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HIstory Mains Questions Flashcards

1
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: intro?

A
  1. three literary gatherings
  2. 3rd cent BCE- 3rd cent CE
  3. around Madurai
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2
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: trade activity?

A
  1. Indo-roman
  2. import: gold, wine, pottery, slaves
  3. export: textile, silk, spices
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3
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: trade centres?

A
  1. ports
    1. Muziris
    2. Arikamedu
    3. Puhar
  2. Kanchivaram
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4
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: agricultural practices?

A

various agri practices

varieties of crops

types of rice

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5
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: economic activities?

A

spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes

clothes woven at Uraiyur

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6
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: Brahminism ad varna system?

A
  1. Brahminism had percolated in society
  2. chaturvarna system not as rigid and widespread yet
  3. arasur (ruling class), anthanar, vanigar (traders and merchants) and vellalar (farming class)
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7
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: religion?

A
  1. Murugan
  2. Mayon-Vishnu
  3. Vendan-Indra
  4. varunan
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8
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: women?

A
  1. patriarchial
  2. positoin relatively better
  3. female worship-Kannagi as per epic Silappadikaram
  4. women allowed intellectual pursuits
  5. women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar and Kakkaipadainiyar
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9
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: five fold division of land and clans?

A
  1. Tolkappiyam
    1. Kurinji- hilly tracks
    2. Mullai- pastoral
    3. marudam- agricultural
    4. Neydal- coastal
    5. Palai- desert
  2. division into clans and concept of caste not yet
  3. some clans considered untouchable
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10
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: dynasty?

A

Chera, Chola, pandya plus minor chieftains

dynasties ruled by kings called Vendhar

smaller kings called vel or velir

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11
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: admin?

A

king centre

assisted by large body of officials such as Amaichchar, Purohita and Senapati

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12
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: division of kingdom?

A

entire kingdom called mandalam

divided into nadu (province), perar (big village) and virur (small village)

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13
Q

2013- Q1: Sangam literature: fails to give accurate political history of South India?

A
  1. artists patronized so hero worship, achievements exaggerated; territorial influences exaggerated
  2. only th last sangam provides material relevant to political history
  3. some of names, places, dynasties and territories are not backed up by archaeological evidence
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14
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: intro?

A

divine cosmic dance performed by shiva. 7 types of tandavas are found in Indian scriptures

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15
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: mentioned in vedas?

A

acc to rigveda, descrived as a vigorous dance that is the source of cycle of creation, preservation and dissolution.

Brahma sutra describes it as cosmic vibration in the universe

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16
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: typical features?

A

power and force

more emphasis on rhythm and movement

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17
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: male vs female?

A

symbolic to male aspects of dance

acc to ancient Indian Dharma sutras, Lasya was the dance performed Parvati in response to the male energy of the cosmic dance of Tandava performed by Shiva

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18
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: rudra tandava?

A

represents theangry mood of Shiva. Acc to scriptures, when Nataraja dances, the earth trembles; sky and stars are disturbed by the powerful movement of his hands, It signifies destruction is inevitable. What takes birth must be destroyed.

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19
Q

2013- Q2: Tandava: symbolizes?

A

is a pictorial depiction of 5 principal manifestations of eternal energy

  1. srishti-creation
  2. sthiti- preservation
  3. samhara- destruction
  4. Tirobhava- illusion
  5. Anugraha- release

Thus it symbolizes cosmic cycles of creation and destruction, as well as daily rhythm of birth and death.

This also highlights the divine importance attributed to dance in Indian cultural tradition.

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20
Q

2013- Q2(a): Chola architecture: intro?

A

871-1173 CE

epitome of Dravidian temple architecture

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21
Q

2013- Q2(a): Chola architecture: features?

A
  1. Vimanas and Gopurams
  2. Mandapas: thousand pillared halls; ceremonial purposes and religious dances by devadasis
  3. dwarapalakas or guardian figures, at the entrance to mandapa; started from Pallava period; became unique feature of Chola temples
  4. sculptors and frescoes
  5. ganas: among the sculptures
  6. mythical animals: ‘Yazhi’ sculpted at the base of the temples. unique feature of chola temples
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22
Q

2013- 2(a): Chola architecture: examples?

A

Brihadeshwara temple

Rajarajeshwara temple

gangaikondacholapuram temple

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23
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: intro?

A

“When the history of INdia’s fight for independence comes to be written, the sacrifice made by the women of INdia will occupy the foremost place”- Gandhi

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24
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: before 1857?

A
  • more regional or localised
  • Bhima Bai Holkar fought and defeated British colonel Malcolm in Gureila warfare in 1817
  • Rani Chenamma of Kittur against doctrine of lapse in the princely satate of KN in 1829
  • main aim: to prevent British expansionism
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25
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: during 1857 struggle?

