Answer 18

A separate Public Works Department was established to construct roads, bridges and government buildings Irrigational works were undertaken on xtensa scale Construction of Ganga Canal was completed in 1854 Many bridges and canals are constructed and renovation of Grand Trunk Road was started Even today Public Works Department as roots of the civilian construction projects conducted by government

Answer 19

Abolished female infanticide Abolish the practice of human sacrifice practice by the khond Tribes of Odisha, Madras and Central provinces Also passed the widow remarriage act in 1855 which legalised the marriage of Hindu widows

Answer 20

1854 wood's despatch- laid the foundation of modern education system and is known as the Magna Carta of the modern Indian education Universities established in the presidential towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras on the model of London University Vernacular schools are opened in the villagers and Mass education was imparted to the children Dalhousie laid the foundation of the technical education in India. Construction of An engineering college at Roorkee and in other cities like Pune give boost to the higher education and Engineering

Answer 21

1. An Imperial is to the core; doctrine of lapse was used against states like Satara, Jhansi, Sambalpur, Jaitpur and Nagpur; Awadh was annexed on the grounds of mis management 2. All the infrastructural reforms were aimed at British exploitation of Indian raw materials in market 3. Pass the religious disability act 1850 which enable the Hindu convert to inherit his ancestral property. Instead of any Altruistic motivation these were intended to help Christian missionaries to spread ecclesiastical activities

Answer 22

Bhoodan and gramdan movements work were voluntary land Reform movements in India Initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 Philosophically influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's Sarvodaya movement

Answer 23

1. Persuade the larger landowners and rich farmers to donate their land. Target was to collect at least 50 million acres of land 2. Redistribute that donated land among the landless farmers. With 50 million poor in India each one would get at least one acre of land 3. To bring about a social order based on equality of opportunities by ensuring balanced economic distribution

Answer 24

1. Based on the philosophy of collective ownership in communism 2. "It is far better for 100 and legion of village to cultivate their land collectively and divide the income there from than to divide the land anyhow into 100 portions"- Gandhiji 3. The main aim was to unite the people together to donate their entire villages to the society and to lead a Cooperative life 4. All the village work together to the best of their ability and receive whatever is necessary for them. The surplus is spent for the betterment of community as a whole 5. Thus building a new social order based on equality and cooperation and the spirit of renunciation of private ownership

Answer 25

1. Slow progress: target 50 million acres, only 4.5 million acres were collected and barely 6.5 lakh acres were actually distributed. In some cases the donors took back their land from the bhoodan workers for s certain reasons which created doubts in the minds of people 2. Bribes: village leaders allotting authorities demanded bribes from poor people for the allotment of land. Many undeserving villages got benefits while many landless poor remained unallotted. 3. Some applicants applied multiple times in the names of wives and children, nepotism crept in 4. Donating bogus land: big landlord donated those land which were unfit for cultivation for Barren. 5. Often BHoodan workers accepted even the disputed land as gift without any verification. Tus beneficiary would get nothing as the matter would be stuck in courts coronavirus 6. Politicization: Some Bhoodan workers tried to use the bhoodan organisation as a means to gain political clout and dividend at the time of election, there by losing credibility and respect among villagers. 7. Lack of Government support: Mere allotment of land was insufficient. Landless formal also needed agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizer, irrigation. Beneficiaries could not arrange loans for these inputs

Answer 26

1. Was successful mainly in villages where class differentiation had not yet emerged and there was less disparity in ownership of land like tribal village 2. In other regions, it proved less effective 3. People refused to co-operate with each other because of caste hierarchies. Illiteracy and ignorance played a role as well

Answer 27

Failed to build a mass movement and achieve large-scale social transformation but made a significant contribution by creating moral pressure on landlords leading to favourable conditions for landless labourers in some regions

Answer 28

at a public gathering at Ram LIla Maidan in 1965 to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheer farmers to do their best to increase production of food grains to reduce dependence on imports

Answer 29

1. war with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965 2. resulted in economic distress 3. militarily unequipped, lacking modern critical tech that Pak was getting from USA 4. at the same time, rapid modernization of all deptts of armed forces were carried out on priority basis

