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GS-1 > Advent of Europeans, growth of British empire, Socio-religious reform and Tribal-peasant movements > Flashcards

Advent of Europeans, growth of British empire, Socio-religious reform and Tribal-peasant movements Flashcards

1
Q

advent of Portuguese: backgrnd?

A
  1. decline of roman empire in 7th cent-> Arab domination in Egypt and Persia
  2. easy accessibililty to Indian spices, silk, calicoes, silk and precious stones declined- due to monopolisation of red sea routes by arab
  3. 15th century Europe- renaissance+ great advances in ship-building+ eagerness for sea voyages+ econ dev due to expansion of land under cultivation, intro of an improved plough, scientific crop mgmt and increased supply of meat
  4. Portugese assumed leadership of in Christendom’s resistance against Islam and too the exploration spirit of genoese; idea of finding an ocean route to India became an obsesision of Prince Henry of Portugal(Navigator)
  5. 1497: under treaty of Tordesillas(1494), Portugal and Spain divided non-christian world betn them by an imaginary line in atlantic Ocean, 1300 miles west of Cape Verde
  6. 1487: Portugese navigator , Bartholomew dias, rounded the cape of good hope and sailed up eastern African coast
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2
Q

‘Navigator’: who? significance?

A

Prince Henry of Potugal; Pope Nicholas V gave him a bull in 1454, conferring on him the right to navigate ‘sea to distant shores of the Orient’….’as far as INdia’ to fight Islamic influence and spread christianity

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3
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas:

A

divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, along a meridian 1300 miles west of the Cape Verde islands

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4
Q

Arrival of vasco da gama?

A
  1. May 1948
  2. led by a Gujarati pilot abdul Majid
  3. accorded friendly reception by Zamorin, though arab traders there were apprehensive
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5
Q

advent of portugese changed rules of the game. how?

A

earlier many players, all wanted profit bt none wanted complete dominance, Portuguese wanted to monopolise the hugely profitable eastern trade by excluding competitors including arab.

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6
Q

Portuguese advent after vasco da Gama?

A
  1. Pedro Alvarez cabral-1500- to trade for spices, negotiating and establishing a factory at calicut; conflicts with Arabs; finally advantageous treaties with local rulers of cochin and Cannanore
  2. Vasco da gama in 1501- conflicts with arabs- Zamorin supported arabs- thus rupture with Zamorin- set up a trading factory at cannanore- thus, Calicut, cannanore and cochin became trade centres of Portuguese- also gradually fortified
  3. Francisco de almeida- 1505- appointed Guv by Portuguese king for a 3-yr term- aim to destroy Muslim trade by seizing Aden, Hormuz and malacca- came in conflict with and defeated by mamluk Sultan of Egypt (along wit GJ), off the coast of Diu in 1507- next yr though defeated both and launched ‘Blue Water policy’
  4. Alfonso de Albuqerque: succeded almeida as Guv- REAL founder of Portuguese power in east
  5. Nino-da-cunha- Guv in 1529
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7
Q

Alfonso de Albuqerque : significant points?

A
  1. succeded almeida as Guv-
  2. REAL founder of Portuguese power in east-
  3. estab bases at hormuz (overlooking Red sea), in Malabar and Malacca- introduced permit system-
  4. established control over major ship-building centres in the region-
  5. acquired Goa frm Bijapur Sultan in 1510 and thus GOA became the “first bit of Indian territory to be under the europeans since alexaner”-
  6. Abolition of Sati
  7. encouraged Portuguese men to take local wives and settle here
  8. Bitter persecution of Muslims
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8
Q

Portuguese men settling in India

A
  1. encouraged by Albuqerque
  2. established themselves as landlords in goa
  3. built new roads and irrigation works
  4. introduced new crops like tobacco andcashew nut or better plantation varieties of coconut; planted large groves of coconut to meet need for coir rigging and cordage
  5. settled as artisans and master ceaftsmen in Goa and cochin
  6. came to look this as their home rather than their homeland.
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9
Q

Nino-da-cunha?

A
  1. guv in 1529
  2. shifted hqrs frm Cochin to Goa
  3. 1534- Bahadur Shah of GJ- sought help in Fight with Mughal Humayun- ceded to Portuguese island of Bassein and promised them a base in Diu
  4. Bt relations with NBahadur Shah later soured and was killed by Portuguese
  5. attempted to increase in Bengal by setting many Portuguese nationals there with Hooghly as their hqrs
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10
Q

Favourable conditions for Portuguese in india?

A
  1. except GJ, ruled by powerful Mahmud Begarhs, northern part was divided among many small powers and in south bahamani kingdom was breaking up
  2. none of the powers had significant naval power
  3. In Far east, imperial decree of chinese emperor limited navigational reach of chinese ships
  4. Only possible sea rivals- Arabs din’t match Portuguese organisation and unity
  5. Portuguese had cannons on their ships.
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11
Q

importance of Portuguese state in India?

A
  1. tends to be under-estimated
  2. many coastal states within 50yrs of Vasco da Gama’s arrival eg. Goa;
  3. Mumbai to Daman and Diu to the approaches to GJ, they controlled a narrow tract with 4 important ports and hundreds of towns and villages;
  4. chain of seaport fortresses and trading posts like Mangalore, cannanore, Cochin and Calicut;
  5. military posts and settlements on the east coast at San Thome(chennai) and Nagapatam (Andhra).
  6. Towards end of 16th century, settlement at Hooghly
  7. role played in battles of powerbetn Vijaynagara and deccan sultans, betn daccanis and Mughals, betn Mughals and Marathas
  8. first to arrive and last to leave-1961
  9. religious policy: zeal to promote christianity and defeat Muslims; initially tolerant to Hindus bt later persecuted them too; sent Christian missionaries, Aquaviva and Monsearatte to Akbar in 1579 at Fatehpur Sikri. Again in 1595 , by Fathers Xavier and Pinheiro.
  10. Under the rule of jahangir, warmed up to him. 1608, 20 baptisms carried out in Agra with priests enjoying liberty.
  11. initiated European Era as well as marked emergence of naval power, after Cholas.
  12. aimed to gain monopoly in trade by the threat of or actual use of force- a blueprint followed by english later.
  13. military innovation in use of body armour, matchlock men and guns landed frm ships; led to the Mughals using field guns and artillery of the stirrups.
  14. an imp military contri was the system of drilling groups of infantry, on the Spanish model, introduced in 1630s as a counter to the Dutch pressure. This was later adopted by French, Englis, Marathas and Sikhs
  15. improved techniques at sea: multi-decked ships permitting carrying heavier armament, use of castled prow and stern to repel or launch boarding parties. Later both were adpated by Indian builders
  16. Portuguese skill at organisation- royal arsenals and dockyards, maintaining regular system of pilots. Mughals as well as other Europeans learnt frm them.
  17. Church were also teachers and patrons of the arts of paintor, carver and sculptor and music. Art of silversmith and goldsmith in Goa along with elaborate filigree work, fretted foliage work and metal work embedding jewels.
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12
Q

Decline of portuguese?

A

by 18th century, P lost commercial influence , though some carried trade in their individual capacity.

Factors-

  1. emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persia and North India as well as rise of Marathas (they captured Salsette and Bassein in 1739 frm P)
  2. religious policies of P like activities of Jesuits gave rise to political fear. Their antagonism for Muslim and conversion policy.
  3. Their dishonest trade practices also evoked strong reaction. earned notoriety as sea pirates eg. a similar act of plundering Mughal ships caused Jahangir to order Muqarrab Khan, then incharge of Surat to seek compensation.
  4. discovery of Brazil diverted colonising activities
  5. union of kingdoms of Spain and Portugal in 1580-81, dragging the smaller kingdoms into spain’s war with England and Holland, badly affected Portuguese monopoly of trade in India.
  6. Earlier monopoly of knowledge of sea route to India didn’t remain secret for long. the Dutch and the English had greater resources andmore compulsions to expand overseas.
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13
Q

Arrival of Dutch?

important Dutch factories in india?

main trading items?

A
  • Cornelis de Houtman: reached Sumatra and Bantam in 1596
  • 1602: formation of ‘EIC of Netherlands’
    • it was also empowered to carry on war, conclude treaties and to take possession of territories
  • first factory in India in Masulipatam (AP) in 1605
  • captured nagapatam near madras frm the Portuguese and made it their main stronghold in S. India
  • principal factories at Surat, Bimlipatam, Karaikal, chinsura, Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patna and Cochin
  • main business
    • redistributive or carrying trade: articles frm India, sell to East islands
    • indigo manufacture in yamuna valley and Central india
    • textiles (cotton) and silk frm bengal, GJ and Coromandel
    • saltpetre frm Bihar
    • opium and rice frm Ganga valley
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14
Q

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry?

A
  1. English were also coming near this time: commercial rivalry
  2. Massacre of English and Japanese at Amboyana (in Indonesia) by Dutch
  3. compromise in 1667: Britain withdrew its claims on Indonesia and the Dutch retired frm india, and instead monopolised trade in black pepper and spices
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15
Q

decline of Dutch in India: factors?

A
  1. mainly trade of Malay Archipelago
  2. Defeat of Dutch on the hands of British in the battle of Hooghly, 1759, dealt a crushing blow
  3. Dutch were nt much interested in Empire-building; their main concerns were trade, esp frm Spice islands of INdonesia
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16
Q

Beginnings of English voyage?

A
  1. As the knowldge of Portuguese profit spread
  2. On Dec 31st, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted exclusive trading rights to the company named ‘Guv and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies’. initially a monopoly of 15 yrs, extended indefinitely in 1609
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17
Q

Progress of English in South and west?

A
  1. Captain hawkins arrived in court of Jehangir in 1609, bt mission to set up a factory in Surat didn’t succeed due to Portuguese influence in court
  2. In 1611, English started trading at Masulipatam and established a factory there in 1616 (first English factory in South)
  3. IN 1612, Capt Thomas Best defeated Portuguese in the sea off Surat; impressed Jahangir granted permission to set up factory at Surat in 1613.
  4. 1615: Sir Thomas Roe came as ambassador of james I to Jehangir’s court; successful in seeking permission to set up factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach as well as succeded in obtaining 2 firmans confirming free trade with exemption frm inland tolls.
  5. 1632: Golden Farman issued to them by Sultan of Golconda to trade freely. plus received permission, frm ruler of Chandragiri in 1639, to build a fortified factory at Madras, which became Fort St. george and replaced Masulipatam as hqrs in South India.
  6. Bombay given to King Chrales II by Portugal as dowry in 1662, that was given to EIC on lease. Seat of western Presidency shifted frm Surat to Bombay in 1687. Thus tacit peace with Portuguese.
  7. 1667: deal with Dutch.
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18
Q

Progress of English in east and bengal?