A
  1. Rani of ramgarh, rani Jindan kaur, Rani Avanti Bai, Baiza Bai, Chauhan rani, Tapasvini Maharani led their respective troops in the battlefield
  2. Rani Lakshmi Bai. Acc to Sir hugh Bose, who led British forces against Rani Lakshmi Bai, “She was the bravest and the best military leader of the rebels. A man among mutineers”
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26
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: 1857-1947?

A
  1. frm all walks of life and across communities
  2. Swadeshi movement: boycott of foreign cloth; picketing of liquor shops; A nationalistic cult around ‘Bharat Mata’ further inspired more women into the freedom struggle
  3. HOme rule movement: Annie besant
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27
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: Gandhian phase?

A

NCM: Sarla Devi, Muthulaxmy reddy, Susheela Nair, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sucheta Kriplani and Aruna Asaf Ali; picketing , boycotting and processions

CDM: marches, boycotts, prabhat Pheris, Desh Sevika Sangh for passive resistance; Sarojini Naidu, M. Reddy, Kamla Nehru, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Swarup Rani and Margaret cousins were put in jail, 14 yr old Rani Gaidinliu was arrested for leading protests in Nagaland

QIM: Aruna Asaf ALi, Usha Mehta (Azad Radio) and Sucheta kriplani helped the underground activities

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28
Q

2013: Q3- INdian women and freedom struggle: revolutionary struggle?

A

Durgavati Devi helped Bhagat Singh in his escape after Saunders killing

Kalpana Dutt if IRA led the armed resistance along with Surya Sen. She was joined with Pritilata Waddedar in 1931 in attacking the European Club in Chittagong.

Dr. Lakshmi Sehgal led the Rani Jhansi battalaion in INA

veena Das made an attempt to assassinate Stanley Jackson, the then Guv of Bengal

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29
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: intro?

A

strong base of truth and righteousness which attracted many foreign nationals. they made iNdia their homeland and participated in various ways in freedom struggle

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30
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: Annie Besant?

A
  1. British socialist, theosophist, women’s right activist
  2. came to India to be part of Theosophical society
  3. self rule
  4. ‘New iNdia’ and ‘commonwealth’
  5. first woman president of INC
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31
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: CF Andrews?

A

priest from England, an educator, social reformer and a close associate of Gandhi

dismayed by social and cultural injustice inflicted by the British

heped in arousing public sentiments against British atrocities in britain

due to his love and compassion for poor, earned the title of Dinbandhu

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32
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: Iwaichi Fujiwara?

A

Major Fujiwara was sent by Japan with an intelligence mission to recruit as many soldiers as possible from South Asian British colonies as possible

opined that several historic ties betn India and Japan and suggested pacific war as a chance for Indian to rise and fight for Indian freedom, with Japanese help. led to genesis of INA

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33
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: Madeleine Slade?

A

aka Miraben

born inro an aristocratic British familiy

inspired by Gandhi’s principles

dedeicated her life to human development and social reform and became a disciple of Gandhi

was arrested multiple times for protetsing against the British govt

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34
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: nellie sengupta?

A

fought along with her husband JM Sengupta

participated in NCM and sold khadi products door to door

became president of INC in 1933, when many senior Congress leaders were arrested during the salt satyagrah

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35
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: Satyananda Stokes?

A

born in successful business family in america

came to India to work at a leper colony

deeply drawn to spiritual values of iNdia and settled in rural part of INdia

had very strong sense of social justice and took part in Indian independence struggle

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36
Q

2013: Q4: Foreigners and Indian Freedom struggle: Sister Nivedita?

A

Irish social and political activist

inspired from teachings of Swami Vivekananda

promoted Indian culture and pan Indian nationalism

through her lectures, appealed to Indian youth to rise against oppressive rule of British govt

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37
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: administrative reforms?

A
  • Formed the non regulation system for the newly acquired territories, under which commissioners were appointed to deal with the administrative problems
  • He handed over all power splitting to justice, police, land revenue and general administration to the district magistrates.
  • These measures helped the decentralisation of authority and greater accountability and transparency
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38
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: military reforms?

A
  • for the greater control of the northern and North Western region, after the conquest of Punjab, sindh and Avadh, Dalhousie shifted the headquarters of the artillery from Calcutta to Meerut. the Army Headquarter was also transferred to Shimla
  • He could clearly foresee that the future safety of India depend upon the numerical strength of the army and thus he created new Gorkha Regiment
  • A new “irregular force” was also founded and posted in Punjab
  • these military reforms formed the base of the future military development
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39
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: railway?

A

Considered as father of the Indian Railways

Envisaged a network of Railways connecting the main places with the ports

First railway line in 1853

Gradually all important cities and towns are linked up with railway line

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40
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: electric telegraph?

A

Introduced by Dalhousie in 1852

First telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra started in 1854. Buy 1857 it was extended to Lahore and Peshawar

In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to mandalay

These reforms laid foundations of the modern communication system in India

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41
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways:postal refroms?