Answer 30

1. 1960s- India faced one of the most severe droughts after 1943 2. completely dependent on USA's PL480 grain aid 3. USA's threats- to change stand on Kashmir and oppose Russia in cold war 4. also message to save food by reducing wastage and fasting 5. his own family started fasting on MOnday evening for a month and asked Indians to fast once a week 6. GR

Answer 31

Vajpayee added 'Jai Vigyan Modi added 'Jai Anusandhan''

Answer 32

Indian scholar, independence activist and a senior leader of INC first education minister in Indian govt

Answer 33

1. Khilafat mov: worled to organise NCM 2. CDM: one of the mai organisers of Dharasana Satyagraha. led the cause of Hindu-Muslim unity and socialism 3. QIM: was President of INC at the time and was arrested along with other top leaders 4. Congress President: was the youngest President of INC at age 35. was President for 5 yrs consecutively from 1940-1945 5. Journalism and Poetry: composed poetry in Urdu and treatises on religion and philosophy. published works critical of British through his journalism. also vouched for Hindu-Muslim unity through his newspaper Al Hilal

Answer 34

1. communla harmony after partition:toring affected areas for guiding organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security. encouraged peace and calm in his speeches. encouraged muslims to remain in India 2. role as Minister of Education:

Answer 35

1. cold war ongoing 1. Pak joined US's SEATO and CENTO with a view to get arms to use against India 2. India remained neutral, bt USA remained suspicious 2. Soviet Unoin-China rift and Indo-China war in 1962, India came closer to USSR 3. Pak sought to take advantage of the favourable international situation by snatching Kashmir

Answer 36

1. Op ibraltar: infiltrate forces into J&K to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule 2. followed by Operation Grand Slam which involved Pak army to cross LoC, declaring war against India 3. Indian forces had the upper had ultimately as they captured regions in PoK and reached upto Lahore 4. Pak suffered a huge military, strategic and political defeat in the war

Answer 37

* Neither US nor USSR provided any active support to India ir Pakistan during the war, however USSR pressurized CHina to remain ut of the conflict * After 17 days' of war UN mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by USSR and USA * further diplomatic discussions were held in Tashkent (Soviet Russia) to create permanent settlement

Answer 38

1. Both countries agreed to maintain good friendly relations in accordance the United Nations charter 2. Both agreed to pull back their forces to their pre conflict position and cede each Other's territory 3. They also agreed not to interfere in the internal matters of each other. They agreed to discourage propaganda against each other and encourage friendly discourse 4. Both government agreed to observe the Vienna Convention of 1961 on diplomatic discourse and agreed to return their respective High Commission to their posts 5. They agreed to restore economic cooperation and trade as before. They also agreed to maintain friendly neighborly relations with each other

Answer 39

After Genesis of Pakistan on the basis of religion, rift started to develop between Punjabi speaking Western Pakistan and Bengali speaking Eastern Pakistan Pakistani army, Administration and politics were being controlled by the Western Pakistan and this discrimination gave rise to the Bengali nationalism and self-determinism in the Eastern Pakistan In the 1970 election for the national assembly, awami League headed by Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman won almost all the seats in the Eastern Pakistan and also formed the majority in the national assembly But awami League was denied to form the government by the army and major general Yahya Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Awami League started the civil disobedience movement for the formation of the government in the Eastern Pakistan. General yahya Khan ordered military crackdown in the Eastern Pakistan known as operation searchlight which resulted into the genocide of thousands of Bengali speaking people, burning of villages and the reign of terror

Answer 40

1. Refugee problem: the basic temporary provisions Indian government had made for providing basic amenities started to prove insufficient. This made the Indian situation vulnerable. More than 80 lakh refugees cross the border and this made the internal security situation in the North East fragile. 2. Resource Crunch: India herself was a poor country. The deluge of refugees could cause a resource crunch in India 3. Human Rights violations: around 3 million Bangladeshi people during operation searchlight. Thousands of villages and towns were burnt hundreds of Human rights violations against women and children were reported 4. Strategic reasons: India did not want war with Pakistan but it cannot ignore the situation at her borders too. Thus it decided to help the gureilla forces (Mukti bahini) covertly. RAW helped to organise, train and arm these insurgents 5. Pakistan Air Force launch the preemptive Strike on Indian Air Force bases. This was seen by the Indian authorities as the acts of unprovoked aggression 6. Treaty with Soviet Union: the Treaty of friendship, peace and cooperation was signed by India and USSR which neutralized any external intervention from US, China in the conflict