A
  1. started factories at hariharpur (first English factory in east India) in Mahanadi delta and at Balasore in 1633
  2. 1651: Shah Shuja allowed them to trade freely for one time annual fee of rs 3K
  3. factories in Bengal were started at Hooghly (1651), Ksimbazar, patna and Rajmahal.
  4. English desire to fortify their factories led to hostilities and Hooghly was sacked by imperial Mughals in 1686 and they were forced to leave Hooghly.
  5. Job Charnock, a company agent, negotiated for a return to a place called Sutanuti in 1690 nd established a factory there nxt yr. And earlier system of free trade for 3000rs re-established. Also fortified factory at Sutanuti under pretext of threat frm Sobha Singh. The fortified settlement became Fort Williams in 1700.
  6. 1698, bought zamindari of 3 villages- Sutanuti, Gobindpur and Kalikata
  7. Farukhsayar’s farman in 1717
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19
Q

Formation of East India Company?

A

English revolution of 1688-> whigs opposed monopoly of EIC -> rival company formed -> UNder pressure frm Crown and Parliament, the two companies amalgamated in 1708 as ‘UNited company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies’.

This was the EIC that ruled India.

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20
Q

Farrukhsayar’s Firman?

A
  1. secured by an English mission led by John Surman in 1717
  2. provisions of firman:
    1. bengal:
      • no additinal custom duties on Comapny’s trade; jst the annual payment of 3000Rs
      • Company permitted to issue dastaks fr such goods
      • Company permitted to rent more land around Calcutta
    2. Hyderabad: retained privilege of freedom frm duties in trade and only had to pay the rent for Madras
    3. Surat: exempted frm all duties fr annual levy of 10000Rs
    4. Bombay: coind of Company minted at Bombay to hv currency throughout the Mughal empire
  3. These firmans were regarded as the magna carta of the company.
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21
Q

french power in India?

A
  1. Louis XIV, with his minister Colbert laid the foundation of French East India Company in 1664. It was granted a 50 yr monopoly for french trade in Indian and Pacific Oceans
  2. 1667: Francois Caron headed an expedition to India, setting up a factory at Surat.
  3. Another French factory at Masulipatam in 1669
  4. 1673: obtained permission frm Shaista Khan, Mughal Subehdar of bengal, to establish a township at Chandernagore near calcutta
  5. Pondicherry was founded in 1674 by Francois Martin, who replaced Francois caron as French guv
  6. Also established factories at Mahe, Karaikal, balasore and Qasim bazar
  7. Early setbacks : conflict with Dutch and later effects of Spanish war of succession in India that led to loss of Surat and Masulipatam
  8. reorganisation of french power in India after 1720 under Lenoir and Dumas.
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22
Q

Anglo-french Rivalry in india?

A

Began with outbreak of austrian war of succession and ended with conclusion of Seven years war, and played out in the form of the three Carnatic wars.

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23
Q

Carnatic wars: background?

A
  • Carnatic was the name given to the Coromandal coast
  • in 1740,
    • Nizam Asaf Jah of Hyderabad old and battling Marathas
    • south of his kingdom, no strong ruler, instead remnants of old Vijaynagara empire like Mysore, Cochin and Travancore.
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24
Q

First Carnatic war:

  1. yrs?
  2. immediate cause?
  3. result?
  4. importance/comments?
A
  1. 1740-48
  2. English navy seized some French ships; france seized Madras in 1746
  3. ended with Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle (1748) which brought austrian wars of succession to an end; madras was handed back to english and french got their territories in NA back
  4. famous battle of St. Thome (madras): revealed that an even a small disciplined European army (French) cud defeat a larger Indian army (forces of Anwar-ud-Din, Nawab of Carnatic)
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25
Q

Second Carnatic war

  1. yrs?
  2. immediate cause?
  3. result?
  4. comments/ significance?
A
  1. 1749-54
    • death of Nizam ul Mulk in 1748-> accession of Nasir Jung (son) disputed by Muzaffar Jung (grandson) PLUS
    • appointment of Anwar-ud-Din Khan as Nawab of Carnatic was resented by Chanda Sahib.
    • French supported claims of Muzaffar Jung and Chanda sahib, while English sided with Nasir Jung and Anwar-ud-Din
  3. progress and result:
    • Anwar ud Din killed in battle of Ambur; Muzaffar Jung becaem Subehdar of Deccan and Dupleix appointed Guv of all Mughal territories to the south of Krishna
    • Bt later Clive’s tactics led to British victory and Chanda Sahib was killed and replaced by British supported Muhammad ali.
    • annoyed at heavy fin losses coz of Dupleix’s policies, he was recalled.
    • New Guv, Godeheu agreed with English nt to interfere in quarrels of native princes.
  4. Became evident that, countenance of Indian authority was no longer necessary for European success. Muhammad ali in carnatic and Salabat Jang in Hyderabad became clients rather than patrons.
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26
Q

Third carnatic war:

  1. yrs?
  2. immediate cause?
  3. results?
  4. comments/ significance?
A
  1. 1758-63
  2. two fold cause
    1. Seven Years war (1756-63) in Europe
    2. In 1758, french army under de Lally captured English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram.
  3. battle of wandiwash, won by English led by Generla Eyre Coote
  4. Ended french resistance in India. Though Treaty of paris (1763) restored the french factories, their political influence endedand British became sole European power in india
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27
Q

Causes of british Victory and French defeat?

A
  1. english company pvt enterprise; French company state initiative
  2. English navy was superior; cut off link betn French in India and France
  3. English had Bombay, Madras andCalcutta while french had only Pondicherry
  4. French subordinated their commercial interests to territorial ambition, which made french short of funds
  5. Superiority of Commanders in english camp: Sir Eyre Coote, Major Lawrence, Robert Clive vs only Dupleix on French side.
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28
Q

The Danes in India?

A
  1. Danish EIC estab in 1616
  2. 1620: founded a factory at Tranquebar near tanjore
  3. their principle settlement at Serampore near Calcutta
  4. beeter known for their missionary activities than for their commerce
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29
Q

Success of English while others failed in india coz?

A
  1. Str and nature of trading companies: Companies of french and Portugal largely owned by state and had feudalistic tendencies eg. in french company, monarch had 60% share and its directors nominted by him; lack of public interest in its success meant less accountablity
  2. Naval Superiority: British navy largest, most advanced of its times with victory against Spanish armada and against French at Trafalgar; English learnt imp of a strong navy frm the Portuguese
  3. Industrial revolution: reached other nation later frm England
  4. Military skill and discipline: British commanders good strategists; tech advancements etc, enabled small English troops to defeat larger armies
  5. Stable Govt: with exception of Glorious Revolution of 1688; while French had violent rev in 1789, Napoleeonic wars; dutch and Spain involoved in 80 yrs war in 17th century
  6. Lesser zeal for religion: thus more acceptable
  7. USe of debt mkt to fund its wars: Bank of England (world’s 1st Central bank) estab to sell govt debt to money mkts on promise of decent return when Britain shall defeat rival companies in france and Spain; france on the other hand went bankrupt.
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30
Q

Rulers after Aurangzeb- Part 1?

A
  1. Bahadur Shah I : 1709- March 1712
    • eldest son of Aurnagzeb, Muazzam
    • Khafi khan gave him the title of Shah-i-bekhabar
    • adopted a pacific policy with Marathas, Rajputs and Jats. Shahu, the Maratha prince was released; Rajput chiefs were confirmed in their respective states
    • took against Sikh leader Banda Bahadur
  2. Jahandar shah: march 1712-Feb 1713
    • with the help of Zulfikar Khan
    • introduced izara system to improve financial condition of empire
    • abolished Jaziya
  3. Farrukhsiyar: 1713-1719
    • with the help of ‘king makers’- Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali
    • policy of religious tolerance- abolished Jaziya and piligrimage tax
    • gave farmans to british in 1717
    • first Mughal ruler killed by his nobles: Sayyid brothers dethroned him with the help of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath
  4. Rafi-ud-darjat: Feb-June 1719
    • shortest stint
  5. Rafi-ud-Daula: June-Sept 1719
    • placed by sayyid brothers; opium addict
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31
Q

Rulers after Aurangzeb- Part 2?

A
  1. Muhammad Shah: 1719-1748
    • again with the help of Sayyyid bros;
    • given the title of ‘Rangeela’ due to luxuriant lifestyle
    • killed Sayyid brs with the help of Nizam ul Mulk
    • witnessed rise of indep states like Hyd, bengal,Awadh and PJ
    • 1724: Nizam ul Mulk became wazir and founded independent state of Hyd
    • 1737: Baji Rao I invaded Delhi
    • 1739: Nadir Shah defeated Mughals in battle of Karnal and annexed areas west of Indus into Persian empire
  2. Ahmad Shah: 1748-54
    • left state of affairs in hands of Queen mother Udham bai, given the title of Qibla-e-Alam
  3. Alamgir II: 1754-58
    • Ahmad Shah Abdali reached DElhi in Jan 1757
    • Battle of PLassey
  4. Shah alam II: 1759-1806
    • 3rd Battle of Panipat
    • Battle of buxar: taken under British protection at allahabad; granted to British Diwani of bengal in perpetuity
    • In 1772, Marathas took him to Delhi where he lived till 1803
    • In 1803, again accepted British protection and herafter all Mughal rulers became pensioners of british after defeat of Daulat rao scindia by English
  5. Akbar II: 1806-37
    • gave the title of Raja to Rammohan rai
    • 1835: Coins bearing names of Mughal emperor stopped
  6. Bahadur Shah II: 1837-1857
    • sent to rangoon after 1857
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32
Q

factors fr downfall of Mughals?

A
  1. Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars: rise of regional loyalties
  2. Jagirdari crisis: infighting and plotting
  3. Rise of regional aspirations
  4. economic and admin probs
  5. despotic governance system reqd a strong ruler at helm
  6. succession wars
  7. empire too vast and unwieldy to be managed by central rule under a weak rulr
  8. Failure of Aurangzeb’s Religious policy as well as deccan policy
  9. Invasion of Irani and Durrani kingdoms were death-blows
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33
Q

Rise of regional states afetr Mughals?

A
  1. Successor states
    • didn’t challenge soverignty of Mughals
    • eg. Awadh, bengal and Hyderbad
  2. Independent kingdoms:
    • came into existence because of destabilisation of Mughal control over provinces
    • eg. Mysore, Kerlaa and rajput states
  3. New states:
    • set up by rebels against Mughals
    • Marathas, Sikhs and Jats
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34
Q

Hyderabad kingdom?

A

founder of Asaf Jah house of Hyd was Kilich Khan, popularly known as Nizam ul Mulk; he defeated Mubariz Khan in battle of Shakr Kheda (1724)

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35
Q

Awadh kingdom?

A
  • 1722
  • Saadat Khan aka Burhan-ul-Mulk
  • succeeded by Safdar Jung
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36
Q

Bengal kingdom?

A
  • 1717
  • Murshid Kuli khan
  • succeeded by Shuja-ud-Din in 1722
  • in 1740Alivardi Khan took over
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37
Q

Rajputs?

A

Bahadur Shah marched aagainst Ajit Singh in 1708 who had formed an alliance with Jai singh II and Durgadas rathor

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38
Q

Kerala?

A

martanda Verma

capital: Travancore

Kanyakumari to cochin

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39
Q

Jats?