A

. When you post office Act was passed in 1854. According to this a director general was appointed to supervise the work of post offices in all the presidencies. A uniform postal rate was introduced throughout India

First time postage stamps were issued throughout India

Postal department were extended throughout the whole country

Post office became the source of revenue for the government

Even today post office performs many of the functions like financial services and communication

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42
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: public works deptt?

A

A separate Public Works Department was established to construct roads, bridges and government buildings

Irrigational works were undertaken on xtensa scale

Construction of Ganga Canal was completed in 1854

Many bridges and canals are constructed and renovation of Grand Trunk Road was started

Even today Public Works Department as roots of the civilian construction projects conducted by government

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43
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: social reforms?

A

Abolished female infanticide

Abolish the practice of human sacrifice practice by the khond Tribes of Odisha, Madras and Central provinces

Also passed the widow remarriage act in 1855 which legalised the marriage of Hindu widows

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44
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: educational reforms?

A

1854 wood’s despatch- laid the foundation of modern education system and is known as the Magna Carta of the modern Indian education

Universities established in the presidential towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras on the model of London University

Vernacular schools are opened in the villagers and Mass education was imparted to the children

Dalhousie laid the foundation of the technical education in India. Construction of An engineering college at Roorkee and in other cities like Pune give boost to the higher education and Engineering

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45
Q

2013: Q5- Lord Dalhousie founder of modern India in many ways: issues?

A
  1. An Imperial is to the core; doctrine of lapse was used against states like Satara, Jhansi, Sambalpur, Jaitpur and Nagpur; Awadh was annexed on the grounds of mis management
  2. All the infrastructural reforms were aimed at British exploitation of Indian raw materials in market
  3. Pass the religious disability act 1850 which enable the Hindu convert to inherit his ancestral property. Instead of any Altruistic motivation these were intended to help Christian missionaries to spread ecclesiastical activities
46
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: intro?

A

Bhoodan and gramdan movements work were voluntary land Reform movements in India

Initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951

Philosophically influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s Sarvodaya movement

47
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: obj of Bhoodan mov.?

A
  1. Persuade the larger landowners and rich farmers to donate their land. Target was to collect at least 50 million acres of land
  2. Redistribute that donated land among the landless farmers. With 50 million poor in India each one would get at least one acre of land
  3. To bring about a social order based on equality of opportunities by ensuring balanced economic distribution
48
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: obj of Gramdan mov.?

A
  1. Based on the philosophy of collective ownership in communism
  2. “It is far better for 100 and legion of village to cultivate their land collectively and divide the income there from than to divide the land anyhow into 100 portions”- Gandhiji
  3. The main aim was to unite the people together to donate their entire villages to the society and to lead a Cooperative life
  4. All the village work together to the best of their ability and receive whatever is necessary for them. The surplus is spent for the betterment of community as a whole
  5. Thus building a new social order based on equality and cooperation and the spirit of renunciation of private ownership
49
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: critical review of Bhoodan mov?

A
  1. Slow progress: target 50 million acres, only 4.5 million acres were collected and barely 6.5 lakh acres were actually distributed. In some cases the donors took back their land from the bhoodan workers for s certain reasons which created doubts in the minds of people
  2. Bribes: village leaders allotting authorities demanded bribes from poor people for the allotment of land. Many undeserving villages got benefits while many landless poor remained unallotted.
  3. Some applicants applied multiple times in the names of wives and children, nepotism crept in
  4. Donating bogus land: big landlord donated those land which were unfit for cultivation for Barren.
  5. Often BHoodan workers accepted even the disputed land as gift without any verification. Tus beneficiary would get nothing as the matter would be stuck in courts coronavirus
  6. Politicization: Some Bhoodan workers tried to use the bhoodan organisation as a means to gain political clout and dividend at the time of election, there by losing credibility and respect among villagers.
  7. Lack of Government support: Mere allotment of land was insufficient. Landless formal also needed agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizer, irrigation. Beneficiaries could not arrange loans for these inputs
50
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: critical review of gramdan mov?

A
  1. Was successful mainly in villages where class differentiation had not yet emerged and there was less disparity in ownership of land like tribal village
  2. In other regions, it proved less effective
  3. People refused to co-operate with each other because of caste hierarchies. Illiteracy and ignorance played a role as well
51
Q

2013: Q6- Bhoodan and Gramdan movement: conclusion?

A

Failed to build a mass movement and achieve large-scale social transformation but made a significant contribution by creating moral pressure on landlords leading to favourable conditions for landless labourers in some regions

52
Q

2013: Q7- ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’- intro?

A

at a public gathering at Ram LIla Maidan in 1965

to enthuse the soldiers to defend India and simultaneously cheer farmers to do their best to increase production of food grains to reduce dependence on imports

53
Q

2013: Q7- ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’- militRy situation?

A
  1. war with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965
  2. resulted in economic distress
  3. militarily unequipped, lacking modern critical tech that Pak was getting from USA
  4. at the same time, rapid modernization of all deptts of armed forces were carried out on priority basis
54
Q

2013: Q7- ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’- agri situation?