Answer 41

1. Long lasting peace on the eastern front as Indian Bangladesh always maintain friendly relations 2. India help in maintaining peace and democracy for better relations in the neighbourhood 3. 1971 war resulted in the complete defeat of the Pakistani army as this signed an instrument of surrender resulting into 91000 prisoners of War. The peace Treaty for the same was signed in Shimla in 1971

Answer 42

* Japan made Rapid progress to industrialize after the Meiji Restoration of 19th century, boosting her transportation and communication networks and revolutionising her industry

Answer 43

1. origin of IR: strong foundation of Renaissance, enlightenment and the scientific temper in the west. In Japanese IR, strong cultural roots are absent. Rather it evolved from the fear of being colonized by the western powers 2. Scientific discoveries: Western industrialisation involved scientific discoveries in various fields like textiles, chemical, iron steel which changed the modes of production. Japanese IR did not involve any prominent scientific Discovery. It was rather based on the concept of reverse engineering and Kaizen (continuous improvement by minimising defects) 3. Iwakura Mission: Japanese industrialisation was based on the learnings gained from the Western industrialisation. Iwakura Mission was set off observe and learn from the western industrialisation, special United States and Europe 4. Colonial support: western was based on strong foundations of colonization. It was completely dependent on the colonies for raw materials and Markets for the final consumption. Japanese did not have any colonial base on the other hand, Japanese imperialism was a result of Japanese industrialisation 5. Agriculture and Commericalization Revolution: unlike Japanese industrialisation, west had seen agricultural Revolution and commercial revolution before industrial revolution 6. Role of State: in the west, state or the monarchy stayed away from the industrialisation and it was induced by private players. In Japan industrialisation was state induced. State participated and also encouraged private players to get involved in the process

Answer 44

known as "Scrambles of Africa" was the invasion, occupation, division and colonisation of African territory by European powers in the New imperialism era

Answer 45

1. Economic situation in Europe: 1. Due to long depression in Europe, country like Britain, Germany and France were increasingly showing trade deficit in the 19th century 2. After the loss of American colonies and long draining wars, British economy was facing a severe crisis 3. Colonial powers were in search of such colonies where cheap raw materials, Limited competition and abundant raw materials made a grater premium possible. African continent presented such an opportunity 2. Resource exploitation 1. African continent had rich deposits of unexplored mineral resources like coal, copper, Gold and Diamonds. Also cotton, rubber, palm oil could be possibly cultivated in Africa 3. Connectivity in trade routes: Britain and France wanted to protect their Eastern Colony summarising European Nations like Germany Italy and America and thus they tried to control the trade routes in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Control of the coastlines and ports were important for the control of the trade routes

Answer 46

Military and naval bases: wanted more of them to protect their economic and military interests Balance of power negotiation: colonies were seen as assets in the balance of power negotiations, useful items of exchange at the time of international bargaining Vital seas routes: Africa had some of the most important sea routes of the world like cape of good hope and Suez Canal, controlling them would fetch more revenue and strategic Prestige

Answer 47

th ceGerman Weltpolitik: Weltpolitik was the foreign policy adopted by the German monarch Kaiser Wilhelm II in late 19th century, with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, acquisition of ovreseas colonies and devlopment of a large navy. This laid the foundation of German colonisations Italy's Expansionism: After Italian unification, Italy started to establish her colonial Empire to the north east of Africa (horn of Africa- Eritrea, Somalia). Italian troops were defeated in the Italy Ethiopian war and wanted to avenge the defeat by conquering more colonial Empire throughout Africa

Answer 48

Mercantilism was an economic system of trade where Nation attempts to accumulate the largest possible share of the wealth by maximizing her exports and by limiting her imports via tariffs. Mercantilism as a policy believe that the volume of global trade is static, one country's gain in trade is another country's loss and wealth of a nation depends on the possession of gold and silver.