A
  • by Churaman and badan Singh
  • capital: Bharatpir
  • reached its zenith under Suraj Mal: Ganga in east to chambal in south and included subahs of Agra, Mathura, Meerut and Aligarh
  • declined after death of suraj Mal in 1763
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40
Q

Sikhs?

A
  • Banda Bahadur, assumed leadership of Sikhsin 1708, was defeated and killed
  • again asserted their authority in wake of invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali
  • at this stage, they organised themselves into 12 misls
  • emergence of Ranjit Singh: extended his cntrl frm Sutlej to Jhelum
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41
Q

Rohilakhand?

in farrukhabad region?

A

by Ali Muhammad Khan after nadir Shah’s invasion

Mohammad Khan bangash set up an indep kingdom in this area

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42
Q

British Conquest of Bengal:

  1. Exports frm Bengal toEurope?
  2. EIC commercial interests in Bengal?
A
  1. raw products such as
    • saltpetre
    • rice
    • indigo
    • pepper
    • sugar
    • silk
    • cotton
    • textiles
    • handicrafts
  2. 60% of british imports frm Asia consisted of goods frm Bengal
    • English factories at balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna and Dacca
    • foundation of Calcutta by 1690s
    • Company’s exports frm Bengal were worth 50000 Pounds which all was duty free by the royal firman on payment of just 350 pounds yearly
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43
Q

British Conquest of Bengal:

Alivardi Khan and english?

A
  1. came to power in 1740
  2. ruled fr 15 yrs
  3. on seeing British interference in Carnatic, he sought to expel Europeans frm bengal
  4. died in April 1756 and succeeded by Siraj ud daula
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44
Q

British Conquest of Bengal:

Siraj ud daula: his challenges?

A
  1. rival cousin: Shaukat Jang-the Nawab of Purnea: SuD defeated & killed him
  2. ahostile aunt: ghasiti begum: divested her of her treasure and secured her
  3. rebellious commander of army- Mir jafar: replaced him with Mir Madan
  4. court faction led by Jagat Seth, Omichand, Rai Ballabh, Rai Durlabh
  5. an alarmed subject (Hindu) pop: A Kashmiri officer Mohan lal was appointed as overall admin, acting as PM
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45
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Siraj-ud-Daula and british: issues?

A
  1. rampant misuse of trade privileges
  2. fortified Calcutta without nawab’s permission
  3. gave asylum to a political fugitive, Krishna Das, son of Raj ballabh
  4. ‘Black hole tragedy’: 123/146 dead British
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46
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Result of battle of Plassey?

A
  1. Mir jafar became Nawab-> in return gave the EIC large sums of money + zamindari of 24 parganas
  2. soverignty of EIC over Calcutta was recognised
  3. English posted a resident at Nawab’s court
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47
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Treaty of 1760?

A
  1. Mir Jafar, failed to make payments due to the company, and entered into conspiracy with Dutch at chinsura
  2. Dutch defeated at Bedara in 1759
  3. In the fight fr nawabship of bengal that started after death of Miran (son of Mir Jaffer), Vansittart supported claims of Mir kasim, SIL of Mir Jaffer after a treaty betn EIC and Mir kasim
    1. cede districts of Burdwan, Mindnaporeand Chittagong to EIC
    2. Company wud get 1/2 of share in chunam trade in sylhet
    3. agreed to pay off outsndg payment due to EIC
    4. will pay 5 L towards company’s war efforts in S. India
    5. Enemies and friends of each others treated like own enemy
    6. tenents of Nawab’s territory nt to settle in company’s land and vice-versa
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48
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Mir Kasim?

A
  1. Ablest after Alivardi Khan
  2. shifted capital frm Murshidabad to Munger
  3. reorganised bureaucracy with his men and restructured army
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49
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Prelude to Battle of Buxar?

A
  1. Conflict of Mir Kasim with Ram Narayan, supported by EIC
  2. misuse of Company’s dastak
  3. coercive methods by english to get goods at a cheaper rate
  4. All this led to Mir Kasim abolishing duties altogether
  5. Led to outbreak of wars betn Mir Kasim and EIC in 1763 with English having victories
  6. MK fled to Awadh, and formed a confederacy with Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II
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50
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Battle of Buxar?

A

Oct 1764

British forced led by Major Hector Munro

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51
Q

British Conquest of bengal:

Battle of Buxar:

Treaties?

A
  1. Treaty with Mir Kasim:
    1. hand over Midnapore,Burdwan and Chittagong fr maintenance of army
    2. permitted duty free trade in Bengal except 2% duty on salt
    3. realpower laid in hands of naib-subahdar, who cud be appointed or dismissed by EIC
  2. Treaty of Allahabad- with nawab of Awadh
    1. surrendered Allahabad ad Kora to emp Shah alam II
    2. pay 50 L to EIC as war indemnity
    3. give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Benares, full possession of his state
  3. Treaty of Allahabad- with Shah Alam II
    1. reside at Allahabad under Cmpany’s protection
    2. issued firman granting diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha to EIC fr annual payment of 26 L
    3. annual 53 L payment to EIC in return fr Nizamat fns of said provinces
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52
Q

Dual Govt in Bengal?

A
  1. introduced by Robert Clive after Treaty of Allahbad
  2. both nizamat and diwani came under control of EIC; Company exercised Diwani rights as Diwan and nizamat rights thru his appointee, subahdar
    • Company appointed Mohammed Raza Khan and Raja sitab Roy as deputy diwans fr bengal and Bihar respectively
    • Mohammed Raza Khan also acted as deputy nazim or deputy subahdar
  3. nawab was responsible fr maintaining peace and order while both funds and forces lied with British
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53
Q

British Conquest of Mysore:

backgrnd?

A
  1. Battle of talikota in 1565: fall of Vijaynagara; many small kingdoms emerged
  2. In 1612, Hindu kingdom under Woddeyars emerged
  3. Nanjraj and devraj reduced Woddeyar king to mere puppets in early 18th cent
  4. Under frequent threat of marathas, Hyder Ali replaced them as de facto rulers in 1761
    • set up arms factory at dindigul with help of french
    • introduced Western methods of training
    • started using diplomatic manouevres to counter his opponents
    • brought to submission Poligars of S. india
    • still defeated by Marathas under MadhavRao, bt after his death in 1772, he struck back and recovered his lost territories
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54
Q

British Conquest of Mysore:

First Anglo-Mysore war?

A
  1. 1767-69
  2. backgrnd:
    1. English treaty with Hyd nizam which gave the former Northern Circars and the latter assistance against Haider Ali
    2. HA had territorial disputes with Nawab of arcot and Marathas
  3. What happened?
    1. HA paid Marathas to turn them neutral
    2. promised to share conquered territories with Nizam
    3. joined Nizam to attack nawab of Arcot
    4. forced English to sign a humiliating ‘treaty of Madras’ in 1769; English promised to help HA in case he was attacked
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55
Q

British Conquest of Mysore:

2nd Anglo-Mysore war?

A
  1. 1780-84
  2. backgrnd:
    1. when attacked by Marathas in 1771, english didn’t come to his aid
    2. felt French more helpful in meeting his army’s reqof guns, saltpetre and lead
    3. Breaking out of American war of indep in which french supported th rebels
    4. spooked by French occupancy of Mahe, under HA, English captured Mahe
  3. forged an anti-English alliance with Marathas and Nizam; bt English (undr Sir Eyre Coote) did the same what HA did in first Anglo-Mysore war; defeated HA in Porto Novo in 1781
  4. Treaty of Mangalore: HA died in Dec 1782; Tipu sultan carried on fight fr a yr; finally treaty signed in 1784- mutual restitution of conquered territories
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56
Q

British Conquest of Mysore:

3rd Anglo-Mysore war?

A
  1. Backgrnd:
    1. Travancore purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore frm Dutch in Cochin state, which was a feudatory of Tipu
    2. Tipu attacke Trvancore and english sided with the latter
  2. british under Leadershipof Cornwallis; also aid of Marathas and nizam
  3. Treaty of Seringapatnam:
    1. 1/2 of Mysore territory taken away: brits got Baramahal, Dindigal and Malabar; Nizam gt areas frm krishna and beyond Pennar; Marathas got regions surrounding Tungabhadra
    2. war damage of 3 cr
    3. 2 sons of Tipu taken hostage until damage was paid
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57
Q

British Conquest of Mysore:

4th Anglo-Mysore war?

A
  1. backgrnd:
    1. Tipu declared himself sultan in 1796
    2. in 1798, Lord Wellesley took over, an imperialist
  2. English : general stuart and General Arthur wellesley
  3. division of Mysore territories betn Nizam, marathas and English
  4. the remaining state of Mysore handed over to old Woddeyar dynasty- Krishnaraj III, who accepted subsidiary Alliance
  5. 1831: Bentick took control of Mysore on grnds of misgovernance
  6. 1881: Lord Ripon restored the kingdom to its ruler
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58
Q

Tipu sultan?

A
  1. Tiger of Mysore
  2. organised his army on European lines with Persian words of command
  3. trained his army with help of French officers
  4. navy: set up a board of Admiralty and planned fr a fleet of 22 battleships and 20Large frigates; 3 dockyards estab at Mangalore, Wajedabad and Molidabad
  5. patron of S&T: pioneer of rocket tech in india; wrote a military manual explaining rockets
  6. introduced sericulture to Mysore
  7. grat lover of democracy: support to French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a Jacobian club in 1797 and himself became a member and called himself ‘Citizen tipu’;planted tree of Liberty at Seringapatam
  8. though crushed Coorgs and Nairs as well as MuslimMoplahs
  9. sanctioned funds fr repair of Sringeri temple and installation of Goddess Sarda
  10. credited with beginning of capitalism at a time when feudalism was prevalent
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59
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

Rise of Marathas?

A

organised in a confederacy by Bajirao I

Under the name ofMaratha King sahu:

  1. gaekwad of Baroda
  2. bhonsle of Nagpur
  3. Holkars of indore
  4. Sindhias of Gwalior
  5. peshwa of Poona
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60
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

1st A-M war?

A
  1. backgrns:
    1. death of Madhavrao in 1772
    2. succeeded by narayan Rao as 5th peshwa
    3. his uncle, Raghunath Rao had him assassinated and named himselfas Peshwa
    4. this was contested by NarayanRao’s infant son Sawai Madhavrao’s claim, under his mother and 12 Maratha chiefs led by Nana Phadnavis
  2. treaty of surat: betn RaghunathRao and English in 1775
    1. gave them Salsette and Bassein
    2. revenues frm surat and Bahruch district
    3. he was to be provided with 2500 english soldiers
  3. Bengal british council though annulled TreatyoSurat and replaced it with Treaty of Purandhar that renounced Raghunath
  4. Nana Phadnavis granted French a port on west coast; nw whole EIC was on the same side
  5. Marathas under capable hands of Mahadji Sindhia defeated british and signed Treaty of Wadagaon that forced English to relinquish to all territories acquired by them since 1775
  6. Warreh Hastings rejected Treaty of Wadgaon and defeated Marathas in a series of battles; Finally, Treaty of Salbai was signed with peshwa.
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61
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

1st A-M war:

tretay of Salbai?