A
  1. 1960s- India faced one of the most severe droughts after 1943
  2. completely dependent on USA’s PL480 grain aid
  3. USA’s threats- to change stand on Kashmir and oppose Russia in cold war
  4. also message to save food by reducing wastage and fasting
  5. his own family started fasting on MOnday evening for a month and asked Indians to fast once a week
  6. GR
55
Q

2013: Q7- ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’- conclusion?

A

Vajpayee added ‘Jai Vigyan

Modi added ‘Jai Anusandhan’’

56
Q

2013: Q8- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: intro?

A

Indian scholar, independence activist and a senior leader of INC

first education minister in Indian govt

57
Q

2013: Q8- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: pre independence?

A
  1. Khilafat mov: worled to organise NCM
  2. CDM: one of the mai organisers of Dharasana Satyagraha. led the cause of Hindu-Muslim unity and socialism
  3. QIM: was President of INC at the time and was arrested along with other top leaders
  4. Congress President: was the youngest President of INC at age 35. was President for 5 yrs consecutively from 1940-1945
  5. Journalism and Poetry: composed poetry in Urdu and treatises on religion and philosophy. published works critical of British through his journalism. also vouched for Hindu-Muslim unity through his newspaper Al Hilal
58
Q

2013: Q8- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: post independence?

A
  1. communla harmony after partition:toring affected areas for guiding organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security. encouraged peace and calm in his speeches. encouraged muslims to remain in India
  2. role as Minister of Education:
59
Q

2013: Q9- Tashkent agreement: international circumstances?

A
  1. cold war ongoing
    1. Pak joined US’s SEATO and CENTO with a view to get arms to use against India
    2. India remained neutral, bt USA remained suspicious
  2. Soviet Unoin-China rift and Indo-China war in 1962, India came closer to USSR
  3. Pak sought to take advantage of the favourable international situation by snatching Kashmir
60
Q

2013: Q9- Tashkent agreement: Indo-Pak war of 1965?

A
  1. Op ibraltar: infiltrate forces into J&K to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule
  2. followed by Operation Grand Slam which involved Pak army to cross LoC, declaring war against India
  3. Indian forces had the upper had ultimately as they captured regions in PoK and reached upto Lahore
  4. Pak suffered a huge military, strategic and political defeat in the war
61
Q

2013: Q9- Tashkent agreement: diplomatic intervention?

A
  • Neither US nor USSR provided any active support to India ir Pakistan during the war, however USSR pressurized CHina to remain ut of the conflict
  • After 17 days’ of war UN mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by USSR and USA
  • further diplomatic discussions were held in Tashkent (Soviet Russia) to create permanent settlement
62
Q

2013: Q9- Tashkent agreement: highlights of the agreement?

A
  1. Both countries agreed to maintain good friendly relations in accordance the United Nations charter
  2. Both agreed to pull back their forces to their pre conflict position and cede each Other’s territory
  3. They also agreed not to interfere in the internal matters of each other. They agreed to discourage propaganda against each other and encourage friendly discourse
  4. Both government agreed to observe the Vienna Convention of 1961 on diplomatic discourse and agreed to return their respective High Commission to their posts
  5. They agreed to restore economic cooperation and trade as before. They also agreed to maintain friendly neighborly relations with each other
63
Q

2013: Q10- compulsions that prompted India to play a decisive role in emergence of BN: causes of BN liberation war?

A

After Genesis of Pakistan on the basis of religion, rift started to develop between Punjabi speaking Western Pakistan and Bengali speaking Eastern Pakistan

Pakistani army, Administration and politics were being controlled by the Western Pakistan and this discrimination gave rise to the Bengali nationalism and self-determinism in the Eastern Pakistan

In the 1970 election for the national assembly, awami League headed by Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman won almost all the seats in the Eastern Pakistan and also formed the majority in the national assembly

But awami League was denied to form the government by the army and major general Yahya Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Awami League started the civil disobedience movement for the formation of the government in the Eastern Pakistan. General yahya Khan ordered military crackdown in the Eastern Pakistan known as operation searchlight which resulted into the genocide of thousands of Bengali speaking people, burning of villages and the reign of terror

64
Q

2013: Q10- compulsions that prompted India to play a decisive role in emergence of BN: compulsions for India?

A
  1. Refugee problem: the basic temporary provisions Indian government had made for providing basic amenities started to prove insufficient. This made the Indian situation vulnerable. More than 80 lakh refugees cross the border and this made the internal security situation in the North East fragile.
  2. Resource Crunch: India herself was a poor country. The deluge of refugees could cause a resource crunch in India
  3. Human Rights violations: around 3 million Bangladeshi people during operation searchlight. Thousands of villages and towns were burnt hundreds of Human rights violations against women and children were reported
  4. Strategic reasons: India did not want war with Pakistan but it cannot ignore the situation at her borders too. Thus it decided to help the gureilla forces (Mukti bahini) covertly. RAW helped to organise, train and arm these insurgents
  5. Pakistan Air Force launch the preemptive Strike on Indian Air Force bases. This was seen by the Indian authorities as the acts of unprovoked aggression
  6. Treaty with Soviet Union: the Treaty of friendship, peace and cooperation was signed by India and USSR which neutralized any external intervention from US, China in the conflict
65
Q

2013: Q10- compulsions that prompted India to play a decisive role in emergence of BN: objectives gained?