Answer 49

1. Navigation act: to ensure that American colonies were prohibited to trade with other Nations and only Britain could get all the benefits of the trade 2. Sugar acts: decreasing the existing custom duties on Sugar and molasses so that only British sugar could compete in the American market as it would be cheaper than the local sugar. Also certain products like tobacco, cotton and sugar could only be exported to England 3. Stamp act: was a direct tax and fruit in the colonies in 1765 all official documents newspapers almanacs and Pamphlets were required to have stamps 4. No taxation without representation 5. No industrialisation the colonies were Forbidden to start certain heavy industry such as iron and steel and were forced to import these product from England 6. Tea act: passed to maintain a Monopoly of the East India Company. It granted the British East India company a Monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. Led to Boston Tea Party. These restrictions were a part of British mercantile policy

Answer 50

1. 2600 BCE -1900 BCE 2. first urban civilization 3. main points: 1. streets 2. drainage/sewage system 3. town planning/ settlement pattern 4. public structures 5. culture

Answer 51

1. well lined, straight streets cutting each other at right angles 2. rectangular blocks 3. lamp posts and dust bins on streets at regular intervals similar features in designing cities like Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and NOida dividing the city ito various sectors

Answer 52

1. closed, separate drainage system and soak pits connected to public drainage 2. brick laid sewage channels throught every street 3. closed manholes for maintenance 4. provison for carrying out excess water out of the city modern day advanced sewage systems based on collection, treatment and reusage has their genesis in IVC sewage system

Answer 53

citadel and lower town defensive walls with transport facilities for communication burnt bricks Cities like Ne Delhi where administrative str segregated from residential areas

Answer 54

great bath great granaries general conference hall or qtrs in citadel built for administrative or ceremonial purposes Parliaments and other grand buildings of today

Answer 55

* use of jewellery and ornaments * sculpting, dancing, pottery making, usage of beads fr protection against evil spirits still prevalent * worship offemale deities, phallus and yoni worship, pashupati * arts like masoning, engraving, shell working, gold smith, weaving, carpenting * ate beef, mutton, pork, poultery, barley and palm date- still part of today's cuisine * cotton and wool

Answer 56

1. during 1st-5th cent AD in modern day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pak 2. mainly Buddhist sculpture 3. influence of Greek, Romans, Persian and iNdian 4. peak during Jushan period (2nd-3rd cent AD) 5. subject was mainly Indian but style had foreign influence

Answer 57

1. Alexanders' invasion in 326 BCE 2. idealism 3. facial similarity with Greek God Apollo 4. construction in stucco as well as stone for construction of monastic as well as cult building 5. muscular depiction of Buddha like say Hercules

Answer 58

1. representing Buddha in human form- Roman anthromorphic tradition 2. motifs and techniques from classical roman arts ike vine scrolls and cherubs bearing garlands around Buddha 3. Buddh ais sculpted wearing Imperial Roman Toga, Roman drapery and clothes resembling roman style of garments 4. characterestics of Roman school, Realism, is narrated through Buddha's wavy hair and foerhead lines 5. simplistic Roman approach - plain halo instead of decorated halo as observed in Mathura school

Answer 59

Founded in Gandhari region in present-day Pakistan around 6th century BCE, on the eastern bank of the Indus river.

Answer 60

* Kautilya * Chandragupta Maurya was also taken to Taxila by Chanakya for training * Panini- compiler of Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit Grammar * Charaka * Jivaka, once treated Buddha * Vasubandhu, founder of tibetan Buddhism

Answer 61

* It became the capital of the Achaemenid territories in northwestern Indian subcontinent following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley around 515 BCE. * Taxila was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia, * was probably populated by Persians, Greeks, Scythians and many ethnicities coming from the various parts of the Achaemenid Empire.