A
  1. guaranteed peace betn the two sides fr 20 yrs
  2. Salsette remained with British while bassein restored to marathas
  3. English shud nt support raghunath rao and Peshwa wud grant him a maintenance allowance
  4. haider Ali shud return all territory taken frm english and Nawab of Arcot
  5. English to continue trade privileges as before
  6. Peshwa shud nt support any other European nation
  7. Mahadji Sindhia mutual guarantor of treaty
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62
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

2nd A-M war?

A
  1. Backgrnd:
    1. suicide of Peshwa Madhavrao Narayan in 1795
    2. BajiRao II, son of raghunathRao became Peshwa
    3. death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800
  2. Holkar defeated combined armies of Peshwa and Sindhia at hadaspur, near Poona, and placed Amritrao (adopted brother of Bajirao II) as Peshwa
  3. Treaty of bassein: betn bajirao II and English
  4. Sindhia and Bhonsle tried to save Maratha independence bt were defeated by arthur Wellesley and forced to conclude separate subsidiary alliances
    • Bhonsle: Treaty of devgaon
    • Sindhia: treaty of Surajiarjangaon
    • Holkar: Treaty of Rajpurghat
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63
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

Treaty of bassein?

A
  • Highlights:
  1. military support frm EIC; to be permanently stationed in his territories
  2. cede to company territories worth income of 26 L
  3. surrender city of Surat
  4. give up claims of chauth on Nizam’s territories
  5. no employment to any other Europeans at war with english
  6. subject his relations with other states to control of English
  • Significance
    1. Company had already troops at Hyd, Mysore and Lucknow; nw also at Poona; in essence ‘gave the English the key to india’
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64
Q

Anglo-Maratha Struggle:

3rd A-M war?

A
  1. backgrnd:
    1. Lord Hasting’s imperialistic design
    2. Pindaris problem- Amir Khan and karim Khan adn chitu Khan
    3. wounded pride of Marathas since treaty of bassein
  2. One last ditch attempt made by all the Maratha states incl peshwa; all defeated
    • peshwa at khirki: treaty of Poona
    • Bhonsle at Sitabaldi:
    • Holkar at mahidpur: Treaty of Mandasor
    • treaty of Gwalior with Sindhia
  3. In June 1818, Peshwa surrendered and Maratha confederacy was dissolved
    • Peshwa bajiRao became a british retainer
    • Pratap Singh, a descendent of Shivaji made ruler of Satara
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65
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

HIstory of Sindh?

A
  1. In 18th cent, was ruled by Kallora chiefs
  2. 1758: English factory built at Thatta, owing to a parwan given by Kallora prince, Ghulam Shah; also excluded other europeans frm trading there; had to close the factory in 1775 due to the new ruler who was nt so friendly
  3. In 1783, Talpuras under Fatah Ali Khan replaced kalloras; On the orders of the Durrani monarch, he shared the country with his 4 brothers-Char Yar
  4. Mir fatah died in 1800 and the Char yar divided Sindh among themselves calling themselves the Amirs or Lords of Sindh
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66
Q

Conquest of Sindh: Events unfolding highlights?

A
  1. Gradual Ascendancy over Sindh
  2. Treaty of ‘Eternal friendship’
  3. Treaty of 1832
  4. Sindh policy under Lord Auckland
  5. tripartite treaty of 1838
  6. Sindh accepts subsidiary alliance
  7. Capitulation of Sindh
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67
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

Gradual ascendancy over Sindh?

A
  1. Lord Wellesley’s main concern wa to counter the alliance of French, Tipu sultan and Shah Zaman, the Kabul monarch
  2. The amir, under influence of tipu Sultan plus anti-British party at the court, asked British agent to quit within10 days in 1800. This was humiliating fr Brits
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68
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

Treaty of ‘Eternal friendship’?

A
  1. Threat: alliance of tilsit with alexander I of Russia and napolean bonaparte, planned to invade India via land route; British wanted to create a barrier in bet
  2. Lord Minto sent
    1. Metcalfe to lahore
    2. Elphinstone to Kabul
    3. malcolm to tehran
    4. Nicholas Smith to Sindh
  3. Amirs agreed to their first ever treaty with English- of ‘Eternal friendship’ in 1807; also remewed it in 1820
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69
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

Treaty of 1832?

A
  1. In1832, William bentick sent Colonel Pottinger to SIndh to sign treaty with Amir
    1. free passage to English traders and travellers
    2. use of Indus fr trading purposes
    3. Hwever, NO warships or war materials wud be carried
    4. no Eng merchant wud ettle down in SIndh; passports needed fr travel
    5. No military dues or tolls and tariff rates may also be reduced by Amirs
    6. Amirs wud work with raja of Jodhpur to put down robbers of kutchh
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70
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

under Lord Auckland?

A
  1. sought Sindh to save India frm Russian invasion plus to obtain a counteracting influence over Afghans; thus Sindh was the stepping stone fr Afghanistan
  2. Ranjit Singh captured Rojhan, a frontier town in Sindh
  3. Company offered troops to be kept in capital at Amir’s expense; Amirs relented and agreed to a tripartite treaty with English and Ranjit Singh in 1838.
  4. Treaty of 1838 permitted English to intervene in disputes betn AMirs and Sikhs plus establish a British resident with troops in capital; Treaty of 1838 effectively turned Sindh into a British protectorate
  5. Later on, also made Emperor Shah Shuja to give up his soverign rights on Sindh, agreeing topay the arrears of tributes
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71
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

Sindh accepts Subsidiary Alliance?

A

in 1839

also had provison to supply fr an auxiliary force fr Afghan war, if called upon

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72
Q

Conquest of Sindh:

capitulatin of Sindh?

A
  1. 1st Anglo-Afghan war fought on Sindh soil; plus paid by SIndh
  2. in return, Amirs were charged with treassonable activities against the British and Ellenborough sent Outram to sindh to frame a new treaty by which Amirs were to cede provinces as a payment fr treason
  3. Later, in a succession dispute, Napier intervned and stated a war against amirs
  4. In1843, Sindh was merged into British empire and Charles napier appointed the 1st Guv
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73
Q

Conquest of Sikhs:

Consolidation of PJ uner Sikhs?

A
  1. after murder of Guru Gobind Singh, a section rose under leadership of banda Bahadur and revolted aginst Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah
  2. 1715: banda bahadur defeated and killed by Farrukhsiyar
  3. Sikh polity got divided into- Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (orthodox)
  4. this schism ended under Bhai Mani Singh in 1721
  5. 1784: Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organised Sikhs under Dal Khalsa: Khlasa was formed into2 sectons: Budha dal and Tarun dal
  6. Dal Khalsa consolidated during Nadir shah and abdali invasions; Sikhs consolidated into misls
  7. misls were military brotherhoods with democratic set up
  8. central admin of misls was based on Gurumatta Sangh, which was political, socal and economic system
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74
Q

Conquest of Sikhs:

Ranjit Singh?

A
  1. was son of Mahan singh, leader of Sukarchakiya misl. born in 1780 in Gujranwala, now in Pakistan
  2. During end of 18th cent, all misls except Sukarchakiya as well as Afgans were in chaos and RS took advantage of it
  3. given the title Lion of Punjab (Sher-e-Punjab) because he stemmed the tide of Afghan invaders in Lahore
  4. RS followed policy of ‘Blood and Iron’
  5. appointed Guv of Lahore in 1799 by Zaman shah, ruler of Afghanistan
  6. IN 1805, RS acquired Jammu and amritsar
  7. had good relations with nepal and enlisted Dogras in his army
  8. His general Hari Singh Nalwa built the Fort of Jamrud at the mouth of the Khyber Pass, the route the foreign rulers took to invade India.
  9. At the time of his death, he was the only sovereign leader left in India, all others having come under the control of EIC
  10. He also employed a large number of European officers, especially French, to train his troops. He appointed French General Jean Franquis Allard to modernise his army. In 2016, the town of St Tropez unveiled the maharaja’s bronze statue as a mark of respect.
  11. He turned Harimandir Sahib at Amritsar into the Golden Temple by covering it with gold.
  12. He is also credited with funding Hazoor Sahib gurudwara at the final resting place of Guru Gobind Singh in Nanded, Maharashtra.
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75
Q

Conquest of Sikhs:

ranjit Singh and english?

A
  1. under apprehenison of joint french-Russian invasion, Lord Minto sent Charles Metcalfe to Lahore in 1807; negotiations failed though
  2. frm 1809, he becam ethe weaker side in talks with English as the threat of invasion subsided, his need was nt that critical fr Company
  3. treaty of Amritsar was signed in 1809 with company
    • It accepted river sutlej as boundary betn Sikh state and Company’s territories; thus checked RS’s ambition to rule over entire Sikh nation
  4. RS turned west and captured Multan, Kashmir (1819) and peshawar
  5. signed tripartite treaty in 1838
  6. refused to give passage to british to attack Dost Mohammad, afghan Amir
  7. dies in 1839
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76
Q

Conquest of Sikhs:

after death of Ranjit Singh?

A
  1. his sudden death led to court factions battling it out=> chaos
  2. Finally, after murder of Sher Singh, a son of RS, in 1843, Dalip Singh, a minor son of RS, was proclaimed Maharaja with Rani Jindan as regent and Hira singh dogra as wazir; wazir was then murdered and finally, Lal Singh, lover, replaced him as wazir
  3. First Anglo-Sikh war
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77
Q

Conquest of Sikhs:

1st Anglo-Sikh war?

A
  1. causes:
    1. anarchy in Lahore and mistrust betn court and army
    2. suspicion among sikh army due to British military campaigns agiainst Gwalior and Sindh and afghanistan
    3. increase in no. of british troops stationed near border with Lahore
    4. finally, British army crossed Sutlej in dec 1845
  2. Lahore fell in feb 1846
  3. Treaty of Lahore (1846):
    1. war indemnity of >1cr; Sikhs unable to pay war indemnity, Kshmir incl Jammu was sold to ulab singh fr 75L
    2. Jalandhar Doab (betn Beas and Sutlej) annexed
    3. british resident placed at lahore under Henry lawrence
    4. strength of Sikh army reduced
    5. Daleep Singh recognised as ruler ; Queen JIndal as regent and Lal Singh as wazir
  4. Sikhs rebelled again as they were dissatisfied with the treaty=> Treaty of Bhaironwal: Rani Jindan was removed and a council of regency was instituted consistin of 8 Sikh sardars and headed by Henry Lawrence
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78
Q

Conquest of SIkhs:

2nd anglo-Sikh war?

A
  1. causes;
    1. humiliation in 1st war + inhumane treatment to Rani Jindan
    2. Mulraj, Guv ofMultan revolted and along with Sher Singh led a mass uprising in Multan; this was the immediate cause
    3. Lord dalhousie, was a hardcore expansionist and jst needed a pretext
  2. Lord Dalhousie himself proceeded to PJ and fought 3 imp battles (1848-49):
    1. Battle of ramnagar
    2. Battle of Chillhanwala
    3. battle of Gujarat (small town on banks of Jhelum): Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi and their Afghan allies chased out
  3. result:
    1. surrender of Sikh army
    2. annexation of PJ
    3. 3-member board to govern PJ: John and henry Lawrence and Charles Mansel
    4. In 1853, baord was nullified and PJ was placed under a achief-commissioner- John lawrence
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79
Q

Extension of British paramountcy thru administrative policy?