A
  1. Long lasting peace on the eastern front as Indian Bangladesh always maintain friendly relations
  2. India help in maintaining peace and democracy for better relations in the neighbourhood
  3. 1971 war resulted in the complete defeat of the Pakistani army as this signed an instrument of surrender resulting into 91000 prisoners of War. The peace Treaty for the same was signed in Shimla in 1971
66
Q

2013: Q11- Industrial Revolution in Japan: intro?

A
  • Japan made Rapid progress to industrialize after the Meiji Restoration of 19th century, boosting her transportation and communication networks and revolutionising her industry
67
Q

2013: Q11- Industrial Revolution in Japan: factors?

A
  1. origin of IR: strong foundation of Renaissance, enlightenment and the scientific temper in the west. In Japanese IR, strong cultural roots are absent. Rather it evolved from the fear of being colonized by the western powers
  2. Scientific discoveries: Western industrialisation involved scientific discoveries in various fields like textiles, chemical, iron steel which changed the modes of production. Japanese IR did not involve any prominent scientific Discovery. It was rather based on the concept of reverse engineering and Kaizen (continuous improvement by minimising defects)
  3. Iwakura Mission: Japanese industrialisation was based on the learnings gained from the Western industrialisation. Iwakura Mission was set off observe and learn from the western industrialisation, special United States and Europe
  4. Colonial support: western was based on strong foundations of colonization. It was completely dependent on the colonies for raw materials and Markets for the final consumption. Japanese did not have any colonial base on the other hand, Japanese imperialism was a result of Japanese industrialisation
  5. Agriculture and Commericalization Revolution: unlike Japanese industrialisation, west had seen agricultural Revolution and commercial revolution before industrial revolution
  6. Role of State: in the west, state or the monarchy stayed away from the industrialisation and it was induced by private players. In Japan industrialisation was state induced. State participated and also encouraged private players to get involved in the process
68
Q

2013: Q12: Africa was chopped into states by accident of European competition: intro?

A

known as “Scrambles of Africa” was the invasion, occupation, division and colonisation of African territory by European powers in the New imperialism era

69
Q

2013: Q12: Africa was chopped into states by accident of European competition: economic reasons?

A
  1. Economic situation in Europe:
    1. Due to long depression in Europe, country like Britain, Germany and France were increasingly showing trade deficit in the 19th century
    2. After the loss of American colonies and long draining wars, British economy was facing a severe crisis
    3. Colonial powers were in search of such colonies where cheap raw materials, Limited competition and abundant raw materials made a grater premium possible. African continent presented such an opportunity
  2. Resource exploitation
    1. African continent had rich deposits of unexplored mineral resources like coal, copper, Gold and Diamonds. Also cotton, rubber, palm oil could be possibly cultivated in Africa
  3. Connectivity in trade routes: Britain and France wanted to protect their Eastern Colony summarising European Nations like Germany Italy and America and thus they tried to control the trade routes in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Control of the coastlines and ports were important for the control of the trade routes
70
Q

2013: Q12: Africa was chopped into states by accident of European competition: strategic reasons?

A

Military and naval bases: wanted more of them to protect their economic and military interests

Balance of power negotiation: colonies were seen as assets in the balance of power negotiations, useful items of exchange at the time of international bargaining

Vital seas routes: Africa had some of the most important sea routes of the world like cape of good hope and Suez Canal, controlling them would fetch more revenue and strategic Prestige

71
Q

2013: Q12: Africa was chopped into states by accident of European competition: rising Nationalism in Germany and Italy?

A

th ceGerman Weltpolitik: Weltpolitik was the foreign policy adopted by the German monarch Kaiser Wilhelm II in late 19th century, with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, acquisition of ovreseas colonies and devlopment of a large navy. This laid the foundation of German colonisations

Italy’s Expansionism: After Italian unification, Italy started to establish her colonial Empire to the north east of Africa (horn of Africa- Eritrea, Somalia). Italian troops were defeated in the Italy Ethiopian war and wanted to avenge the defeat by conquering more colonial Empire throughout Africa

72
Q

2013: Q13- american revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism: intro?

A

Mercantilism was an economic system of trade where Nation attempts to accumulate the largest possible share of the wealth by maximizing her exports and by limiting her imports via tariffs. Mercantilism as a policy believe that the volume of global trade is static, one country’s gain in trade is another country’s loss and wealth of a nation depends on the possession of gold and silver.