Answer 62

1. informal conditions 2. autonomy 3. patronage 4. infrastructure

Answer 63

1. no centralized system of schooling or syllabus 2. no system of exams and did not award degrees to its students 3. education system was flexible, modified acc to studeny's capabilities 4. Nalanda had centrlized system of learning, fixed curriculum and awarded degrees

Answer 64

* complete autonomy lied with teachers * They had their own independent school of learning with their specific set of rules and manner of functioning * Most of the courses were run by teachers in their private houses and received no formal infrastructural support from the university * On the other hand Nalanda had a Central University committee which has full autonomy regarding education process

Answer 65

Taxila lacked patronage from the rulers, while Nalanda enjoyed patronage from rulers like Guptas, Palas and Rashtrakutas Taxila lack financial support, while Nalanda had a fixed source of income (revenue of 200 surrounding villages)

Answer 66

Archaeological excavations at Nalanda mahavihara show that Nalanda had almost all the infrastructure needed for a University in today's time like multiple classroom, extensive library, dormitory for students, accomodation for professors etc. at Taxila, no such archaeological evidence are found

Answer 67

During the latter days became more of a trade hub rather than an educational institution because of its location at the crossroads of different trade routes.

Answer 68

Delhi acis of power, to occupy India, control over Delhi was imminent. Panipat was en route Delhi, where a battle was inevitable before defeating the axial power in Delhi

Answer 69

* Use fertile plains, which give natural advantages of availability of food supply, drinking water and resources * Proximity to Khyber Pass from where most of the attacks happened, and Delhi where most of the attacks were directed * Suitability of the area for animal movement * Desert conditions of Rajasthan and Harsh mountain climate of Himalayas made this the only viable option * Less monsoon rainfall compared to the other surrounding areas * Availability of iron (Narnaul mines) and copper (khetri mines)

Answer 70

1. Plains of Panipat were more adoptable for military tactics like trench warfare (khandaq war), Rumi technique (2nd BoPanipat), artillery and movement of cavalry, Ambush and accidental attack 2. Communication was easier from the Battleground to the camping areas 3. Comparatively a secluded place with less population 4. Existence of river Yamuna gave an excellent chance of escaping the way out proximity to fertile areas of Punjab and Ganga Yamuna doab made plundering and pressuring Delhi easier

Answer 71

Emerged as a reaction to orthodox and superstitious practices prevalent in the society

Answer 72

1. Lack of defined vision: Their movements are localised in nature lacking any considerable institutional setup 2. Nomadic culture of saints 3. Lack of alternatives: failed to offer a proper alternative to the social customs that they attacked leaving the status of the tradition unaffected 4. With time Sufi and Bhakti culture got assimilated into orthodox Islam and Hinduism 5. Factionalism: because of various School of thoughts practices and lineage. eg, Bhakti movement got split into saguna-nirguna, shaivism-vaishnavism and other pantheons while sufi mov. got divided into various silsilas like chistis, suhrawardis, quadri etc.

Answer 73

1. Revenue policies- like permanent settlement, ryotwari, mahalwari, Izaredari etc. To maximize the revenue collection 2. De industrialisation: aimed to dismantle the Cottage and small scale industries. Led to over-burdening of agriculture 3. Commercialisation of agriculture- plantation economy in tea, coffee, rubber, cash crops and spices. 4. Zamindari system modified: new Zamindar loyal to the British Raj. The troika of money lenders, Zamindar and government officials became instrument of systematic harassment of farmers 5. Revenue outflow: high salaries to British officers, military expenditure to maintain large army and interest on the loans taken at a much higher rate 6. Capital investment in India: because of low production cost and low labour cost in India, some foreign capital was invested in textile and Jute mills and mainly Railways. The profit earned through those ventures flowed back to home country 7. Discouraging domestic industries: various rules and regulations forced on them; denied loans by banks which were mainly controlled by British

Answer 74

February 1946 by naval ratings on HMIS Talwar in aftermath of INA trials Immediate cause was dissatisfaction over the general conditions in the Navy