A
  1. Warren hastings’ ‘Ring-Fence policy’: aimed at creating buffer zones to defend Company’s frontiers i.e defence of their neighbour’s frontiers at the latter’s expense
    1. reflectde in war against marathas and Mysore
    2. defence of Awadh against Marathas to defend bengal
  2. Wellesley’s subsidiary alliance: extension of WH’s Ring fence policy
    1. compelled to accept permanent stationing of a britishh force within his territory; pay a subsidy fr its maintenance; a british resident posted at his court; he cudn’t employ any other European without prior approval of british; all negotiations with any other Indian ruler after consult with Guv-Gen;
    2. in return defend against external threats and non-interference in internal matters
    3. over 100 small and big states
  3. Dalhousie’s doctrine of lapse: adopted son cud be heir to father’s pvt property bt nt the state; paramount power to decide; said to be based on hindu law and tradition; Dalhousie NOT the originator
    1. maharaja Ranjit Singh had alsoused this principle to annex some of his principalities
    2. similar acquisition on absence of heir was also done by EIC in 1820s
    3. Unlike his predecessors, Dalhousie operated on the general principle of ‘annexing if possible’
    4. Dalhousie annexed 8 states, incl 7 otbo Doctrine of lapse (eg. Baghat (MP)) and Awadh (by deposing Nawab Wajid Ali Shah on grnds of misgovernance)
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80
Q

Annexation of Awadh?

A
  1. continuous maladministration due to subsidairy alliance
  2. people under heavy taxes
  3. 1819: Nawab given title of king
  4. residents: Sleeman and Outram
  5. Dalhousie didn’t want to annex by Court of Directors ordered annexation
  6. turned out to be a political blunder-> 1857 revolt
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81
Q

Subsidiary alliance policy?

A
  1. in 1787, in awadh and treaty with carnatic, Company insisted no foreign relations clause
  2. 4 stages:
    1. offer to help with its troops to fight any war
    2. making a common cause with indian state and taking field with its own soldiers as well as those of the state
    3. Indian ally was asked nt fr men bt for money
    4. fee was fixed at very high levels, when state failed into arrears, Wellesley asked soverign rights over a part of the territory, in lieu of payment
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82
Q

Anglo-Bhutanese relations?

A
  1. occupation of Assam in 1816 brought the British into close contacts with Bhutan
  2. causes:
    1. Frequent raids by Bhutanese into adjoining territories in Assam and Bengal
    2. bad treatment meted out to Elgin’s envoy in 1863-64 and the treaty imposed on him by which he was forced to surrender passes leading to Assam
  3. Duar war: in 1865, British forces annexed these passes and stopped allowance paid to Bhutanese
  4. Treaty of Sinchula: Bhutan ceded territories in the Bengal and Assam duars; included was the tea producing district
  5. Treaty of Sinchula stood until 1910, when Bhutan and British India signed the Treaty of Punakha, effective until 1947
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83
Q

anglo-Nepalese relations?

A
  1. Gorkhas wrested control of Nepal from the successors of Ranjit Malla of Bhatgaon in 1760
  2. In 1801, the English annexed Gorakhpur which brought the Gorkhas’ boundary and the Company’s boundary together
  3. conflict started due to the Gorkhas’ capture of Butwal and Sheoraj in the period of Lord Hastings
  4. war, ended in the Treaty of Sagauli, 1816:
    1. Nepal accepted a British resident
    2. Nepal ceded Garhwal and Kumaon nd ceded claims to Terai
    3. Nepal also withdrew from Sikkim
  5. British empire now reached the Himalayas
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84
Q

Anglo-Burmese wars?

A
  1. first Burma war 1824-26
  2. Second war 1852
  3. Third war 1885
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85
Q

First Anglo-Burmese war?

A
  1. 1824-26
  2. cause: Burmese expansion westwards and occupation of Arakan and Manipur, and the threat to Assam and the Brahmaputra Valley
  3. Treaty of Yandabo, 1826: Burma to
    1. pay rupees one crore as war compensation
    2. cede its coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim
    3. abandon claims on Assam, Cachar and Jaintia
    4. recognise Manipur as an independent state
    5. negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain
    6. accept a British resident at Ava, capital
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86
Q

Second Anglo-Burmese war?

A
  1. 1852
  2. cause:
    • British commercial need: keen to get hold of timber resources of upper Burma and sought inroad to Burmese mkt
    • the imperialist policy of Lord Dalhousie
  3. British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma
  4. An intense guerrilla resistance had to be overcome before complete British control of lower Burma could be established
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87
Q

Third Anglo-Burmese war?

A
  1. 1885
  2. Cause:
    1. After the death of Burmese King Bhindan, his son Thibaw
      succeeded to the throne, who was hostile to British and their merchants and capital interests
    2. resisting French influence in Burma; as they were in war with French in NIger, Egypt and Madagascar
  3. Dufferin ordered the invasion and final annexation of upper Burma in 1885
  4. after 1st WW, Burmese nationalists joined hands with INC; to weaken thsi link, Burma was separated frm India in 1935
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88
Q

Anglo-Tibetan wars?

A
  1. Tibet was ruled by a theocracy of Buddhist monks (lamas) under nominal suzerainty of China
  2. cause: Chinese suzerainty over Tibet was ineffective and Russian influence at Lhasa was increasing
  3. Curzon felt alarmed and sent a small Gorkha contingent under Colonel Younghusband on a special mission to Tibet
  4. Tibetans refused to negotiate and offered non-violent resistance. Younghusband pushed his way into Lhasa (August 1904)
  5. Treaty of Lhasa (1904):
    1. Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs 75 lakh, later revised to 25L
    2. as a security for payment, the GoIwould occupy the Chumbi Valley fr 75 yrs, later negotiated to mve after 3 yrs
    3. Tibet would respect the frontier of Sikkim
    4. Tibet would not grant any concession for railways, roads, telegraph, etc., to any foreign state, but give Great Britain some control over foreign affairs of Tibet
  6. Anglo-Russian convention of 1907 provided that the two great powers would not negotiate with Tibet, except through the mediation of the Chinese government
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89
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: overview?

A
  1. cause: after the Treaty of Turkomanchai (1828), the English got alarmed about possible Russian plans regarding India and started search fr a scientific frontier frm Indian side
  2. Forward policy of auckland
  3. First anglo-Afghan war
  4. John Lawrence and policy of Masterly inactivity
  5. Lytton and policy of Proud reserve
  6. Second Anglo-Afghan war
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90
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: Forward Policy of Auckland?

A
  1. take initiatives to protect the boundary of British India from a probable Russian attack
  2. either through treaties with the neighbouring countries or by annexing them completely
  3. Amir of afghanistan, Dost Mohammed, sought help frm Russia adn Persia to recover Peshawar frm Sikhs
  4. Tripartite Treaty, 1838 betn the deposed Afghan ruler, Shah Shuja, British govt and Sikhs
    1. Sikhs will help in military and company will finance Shah Shuja’s Enthronement
    2. Shah Shuja conduct foreign affairs with the advice of Sikhs and British
    3. Shah Shuja give up his sovereign rights over Amirs of Sindh
    4. Shah SHuja recognised Sikh ruler Ranjit SIngh’s claim over Afghan territories on the right of Indus
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91
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: first anglo-Afghan war?

A
  1. 1838-42
  2. even though Persia and Russia were no more threats in Afghan politics, British contnued
  3. Dost Mohammed surrendered in 1840 and Shah Shuja made Amir
  4. bt as soon as British left, Afghan public rose in rebellion and British were forced to
    1. evacuate Afghanistan
    2. restored dost Muhammed
  5. In 1842, they tried again, bt again ended up evacuating and reconising Dost Muhammed as an independent ruler of afghanistn
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92
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: John Lawrence and the Policy of
Masterly Inactivity

A
  1. a reaction to the disasters of the 1st Anglo-Afghan war
  2. Even when Dost Mohammed died in 1863, there was no interference in the war of succession
  3. Lawrence’s policy rested on the fulfilment of two
    conditions—
    1. that the peace at the frontier was not disturbed
    2. no candidate in civil war sought foreign help
  4. as Sher Ali established himself on the throne,Lawrence tried to cultivate friendship with him.
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93
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: Lytton and the Policy of Proud Reserve?

A
  1. aimed at having scientific frontiers and safeguarding
    ‘spheres of influence’.
  2. According to Lytton, the relations
    with Afghanistan could no longer be left ambiguous
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94
Q

Anglo-Afghan relations: 2nd Anglo-Afghan war?

A
  1. 1870-80
  2. cause:
    1. Sher Ali, sought friendship with both Britain and Russia, while keeping geither at an arm’s length
    2. he refused to keep a british envoy in Kabul while agreeing to a Russian envoy earlier
  3. Lytton invaded and Sher Ali fled
  4. Treaty of Gandamak (May 1879) was signed with Yakub Khan, the eldest son of Sher Ali.
    1. Amir conduct his foreign policy with the advice of GoI
    2. a permanent British resident be stationed at Kabul
    3. GoI give Amir all support against foreign aggression, and an annual subsidy
  5. bt again afghan public revolted; Lytton planned fr dismemberment of afghanistan bt cudn’t carry it out; Ripon abandoned the plan and decided tokeep Afghanistan as a buffer state
  6. After1st WW, Afghanistan demanded full independence and under Amamullah, declared an open war on British in 1919. Finally in 1921, Afghanistan recovered independence in foreign affairs
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95
Q

British India and the North-West Frontier

A
  1. conquest of Sindh (1843) and annexation of Punjab (1849) carried British boundaries beyond the Indus and brought them in contact with Baluch and Pathan tribes, who were mostly independent, but the Amir of Afghanistan claimed nominal suzerainty over them
  2. compromise reached with Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rehma, in 1893, when duran line was recognised betn British and afghan terri
  3. Durand Agreement (1893) failed to keep peace and soon there were tribal uprisings
  4. Curzon followed a policy of withdrawal and concentration; created NWFP directly under GoI (until 1932); overall Curzon’s policies resulted in a peaceful north-west frontier
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96
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

Prevalent Issues?

A
  1. Both Hindu and Muslim women socially and economically independednt
  2. education generally denied to them
  3. Hindu women had no right to inherit property; Muslim women cud inherit only half as much as men
  4. No equality in divorce powers brtn man and woman
  5. Polygamy prevalent among both Hindu and Muslims
  6. child marriage
  7. poor conditions of widows
  8. purdah
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97
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

Abolition of Sati?

A

led by raja ram Mohan Roy

1829: Govt declared practice of sati as illegal and triable as culpable homcide in Bengal Presidency bt extended in slightly modified forms to Madras and Bombay Presidencies in 1830

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98
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

femlae infanticide?