73
Q

2013: Q13- american revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism: arguments?

A
  1. Navigation act: to ensure that American colonies were prohibited to trade with other Nations and only Britain could get all the benefits of the trade
  2. Sugar acts: decreasing the existing custom duties on Sugar and molasses so that only British sugar could compete in the American market as it would be cheaper than the local sugar. Also certain products like tobacco, cotton and sugar could only be exported to England
  3. Stamp act: was a direct tax and fruit in the colonies in 1765 all official documents newspapers almanacs and Pamphlets were required to have stamps
  4. No taxation without representation
  5. No industrialisation the colonies were Forbidden to start certain heavy industry such as iron and steel and were forced to import these product from England
  6. Tea act: passed to maintain a Monopoly of the East India Company. It granted the British East India company a Monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. Led to Boston Tea Party.

These restrictions were a part of British mercantile policy

74
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: intro?

A
  1. 2600 BCE -1900 BCE
  2. first urban civilization
  3. main points:
    1. streets
    2. drainage/sewage system
    3. town planning/ settlement pattern
    4. public structures
    5. culture
75
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: streets?

A
  1. well lined, straight streets cutting each other at right angles
  2. rectangular blocks
  3. lamp posts and dust bins on streets at regular intervals

similar features in designing cities like Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and NOida dividing the city ito various sectors

76
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: drainage?

A
  1. closed, separate drainage system and soak pits connected to public drainage
  2. brick laid sewage channels throught every street
  3. closed manholes for maintenance
  4. provison for carrying out excess water out of the city

modern day advanced sewage systems based on collection, treatment and reusage has their genesis in IVC sewage system

77
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: town planning?

A

citadel and lower town

defensive walls with transport facilities for communication

burnt bricks

Cities like Ne Delhi where administrative str segregated from residential areas

78
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: public str?

A

great bath

great granaries

general conference hall or qtrs in citadel built for administrative or ceremonial purposes

Parliaments and other grand buildings of today

79
Q

2014: Q1- urban planning and culture of IVC as i/p to present day urbanization: culture?

A
  • use of jewellery and ornaments
  • sculpting, dancing, pottery making, usage of beads fr protection against evil spirits still prevalent
  • worship offemale deities, phallus and yoni worship, pashupati
  • arts like masoning, engraving, shell working, gold smith, weaving, carpenting
  • ate beef, mutton, pork, poultery, barley and palm date- still part of today’s cuisine
  • cotton and wool
80
Q

2014: Q2- Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks: intro?

A
  1. during 1st-5th cent AD in modern day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pak
  2. mainly Buddhist sculpture
  3. influence of Greek, Romans, Persian and iNdian
  4. peak during Jushan period (2nd-3rd cent AD)
  5. subject was mainly Indian but style had foreign influence
81
Q

2014: Q2- Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks: Greek influence?

A
  1. Alexanders’ invasion in 326 BCE
  2. idealism
  3. facial similarity with Greek God Apollo
  4. construction in stucco as well as stone for construction of monastic as well as cult building
  5. muscular depiction of Buddha like say Hercules
82
Q

2014: Q2- Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks: Roman influence?

A
  1. representing Buddha in human form- Roman anthromorphic tradition
  2. motifs and techniques from classical roman arts ike vine scrolls and cherubs bearing garlands around Buddha
  3. Buddh ais sculpted wearing Imperial Roman Toga, Roman drapery and clothes resembling roman style of garments
  4. characterestics of Roman school, Realism, is narrated through Buddha’s wavy hair and foerhead lines
  5. simplistic Roman approach - plain halo instead of decorated halo as observed in Mathura school
83
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: intro?

A

Founded in Gandhari region in present-day Pakistan around 6th century BCE, on the eastern bank of the Indus river.

84
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: renowned personalities?

A
  • Kautilya
  • Chandragupta Maurya was also taken to Taxila by Chanakya for training
  • Panini- compiler of Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit Grammar
  • Charaka
  • Jivaka, once treated Buddha
  • Vasubandhu, founder of tibetan Buddhism
85
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: strategic location?

A
  • It became the capital of the Achaemenid territories in northwestern Indian subcontinent following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley around 515 BCE.
  • Taxila was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia,
  • was probably populated by Persians, Greeks, Scythians and many ethnicities coming from the various parts of the Achaemenid Empire.
86
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: not considered a uni in the modern sense, unlike Nalanda: main points?

A
  1. informal conditions
  2. autonomy
  3. patronage
  4. infrastructure
87
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: not considered a uni in the modern sense, unlike Nalanda: informal conditions?

A
  1. no centralized system of schooling or syllabus
  2. no system of exams and did not award degrees to its students
  3. education system was flexible, modified acc to studeny’s capabilities
  4. Nalanda had centrlized system of learning, fixed curriculum and awarded degrees
88
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: not considered a uni in the modern sense, unlike Nalanda: autonomy?