Answer 75

1. Extent of the mutiny: began in Bombay, spread throughout British India, covering 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20000 sailors. As the mutiny grew, member of the royal Indian Air Force and the armed forces also joined in 2. Popular support: shopkeepers and common people of Mumbai participated with the mutineers to oppose the British rule 3. Corrosion of authority: response to the Quit India Movement from the Government employees, sympathy towards INA Prisoners and their trials and Royal Indian Navy E and Royal Air Force mutiny for the deteriorated British authority and shook the very foundations of British Empire 4. The mutiny showed the British that they could no longer control the armed forces in India and mark the end of the supremacy over the Indians. Just a year later the British had to bow their head before the wishes of Indians

Answer 76

Revolutions- American, French; message of individual liberties, universal brotherhood and establishment of modern democratic States. Russian Revolution led to the establishment of socialist state in Russia based on the ideals of equal distribution of resources among all the classes Parliamentary developments: Magna Carta, chartist movements and evolution of the parliamentary form of democracy in Britain Defeats of the foreign power: defeat of Italian army in 1896 by Ethiopia destroyed the myth of European Supremacy and the undefeatable aspect of the west. Defeat of Russia by Japan in 1905 show that a tiny Asian Nation could defeat the mighty Czars Foreign freedom struggle: , Revolution Movement in Ireland, Egypt, Turkey and China

Answer 77

World Wars and their economic impact Colonial Economy and drain of wealth Socialism and communism

Answer 78

Values and principles emanating from French American and Russian Revolution Principles of equality justice Liberty democracy republicanism Work of philosophers: writings of the philosophers like in JJ Rousseau, Voltaire, montesquieu, Thomas Paine, Jefferson inspired Indian leaders

Answer 79

Refers to the invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by the United Kingdom and France to regain western control of the Suez Canal after invasion of Egypt by Israel. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal.

Answer 80

* Egyptian nationalism: Gamal Abdel Nasser after coming to power became a symbol of Egyptian nationalism. He wanted to make Egypt independent by ending British occupation and to build Egyptian forces for a successful attack on Israel * Anglo Egyptian relations: Egypt signed a pact with Britain and USA to improve its economy by constructing a high Dam at Aswan to irrigate the Nile Valley. But because of the deteriorating relations of Egypt with the western powers and closeness of Nasser towards Soviet Russia, Britain refused to give monetary help for the dam. * Nationalisation of the Suez Canal: due to the deteriorating relations with UK and France Egypt responded with nationalisation of Suez dam, freezing all the Assets of the Suez Canal company, of which England and France were the majority stakeholders, and closed the canal for Israeli shipping. This action threatened British economic and military interests in the region * Israeli, British and French military involvement: despite opposition by USA Israel invaded Senai peninsula in October 1956. Britain and France's military intervened in December 1956

Answer 81

1. Opposition from USA, USSR and the UN: all of them condemned it. This forced Britain France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Egypt. United Nations peacekeeping force was sentenced to supervise the ceasefire and to restore order. There was widespread outrage in Britain too 2. Due to the American pressure Britain had to withdrawa. This dealt severe blow to the British image as a world power. It also lost her influence over east of Suez 3. British government was accused of Collusion with Israel in structuring the attack Thus it was both a diplomatic and military setback

Answer 82

NEP what's the market oriented economic policy introduced by Lenin. It has features of both free market and capitalism but with considerable state control. It eased the harsh restrictions of war communism, the Bolshevik economic policy during the Civil War, and allowed the return of markets and petty trade It was designed to reshape the badly affected economy due to Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war

Answer 83

1. mixed economy 2. land reforms 3. industrialization 4. five year planning 5. PSUs

Answer 84

Had components of both capitalism, though under government control, and socialism

Answer 85

Collectivisation of land and Commune system was the main feature of Soviet land policy After independence Indian policy makers also went for massive land Reform project and dismantling of the zamindari system. These reforms were not as scientific and strict as in Russia

Answer 86

Under the earlier philosophy of War communism, USSR add a state ownership of industries and the planned economic model. But new economic policy allow private ownership and management in agriculture, retail trade and small scale industry Similar model was implemented by India after independence i.e. mixed economy, some factors for allot private ownership under minimal state control why state retained control of heavy industry, transport, banking and foreign trade

Answer 87

India's FYP was based on similar lines

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