A
  1. common among upper class Bengalis and Rajputs
  2. Bengal regulations of 1795 and 1804 declared it illegal and equivalent to murder
  3. An 1870 act made it compulsory fr parents to register the birth of all babies and provided fr verification of female children fr some yrs after birth, particularly in areas where these practices were more prevalent
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99
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

Widow Remarriage?

A
  1. Supported by Brahmo smaj bt mainly led by Pt. IshwarChandra Vidyasagar, who cited Vedic texts to support it
  2. Vishnu Shastri pandit founded Widow Remarriage Association in 1850s
  3. karsondas Mulji, started ‘Satya prakash’ in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage
  4. Prof. D. K. karve (himself married a widow in 1893) in west India ; became secy to Widows’ Remarriage Association; opened a widows’ home in Poona to provied high caste widows vocational training
  5. Other advocates were:
    1. veerasalingam pantulu in Madras;
    2. B. M. Malabari
    3. narmad
    4. Justice M.G. ranade
    5. K. Natarajan
  6. finally led to Hindu Widows’ remarriage Act, 1856 which legalised widow remarriages ad declared issues frm such marriages as legitimate
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100
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

Girls’ education?

Girls’ health?

A
  1. Christain missionaries first to set up Calcutta female Juvenile Society in 1819
  2. powerful movement fr women’s edu rose in 1840s and 1850s
  3. J.E.D bethune founded Bethune School in 1849
  4. Pt. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was associated with setting up 35 girls’ schools in bengal
  5. Charles woods’ dispatch of 1854 laid great emphasis on women education
  6. other contributors: Jagannath Shankar Seth and Bhau Daji in MH
  7. D.K. Karve set up Indian womens’ university at Bombay in 1916;
  8. Lady Hardinge Medical college set up in 1916
  9. Health facilities began to be provided to women with opening of Dufferin Hospitals in1880s
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101
Q

Indian women in politics?

A
  1. All india Women’s conference in 1927
  2. Sarojini naidu becamefirst female President of INC in 1925
102
Q

Struggle against caste based Exploitation?

highlight points?

A
  1. conditions created by british rule that undermined caste consciousness: eg. creationof pvt property inland and free sale of land upset caste equations, destruction of village autarchy upset the vocation-castes link, added mobility dueto T&C, uniform application of system of law and judicial fns of caste panachayatas were taken away
  2. social reform movements
  3. national movement that sought to unify the society and was inspired frm liberty and equality
  4. increasing opportunities of education, stirrings among lower castes themselves
103
Q

Raja Ram Mohan roy: main titles?

A
  1. Rationalism vs religion
  2. sati
  3. education
  4. JOurnalism
  5. social and nationalist demands
  6. HUmanist principles
  7. Brahmo samaj
104
Q

Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Rationalism vs religion?

A
  1. believed in modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and social equality
  2. monotheism
  3. wrote ‘Gift to monotheists’ in 1809 and translated Vedasand 5 upanishads into bengali to prove that ancient texts supports monotheism
  4. 1814: set up Atmiya sabha in Calcutta to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, meaningless rituals and other social ills
  5. declared that Vedanta is based on reason and if reason dictates, scriptures can be discarded
  6. 1820: ‘Precepts of Jesus’ try to separate moral and philosophical message of new testament, frm its miracle stories
  7. sought to select best frm western and eastern
105
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: sati?

A
  1. started his anti-sati struggle in 1818
  2. cited sacred texts to prove his arguments
  3. criticised general subjugation of women and opposed prevailing misconceptions at the root of the problem
  4. attacked polygamy
  5. widows’ cause
  6. demanded right of inheritance fr women
106
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: education?

A
  1. supported david Hare’s efforts to open hindu college in 1817
  2. Roy’s english school taught mechanics and Voltaire’s philosophy
  3. in 1825, he established a vedanta college with courses in both Indian learning and western sciences
  4. compiled a bengali grammar book and evolved a modern elegant prose style
107
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: Journalism?

A
  1. knew >12 lang incl
    1. Persian
    2. Arabic
    3. English
    4. French
    5. latin
    6. greek
    7. hebrew
  2. brought out jurnals in Bengali, Hindi, English and Persian
    1. 1821- Sambad Kaumudi- bengali newspaper
    2. Perisan paper- Mirat-ul-Akhbar
108
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: Social and nationalist demands?

A
  1. condemned oppressive practices of bengali zamindars and demanded fixation of rents
  2. demanded abolition of taxes on tax-free lands
  3. called fr redn of export duties on Indian goods abroad
  4. abolition of EIC’s trading rights
  5. demanded Indianisation of superior services
  6. separation of executive and judiciary
  7. sought judicial equality betn indiamns and Europeans
  8. trial shu be held by jury
109
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: humanist principles?

A
  1. was an internationalist
  2. believed in international characters of principles of equality, liberty and justice
  3. supported revolutions of Naples and Spanish america and condemned oppression of Irish by absentee landlordism of english
110
Q

Raja ram Mohan Roy: Brahmo samaj?

A
  1. formed in Aug 1828, as Brahmo sabha; later renamed
  2. prayers, meditation and readings of Upanishads
  3. no idols or sculptures or pics allowed in Samaj buildings
  4. goal: purify Hinduism and preach monotheism based on twin pillars of - reason and vedas-Upanishads
  5. also incororated teachings of other religions
  6. emphasised on human dignity, opposition to idolatory and social evils like sati
  7. WAS NOT a NEW religion
  8. Roy’s death in 1833 setback
111
Q

Brahmo samaj: Debendranath tagore?

A
  1. father of rabindranath tagore
  2. joined samaj in 1842; earlier headed tattvabodhini sabha
  3. new vitality and strength of membership
  4. went on to incoporate derozians, and independent thinkers like IC Vidyasagar and Ashwni Kumar dutta
  5. worked on 2 frnts:
    1. within hinduism: tried to reform it
    2. outside hinduism: opposed christian missionaries fr conversion tactics
  6. Brahmo samaj supported widow remarriage, women’s edu, abolition of polygamy, improvement in ryot’s conditions and temperance
112
Q

Brahmo samaj: Keshub chandra Sen?

A
  1. made acharya in 1858
  2. imp role inpopularising the movement
  3. branches opned outside bengal- Unnited provinces, PJ, Bombay, madras etc.
  4. some new ‘modern’ ideas like cosmopolitisation of Samaj’s meetinsg i.e. inclusion of teachings frm all religions and his strongg views agaist Caste system and support fr inter-caste marriages
  5. these new ideas didn’t sit well with Debendranath and he was dismissed in 1865
  6. Keshub founded brahmo samaj of India in 1866, while earlier samaj nw became ‘Adi Brahmo samaj’
  7. 1878: another split in BSI, and formation of ‘Sadharan Brahmo samaj’
113
Q

Brahmo samaj: in PJ?

A
  1. Keshub chandra Sen imp role
  2. dayal Singh trust sought to implement brahmo ideas by opening Dayal Singh college at Lahore in 1910
114
Q

Tattvabodhini Sabha?

A
  1. started in 1839 by Debendranath Tagore
  2. also mebers: AKshay kumar dutt and ishwar chandra vidyasagar
  3. obj: was to promote a more rational and humanist form of Hinduism based on the Vedānta PLUS a more systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook
  4. In 1859, the Tattwabodhinī Sabhā were dissolved back into the Brāhmo Samāj by Debendranath Tagore.
115
Q

Fight fr Betterment of women:

fight against Child marriage?

A
  1. legislative initiative: Native Marriage Act, 1872 prohibited child marriage
    • limited impact since nt applicable to Hindus, Muslims and other recognised faiths
  2. relentless efforts of a parsi reformer, BM Malabari led to Age of Consent Act, 1891 which forbade marriage before age of 12
  3. Sarda act, 1930pushed marriageable ages to 18 and 14 fr boys and girl
  4. In free India, Child Marriage Restraint act, 1978 raised it to 21 and 18
116
Q

ideals of Brahmo samaj summary?

A
  1. denounced polythiesm and idolatory
  2. discarded faith in divine avataras
  3. no scripture ultimate authority and human reason critical
  4. no definite stand on karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual beliefs
  5. criticised caste system
  6. also attacked prevailing Hindu prejudice against going abroad
117
Q

Prathana samaj: foundation and highlights of ideology?

A
  1. 1863
  2. by Keshub chandra Sen in Bombay
  3. emphasis on:
    1. monotheism
    2. relied on education and persuasion and not on confrontation with Hindu orthodoxy
  4. 4-point social agenda:
    1. disapproval of castes system
    2. women’s education
    3. widow remarriage
    4. raising age of marriage fr both sexes
118
Q

Prathana samaj: prominent leaders?

A
  1. founded by Keshub chandraSen
  2. MG ranade
  3. RG Bhandarkar
  4. NG Chandavarkar
119
Q

Young bengal movement?

A
  1. during late 1820s and early 1830s
  2. described by Surendranath bannerjee as ‘pioneers of modern civilisation of bengal’
  3. Anglo Indian- henry vivian Derozio
    1. taught at Hindu college
    2. perhaps first nationalist poet of modern India
  4. inspired frm french rev
  5. principals:
    1. think freely and rationally
    2. question all authority
    3. liberty, equality and freedom
    4. oppose decadent customs and traditions
  6. also supported women’s rights and education
  7. sought revision of Company’s charter and demanded induction of INdians in higher services
  8. supported protection of ryots frm oppressive zamindars and of Indian laborers in abroad colonies
  9. supported freedom of press and trial by jury
  10. drawbacks:
    1. failed to take up peasants’ cause
    2. bookish radicalism
120
Q

Ishwar chandra Vidyasagar: contribution?

A
  1. Education
    1. Principal of Sanskrit College in 1850
    2. sought to break priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge and tthus opened Sanskrit college to non-brahmins
    3. introduced western thoughts in Sanskrit college
    4. evolved a new methodology to teach sanskrit
    5. also divised a new bengali primer and evolved a new prose style
    6. helped organise 35 girls’ schools, many at his own expense
    7. As secy of bethune school, he was one of pioneers of higher edu fr women in India
  2. social work:
    1. support to widow remarriage-> resulted in its legalisation
    2. crusade against child marriage and polygamy
121
Q

Paramhansa Mandali?

A
  1. in 1849 in MH
  2. by Dadoba Panderung and Bal Shastri Jambhekar
  3. met in secret
  4. 7 principles:
    1. God alone should be worshipped;
    2. real religion is based on love and moral conduct;
    3. spiritual religion is one;
    4. every individual should have freedom of thought;
    5. our actions and speech should be consistent with reason;
    6. mankind is one caste; and
    7. the right kind of knowledge should be given to all
  5. denied polytheism of popular Hinduism, the caste system and the Brahmanical monopoly of knowledge; advocated widow remarriage and women’s edu
  6. All members were required to take a pledge that they would abandon caste restrictions and take food and drink prepared by a member of a lower caste
  7. movement collapsed after 1860.
122
Q

Ramakrishna movement: objectives?