A
  • complete autonomy lied with teachers
  • They had their own independent school of learning with their specific set of rules and manner of functioning
  • Most of the courses were run by teachers in their private houses and received no formal infrastructural support from the university
  • On the other hand Nalanda had a Central University committee which has full autonomy regarding education process
89
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: not considered a uni in the modern sense, unlike Nalanda: patronage?

A

Taxila lacked patronage from the rulers, while Nalanda enjoyed patronage from rulers like Guptas, Palas and Rashtrakutas

Taxila lack financial support, while Nalanda had a fixed source of income (revenue of 200 surrounding villages)

90
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: not considered a uni in the modern sense, unlike Nalanda:: infrastructure?

A

Archaeological excavations at Nalanda mahavihara show that Nalanda had almost all the infrastructure needed for a University in today’s time like multiple classroom, extensive library, dormitory for students, accomodation for professors etc.

at Taxila, no such archaeological evidence are found

91
Q

2014: Q3- Taxila university: conclusion?

A

During the latter days became more of a trade hub rather than an educational institution because of its location at the crossroads of different trade routes.

92
Q

2014: Q4- Why so many battles fought at Panipat: political reasons?

A

Delhi acis of power, to occupy India, control over Delhi was imminent. Panipat was en route Delhi, where a battle was inevitable before defeating the axial power in Delhi

93
Q

2014: Q4- Why so many battles fought at Panipat: Geographical reasons?

A
  • Use fertile plains, which give natural advantages of availability of food supply, drinking water and resources
  • Proximity to Khyber Pass from where most of the attacks happened, and Delhi where most of the attacks were directed
  • Suitability of the area for animal movement
  • Desert conditions of Rajasthan and Harsh mountain climate of Himalayas made this the only viable option
  • Less monsoon rainfall compared to the other surrounding areas
  • Availability of iron (Narnaul mines) and copper (khetri mines)
94
Q

2014: Q4- Why so many battles fought at Panipat: military reasons?

A
  1. Plains of Panipat were more adoptable for military tactics like trench warfare (khandaq war), Rumi technique (2nd BoPanipat), artillery and movement of cavalry, Ambush and accidental attack
  2. Communication was easier from the Battleground to the camping areas
  3. Comparatively a secluded place with less population
  4. Existence of river Yamuna gave an excellent chance of escaping the way out proximity to fertile areas of Punjab and Ganga Yamuna doab made plundering and pressuring Delhi easier
95
Q

2015: Q5- Sufis and Medieval saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu Muslim societies to any appreciable extent: intro?

A

Emerged as a reaction to orthodox and superstitious practices prevalent in the society

96
Q

2015: Q5- Sufis and Medieval saints failed to modify either the religious ideas and practices or the outward structure of Hindu Muslim societies to any appreciable extent: causes?

A
  1. Lack of defined vision: Their movements are localised in nature lacking any considerable institutional setup
  2. Nomadic culture of saints
  3. Lack of alternatives: failed to offer a proper alternative to the social customs that they attacked leaving the status of the tradition unaffected
  4. With time Sufi and Bhakti culture got assimilated into orthodox Islam and Hinduism
  5. Factionalism: because of various School of thoughts practices and lineage. eg, Bhakti movement got split into saguna-nirguna, shaivism-vaishnavism and other pantheons while sufi mov. got divided into various silsilas like chistis, suhrawardis, quadri etc.
97
Q

2015: Q6- various facets of economic policies of British rule in India?

A
  1. Revenue policies- like permanent settlement, ryotwari, mahalwari, Izaredari etc. To maximize the revenue collection
  2. De industrialisation: aimed to dismantle the Cottage and small scale industries. Led to over-burdening of agriculture
  3. Commercialisation of agriculture- plantation economy in tea, coffee, rubber, cash crops and spices.
  4. Zamindari system modified: new Zamindar loyal to the British Raj. The troika of money lenders, Zamindar and government officials became instrument of systematic harassment of farmers
  5. Revenue outflow: high salaries to British officers, military expenditure to maintain large army and interest on the loans taken at a much higher rate
  6. Capital investment in India: because of low production cost and low labour cost in India, some foreign capital was invested in textile and Jute mills and mainly Railways. The profit earned through those ventures flowed back to home country
  7. Discouraging domestic industries: various rules and regulations forced on them; denied loans by banks which were mainly controlled by British
98
Q

2015: Q7- Nava mutiny proved to be the last nail in coffin of British colonial aspirations in India: intro?

A

February 1946

by naval ratings on HMIS Talwar in aftermath of INA trials

Immediate cause was dissatisfaction over the general conditions in the Navy

99
Q

2015: Q7- Nava mutiny proved to be the last nail in coffin of British colonial aspirations in India: breaking point?