A

Two basic obj:

  1. bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical spirituality from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal message of Vedanta: this obj fulfilled by Ramakrishna himself by establishing Ramakrishna Math
  2. Carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable work, looking upon all men, women and children irrespective of caste, Creed or colour as veritable manifestations of the divine: fr this, Swami Vevekanand estab Paramhansa mission in 1897
123
Q

hqrs of :

ramkrishna Math?

ramkrishna Mission?

A

both at belur near Calcutta

124
Q

principles of ramakrishna movement: Paramhansa ways?

A
  1. salvation thru renunciation, meditation and bhakti
  2. recognised fundamental oneness of all religions
  3. accepted that diff religions are just different ways to god and salvation
  4. “service of man is the serviec of God”
125
Q

principles of ramakrishna movement: Vivekanand’s way?

A
  1. tried to reconcile ramkrishna’s message with needs of contemporary Indian society
  2. preached neo-Hinduism
  3. main guides:
    1. spiritual experiences of ramakrishna
    2. teachings of upanishads and Gita
    3. examples of Buddha and Jesus
  4. subscribed to vedanta- as a fully rational philosophy that can be applied in all religions; thus didn’t claim to form a sect under Hinduism
  5. mission wsa to bridge the gulf betn
    1. paramartha (service) and vyavhara (behaviour)
    2. spirituality and day-to-day life
  6. beilef in doctrine of service: service of ‘jiva’ is the worship of ‘siva’
  7. knowledge without action is useless
  8. lamented touch-me-not attitude of hindus in religious matters and religions tacit approval of oppression of poor by rich; “insult to God and humanity to preach religion to a starving man”
  9. great humanist and engaged in humanitarian relief and social work
  10. approved use of tech and modern science
  11. recognises utility of image worship bt doesn’t emphasises on it
  12. never gave a political message jst reinfused confidence in india’s past
126
Q

Dayanand Saraswati and Arya samaj: factual?

A
  1. aka Mulshankar
  2. born in 1824 in old Morvi state in GJ
  3. first AS unit in Mumbai in 1875
  4. later hqrs of samaj were establishe at lahore
  5. first DAV school at lahore in 1886
  6. published Satyarth prakash
  7. Swami Shraddhanand started Gurukul at Haridwar in 1902 to impart traditional education
  8. his Guru: Swami Virajananda of Mathura
127
Q

Dayanand Saraswati and Arya samaj: 10 guiding principles?

A
  1. God is the primary source of all true knowledge
  2. god, alone worthy of worship
  3. the Vedas are the books of true knowledge
  4. and Arya should always be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth
  5. Dharma i.e. due consideration of right and wrong should be the guiding principle of all actions
  6. the principle aim of the Samaj is to promote world’s well being in the material spiritual and social sense
  7. everybody should be treated with love and Justice
  8. ignorance is to be dispelled and knowledge increased
  9. once own progress should depend on upliftment of all others
  10. social well being of mankind is to be placed above and individuals well being
128
Q

Dayanand Saraswati and Arya samaj: ideological highlights?

A
  1. Vision: a classless, casteless society, united India and an India free from foreign rule with Aryan religion being the common religion of all
  2. “back to the Vedas”; Vedas are India’s “Rock of Ages”; infallible; criticize later Hindu scriptures like puranas
  3. stressed importance of individual interpretation and every person has the right of access to God
  4. attacked Hindu orthodoxy, caste rigidities, untouchability, idolatry, polytheism, belief in magic & sacrifices, taboo on sea voyages, shraadha
  5. believed in chaturvarna system according to the occupation
  6. fix the minimum marriageable age at 25 years for boys and 16 years for girls; Hindu race as “the children of children”
  7. encouraged inter caste marriages and widow remarriages and equal status for women
  8. gave a new direction to education with the importance of both Western and traditional education; DAV and Gurukul
  9. criticize the escapist Hindu belief of Maya and Moksh; instead advocated that God soul and matter are distinct and eternal entities and every individual has to work out his own salvation in the light of the eternal principles governing human conduct; does attack the concept of Niyati and Karma; humans are not Puppets controlled by fate
  10. accepted modernity and displayed a patriotic attitude to National problems
129
Q

other leaders of Arya samaj that carried forward Dayanand Saraswati’s work?

A
  1. Lala Hansraj
  2. Pt. Gurudatt
  3. Lala lajpat rai
  4. Swami Shraddhanand
130
Q

Enlist grps/orgs or social reformers in western india?

A
  1. bal shastri Jambelkar
  2. Students’ Literary and scientific societies
  3. Paramhansa Mandalis
  4. Satyashodhak Samaj and Jyotiba phule
  5. Gopalhari deshmukh ‘Lokhitavadi’
  6. Gopal Ganesh agarkar
  7. Servants of India Society
  8. Social Service League
  9. Radhaswamy movement
131
Q

orthodox/status quo organisation?

A
  1. deva samaj
  2. dharma sabha
  3. bharat dharm mahamandala
132
Q

Bal shastri Jambelkar?

A
  • one of pioneers of Bombay
  • attacked brahmanical orthodoxy and reform hinduism
  • started weekly darpan in 1832
133
Q

Students’ Library and scientific societies?

A
  1. aka Gyan prasarak mandalis
  2. 2 branches: Gujarati and marathi
  3. formed by some educated young men in 1848
  4. organised lectures on popular social sciences and social questions
  5. also focussed on girls’ education
134
Q

Satyashodhak samaj?

A
  1. by Jyotiba Phule in1873
  2. leadership mainly coming frm backward classes like malis, telis, Kunbis and Dhangars
  3. obj:
    1. social service
    2. spread of edu among women and lower castes
135
Q

Jyotiba Phule?

A
  1. belonged to Mali community
  2. organised powerful mvement against upper caste domination and brahmanical supremacy
  3. published ‘sarvajanik satyadharma’and ‘Gulamgin’
  4. used symbol of rajah Bali as opposed to Ram
  5. aimed at complete abolition of caste system and socio-econ inequality
  6. against sanskritic hinduism
  7. also opened a girls’ school at Poona
  8. was also a pioneer of widow remarriage in MH
136
Q

Gopalhari deshmukh ‘Lokhitawadi’?

A
  1. advocated reorganisation of Indian society based on rational principles and modern, humanistic and secular values
  2. “if a religion doesn’t sanction social reform, change the religion”
137
Q

Gopal ganesh agarkar?

A
  1. strong advocate of human reason
  2. criticised blind dependence on tradition and fake glorification of past
138
Q

Servants of India Society?

A
  1. in 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale
  2. aim: train national missonaries fr service of INdia in a religious spirit and to promote by all constitutional means true interests of INdian people
  3. after Gokhale, Srinivasa shastri took over
139
Q

Social Service League?

A
  1. by Narayan Malhar Joshi (a follower of Gokhale) in Bombay
    1. N.M. Joshi also founded the All India Trade UNion congress in 1920
  2. to secure fr masses better condition of work and life
  3. apart frm ussual social service work, also engaged in police court agents’ work, legal aid and advice, sanitary work and medical relief
140
Q

Radhaswamy movement?

A
  1. by Tulsi Ram aka Shiv dayal Saheb in 1861
  2. beliefs:
    1. one supreme being
    2. supremacy of Guru
    3. company of pious people- satsang
    4. simple social life
  3. spiritual attainment doesn’t require renunciation of worldly life
  4. All religions true
  5. no belief in temples, shrines though considers works of faith, charity, service and prayer as sacred deeds
141
Q

Deva samaj?

A
  1. in 1887 at Lahoe by Shiv narain agnihotri
  2. emphasis on
    1. eternity of soul,
    2. supremacy of guru and
    3. need fr good action
  3. called fr ideal social behaviour like nt accepting bribes, avoiding toxicants and non-veg and violence
  4. teachings in book- Deva Shastra
142
Q

Dharma sabha?

A
  1. by radhakant Deb in 1830
  2. preservation of status quo, even in sati
  3. hwever favoured western education, even fr girls
143
Q

Bharat dharm mahamandala

A
  1. All india org; hqr at varanasi
  2. formed in 1902 by combination of
    1. Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895)
    2. Dharam Maha Parishad in South India
    3. Dharma Mahamandali in bengal
  3. defence of orthodox hinduism against arya samajists, theosophists and ramkrishna mission
  4. Pt. madam Mohan Malviya prominent figure
144
Q

reform organisation in South India?

A

Caste reforms focussed orgs

  1. SNDP movement
  2. Vokkaliga Sangha
  3. Justice movement
  4. Self-respect movement
  5. Aravvipuram movement
  6. Temple entry movement

Social reform incl castes reforms

  1. Indian social conference
145
Q

SNDP movement?

A
  1. Sri narayan Guru Dharma Paripalana Movement
  2. born out of conflict betn depressed classes and upper non-Brahmin castes
  3. by Sri narayan Guru Swamy, in 1902, among Ezhavas of Kerala, a caste of toddy tappers and considered to be untouchables, though the single largest caste in Kerala
  4. issues took up:
    1. RT admission to public school
    2. recruitment to public services
    3. access to roads and entry to temples
    4. political rep
  5. managed to bring str changes in upward social mobility
146
Q

Sri narayan Guru?

A
  1. Sree Narayana Guru was a catalyst and leader who reformed the oppressive caste system that prevailed in society at the time.
  2. He was born in 1856 in a village near thiruvanathpuram, Kerala
  3. Belong to the Ezhava caste, Narayan Guru had experienced discrimination from the upper caste of society.
  4. His philosophy always advocated social equality, education for all, and spiritual enlightenment.
  5. He gave the famous slogan “One Caste, One Religion, One God for All” (Oru Jathi, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu).
  6. In 1888, Narayana Guru consecrated the first temple of Lord Shiva, where an idol was ordinated by a non-brahmin in Aruvippuram village of Kerala.
  7. His step sparked off the anti-caste revolution against the upper-caste Brahmin communities.
  8. In one temple he consecrated at Kalavancode, he kept mirrors instead of idols. This symbolised his message that the divine was within each individual.
  9. in 1903, he established the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP) as the founder and president.
  10. He had set up more than 40 temples across the state as an act of protest to permit lower caste people to enter temples.
  11. Contribution to National Movement:
    • He was in the forefront of the movement for universal temple entry and against the societal ills like the social discrimination of untouchables.
    • He provided the impetus for Vaikom agitation which was aimed at temple entry in Travancore for the lower castes.
  12. Philosophy of Sree Narayana Guru:
    • Sree Narayana Guru became one of the greatest proponents and re-evaluators of Advaita Vedanta, the principle of non-duality put forward by Adi Shankara.
    • In 1913, he founded the Advaita Ashram at Aluva. This was an important event in his spiritual quest.
    • This Ashram was dedicated to a great principle – Om Sahodaryam Sarvatra (all men are equal in the eyes of God).
  13. He wrote various books in different languages. Few of them are: Atmopadesa satakama, Advaitha Deepika, Asrama, Thevarappathinkangal, Brahmavidya Panchakam etc.
147
Q

Vokkaliga Sangha?