A
  1. Extent of the mutiny: began in Bombay, spread throughout British India, covering 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20000 sailors. As the mutiny grew, member of the royal Indian Air Force and the armed forces also joined in
  2. Popular support: shopkeepers and common people of Mumbai participated with the mutineers to oppose the British rule
  3. Corrosion of authority: response to the Quit India Movement from the Government employees, sympathy towards INA Prisoners and their trials and Royal Indian Navy E and Royal Air Force mutiny for the deteriorated British authority and shook the very foundations of British Empire
  4. The mutiny showed the British that they could no longer control the armed forces in India and mark the end of the supremacy over the Indians.

Just a year later the British had to bow their head before the wishes of Indians

100
Q

2014: Q8- major political, economic and social developments in world which motivated anti-colonial struggle in India: political?

A

Revolutions- American, French; message of individual liberties, universal brotherhood and establishment of modern democratic States. Russian Revolution led to the establishment of socialist state in Russia based on the ideals of equal distribution of resources among all the classes

Parliamentary developments: Magna Carta, chartist movements and evolution of the parliamentary form of democracy in Britain

Defeats of the foreign power: defeat of Italian army in 1896 by Ethiopia destroyed the myth of European Supremacy and the undefeatable aspect of the west. Defeat of Russia by Japan in 1905 show that a tiny Asian Nation could defeat the mighty Czars

Foreign freedom struggle: , Revolution Movement in Ireland, Egypt, Turkey and China

101
Q

2014: Q8- major political, economic and social developments in world which motivated anti-colonial struggle in India: economic?

A

World Wars and their economic impact

Colonial Economy and drain of wealth

Socialism and communism

102
Q

2014: Q8- major political, economic and social developments in world which motivated anti-colonial struggle in India: social developments?

A

Values and principles emanating from French American and Russian Revolution

Principles of equality justice Liberty democracy republicanism

Work of philosophers: writings of the philosophers like in JJ Rousseau, Voltaire, montesquieu, Thomas Paine, Jefferson inspired Indian leaders

103
Q

2014: Q9- Suez crisis: intro?

A

Refers to the invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by the United Kingdom and France to regain western control of the Suez Canal after invasion of Egypt by Israel.

The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal.

104
Q

2014: Q9- Suez crisis: events that led to the crisis?

A
  • Egyptian nationalism: Gamal Abdel Nasser after coming to power became a symbol of Egyptian nationalism. He wanted to make Egypt independent by ending British occupation and to build Egyptian forces for a successful attack on Israel
  • Anglo Egyptian relations: Egypt signed a pact with Britain and USA to improve its economy by constructing a high Dam at Aswan to irrigate the Nile Valley. But because of the deteriorating relations of Egypt with the western powers and closeness of Nasser towards Soviet Russia, Britain refused to give monetary help for the dam.
  • Nationalisation of the Suez Canal: due to the deteriorating relations with UK and France Egypt responded with nationalisation of Suez dam, freezing all the Assets of the Suez Canal company, of which England and France were the majority stakeholders, and closed the canal for Israeli shipping. This action threatened British economic and military interests in the region
  • Israeli, British and French military involvement: despite opposition by USA Israel invaded Senai peninsula in October 1956. Britain and France’s military intervened in December 1956
105
Q

2014: Q9- Suez crisis: a blow to Britain’s image as world power?

A
  1. Opposition from USA, USSR and the UN: all of them condemned it. This forced Britain France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Egypt. United Nations peacekeeping force was sentenced to supervise the ceasefire and to restore order. There was widespread outrage in Britain too
  2. Due to the American pressure Britain had to withdrawa. This dealt severe blow to the British image as a world power. It also lost her influence over east of Suez
  3. British government was accused of Collusion with Israel in structuring the attack

Thus it was both a diplomatic and military setback

106
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: intro?

A

NEP what’s the market oriented economic policy introduced by Lenin.

It has features of both free market and capitalism but with considerable state control.

It eased the harsh restrictions of war communism, the Bolshevik economic policy during the Civil War, and allowed the return of markets and petty trade

It was designed to reshape the badly affected economy due to Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war

107
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: main points?

A
  1. mixed economy
  2. land reforms
  3. industrialization
  4. five year planning
  5. PSUs
108
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: mixed economy?

A

Had components of both capitalism, though under government control, and socialism

109
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: land reforms?

A

Collectivisation of land and Commune system was the main feature of Soviet land policy

After independence Indian policy makers also went for massive land Reform project and dismantling of the zamindari system. These reforms were not as scientific and strict as in Russia

110
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: industrialisation?

A

Under the earlier philosophy of War communism, USSR add a state ownership of industries and the planned economic model.

But new economic policy allow private ownership and management in agriculture, retail trade and small scale industry

Similar model was implemented by India after independence i.e. mixed economy, some factors for allot private ownership under minimal state control why state retained control of heavy industry, transport, banking and foreign trade

111
Q

2014: Q10- New Economic POlicy of Lenin influenced policies adopted by India after independence: five year planning?

A

India’s FYP was based on similar lines

112
Q
A

GS-1 (17 decks)

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