A

in Mysore

This sangha launched an anti-brahmin movement in 1905

148
Q

Justice movement?

A
  1. in Madras presidency
  2. by C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and P. Tyagraja
  3. to secure jobs and rep fr non-brahmins in legislature
  4. led to formation of Madras Presidency association in 1917 which demanded separate rep fr lower castes in legislature
149
Q

Self-respect movement?

A
  1. by E/V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in mid-1920s
  2. aimed nothing short of rejection of brahmanical religion and culture, that they felt was the prime instrument used fr oppression of lower castes
  3. formalised weddings without Brahmins to undermine them
150
Q

Aravvipuram Movement?

A
  1. in 1888, on Sivarathri, Sri Narayan Guru, despite being frm a lower caaste, installed an idol of Shiva at aravvipuram in Kerala to show that consecration of a God’s image wasn’t a monopoly of brahmins
  2. inspired other socio-religious movements in S. india incl temple entry movement
151
Q

temple entry movement?

A
  1. Stalwarts: Sri Narayan Guru, N. Kumaran asan, T.K. Madhavan
  2. 1924: vaikom satyaraha led by K.P. Kesava launched in Kerala demanding opening hindu temples and roads to untouchables
    1. reinforced by jathas frm PJ amd Madurai
    2. also supported by Gandhiji
  3. 1931, when CD movement was suspended, temple entry movement was organised in Kerala
  4. inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu (‘singing sword of Kerala’)led a grp of 16 volunteers to guruvayur, which included leaders like, PK Pillai and AK Gopalan
  5. finally govt controlled temples were opened to all Hindus
    1. in 1936, by Raja of Travancore
    2. in 1938, by C. Rajgopalacjari administration
152
Q

Muslim reform movements?

A
  1. Wahabi/Waliullah movement
  2. Titu Mir’s movement
  3. Faraizi movement
  4. ahmadiya movement
  5. aligarh movement
  6. deoband school
153
Q

Wahabi movement?

A
  1. aka waliullah movement
  2. revivalist respone to western influences
  3. started by Shah Waliullah , and popularised by Shah Abdul aziz and Syed ahmed barelvi who also gave them a political perspective
  4. ideals:
    1. sought harmony among 4 schools of Muslim jurusprudence in india
    2. recgnition of role of individual conscience in religion in cases of conflicting interpretation derived frm Quran and Hadis
  5. political aspects:
    1. India considered ‘Dar-ul-Harb’ (land of kafirs)
    2. needed to be converted to ‘Dar-ul-islam’
    3. initially directed at Sikhs in PJ, bt after British annexation of PJ in 1849, it was directed to british
    4. fizzled out in 1870s
154
Q

Titu Mir’s movement?

A
  1. by Mir Nithar Ali aka Titu MIr
    • disciple of Sayed ahmed Raebarelvi, founder of Wahabi movemnt
  2. organised Muslim peasantsof Bengal against Hindu Landlords and British indigo planters
  3. violence used bt onlu in last yrs; killed in action in 1831
155
Q

Faraizi movement?

A
  1. aka Fara’idi movement, coz of its emphasis on islamic pillars of faith
  2. founded by Haji shariat allah
  3. in East Bengal
  4. aimed to eradicate socia innovations current among Muslims there
  5. under Haji’ son, dudu Mian, became revolutionary frm 1840
    • gave the mvmnt organisational strwith a khlifa or deputy at every level
    • organised a paramilitary forces armed with clubs to fightHindu landlords and even Police
  6. survived only as a religious movmnt after dudu Mian’s death in 1862
156
Q

Ahmadiya movement?

A
  1. by Mirza Ghulam ahmed in 1889
  2. based on liberal principles
  3. described itself as Mohammaden Rennaissance
  4. based itself on principles of universal religion of humanity, like Brahmo Samaj
  5. opposed jihad
  6. spread western liberal education among Indian Muslims
  7. similar to Baha’ism which flourished in western asia
  8. suffered frm Mysticism
157
Q

Aligarh Movement?

A
  1. by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
  2. liberal, modern movement among Muslim intelligentsia based in Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental college, aligarh
  3. aimed to spread:
    1. modern education among Indian muslims without weakening their allegiance to islam
    2. social reforms: prdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s education, slavery, divorce
  4. based on liberal interpretation of Quran and sought to harmonise it with modern liberla thoughts
158
Q

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?

A
  1. born in1817;
  2. loyalist member of judicial service of govt; became a member of Imperial Legislative council in 1878; knighthood in 1888
  3. magazine: Tahdhib-ul-akhlaq
  4. sought to reconcile western ideals and science with islam; though he held Quran as supreme authority
  5. religious tenets nt infallible; has to evolve or else will be ‘fossilised’; advocated a rational and critical approach
  6. educationaist: opened schools; Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental college at Aligarh in 1875
  7. also set up United Patriotic association
  8. fought fr women’s position; condemned system of piri and muridi
  9. believed in ‘practical morality’ and underlying unity of all religions
  10. argued that Muslims shud first concentrate on edu and jobs and gain parity with Hindus; and welcomed patronage of govt fr that purpose and thus advised against hostility towards govt.
  11. In the process became pawn in British interests and later started propouding diverging interests of Hindus and Muslims
159
Q

Deoband school?

A
  1. organised as revivalist movement by orthodox section among muslims; thus no western ideals bt only pure islam
  2. obj:
    1. teaching Quran and Hadis among Muslims in its pure form
    2. keeping alive Jihad against foreign rule
  3. estab in deoband, Sahranpur district in 1866 by Mohammed Qasim nanotavi and Rashid ahmed Gangohi
  4. welcomed formation of INC
  5. issued fatwa against Syed Ahmad Khan’s orgs in 1888
  6. given a political and intellectual angle by Mahmud -ul-hasan; hw combined religious teachings with nationalistic fervour; supported by Jamiat-ul-Ulema
  7. Shibli Numani, a supporter, favoured inclusion of English language and western sciences; he founded nadwatal Ulama and Darul ulum in Lucknow in 1894-96 with aim to create an India with INC where both Hinduand Muslim cud live amicably
160
Q

Parsi reform movements?

A
  1. Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious reform Association):1851, by
    1. naoroji furdonji
    2. Dadabhai Naoroji
    3. K.R.Cama
    4. SS Bengalee
  2. obj: restoration of Parsis to its pristine purity
  3. newspaper: Rast goftar
  4. attempts made to uplift status of Parsi women thru removal of purdah system, raising age of marriage and education
  5. efforts of BM Malabari-> age of consent act,1891 that fixed min age of girl at 12
161
Q

Sikh reform movements?

A
  1. Singh sabha movement:
    1. 1873 at Amritsar
    2. obj:
      1. western edu to Sikhs: estab Khalsa schools in PJ
      2. counter proselytising activities of chrstian missionaries as well as HIndu revivalists
  2. Akali movement:
    1. an offshoot of Singh sabha mov
    2. aim: liberating Sikh gurudwaras frm corrupt Udasi mahants who enjoyed govt patronage
    3. was regional bt nt communal in nature and played significaant role in india’s freedom struggle
    4. used non-violent satyagraha methods
    5. finally, Sikh Gurudwaras act, 1922 gave the control of Gurudwaras to Sikh masses, to be administered thru Shiromani gurudwara Prabandhak committee as apex body
162
Q

Theosophical movement?

A
  1. by madame HP Blavatsky and Colonel MS Olcott, who were inspired by Indian thougt and culture
  2. founded in USA in 1875
  3. shifted to Adayar, near Madras in 1882
  4. beliefs:
    1. special relationship with god can be estab thru contemplation, prayer etc.
    2. accepted beliefs in karma and reincarnation
    3. drew inspiration frm Upanishads and Samkhya, yoga and Vedanta schools
  5. worked fr universal brotherhood of humanity without discrimination
  6. also sought to explain laws of nature and latent powers in men
  7. became popular with election of Annie besant as its president in 1907, after Olcott’s death
  8. impct limited to educated Hindus as its philosophy seemed vague and lacking +ve programme; though seeing westerners fightingfr Indian beliefs gave confidence to Indians; though also gave a false sense of superiority
163
Q

Annie Besant?

A
  1. came to india in 1893
  2. laid foundation of Central hindu college in benares in 1898- both Hidu reigion and western sciences were taught; this college became nucleus fr BHU in 1916
  3. worked fr education of women
164
Q

Charles Wilkins?

A
  1. founding member of The Asiatic Society in 1784, along with William Jones
  2. first translator of Bhagavad Gita into English,
  3. creator, alongside Panchanan Karmakar, of the first Bengali typeface; also designed type for publications of books in Persian
  4. published the first typeset book in the language, earning himself the name “the Caxton of India”
  5. arrived in India as a printer and writer in EIC in 1770
  6. successfully translated a Royal inscription in Kutila characters, which were thitherto indecipherable
    • Kutila inscription of Bareilly is an inscription in the Kutila script (कुटिल लिपि) dating to 992 CE that provides crucial evidence in tracing the shared descent of the Devanagari and Bengali-Assamese scripts
  7. also incomplete translation of Mhabharat; completed Gita
  8. also wrote abt islam and Sikhism
  9. In 1800, he was invited to take up the post of the first director of the India House Library, which became over time the world-famous ‘India Office Library’
  10. In 1808 he published his Grammar of the Sanskrita Language.
165
Q

Max Muller?

A

Max Muller, a German scholar of comparative philology propounded the Central Asian home theory of Aryans

166
Q

Who translated Rig Veda into English?

A

H. H. Wilson

H. H. Wilson was the first to make a translation of the Rig Veda into English, published in six volumes during the period 1850–88.

167
Q

Sir William Jones?

A
  1. was appointed puisne judge to the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Calcutta, Bengal
  2. founded the Asiatic Society in Calcutta; started a journal called Asiatick Researches
  3. He studied the Vedas with Rāmalocana, a pandit teaching at the Nadiya Hindu university, becoming a proficient Sanskritist
  4. Jones kept up a ten-year correspondence on the topic of jyotisa or Hindu astronomy with fellow orientalist Samuel Davis
  5. pen name: “Youns Uksfardi”
  6. (not the first one to do so though)made observation about relationships between the Indo-European languages: that Sanskrit, Greek and Latin languages had a common root, and they may all be further related, in turn, to Gothic and the Celtic languages, as well as to Persian; erroneously he also included Chinese, Japanese and Egypptian and excluded Hindustani and slavic
  7. first to propose a racial division of India involving an Aryan invasion but at that time there was insufficient evidence to support it
168
Q

Alexander Cunningham?

A
  1. conducted excavations at Sarnath, Sanchi
  2. In 1854 he published The Bhilsa Topes, an attempt to establish the history of Buddhism based on architectural evidence.
  3. In 1870, Lord Mayo re-established the Archaeological Survey of India, with Cunningham as its director-general
169
Q

Tribal revolts against British rule: intro?

A

Under the British Rajthere were close to 40 major tribal rebellions across the country with the first one being in 1774-79, when the Halba tribe rebelled against the Company rule in Dongar in Bastar, Chhattisgarh.

170
Q

rebellions in East: ?

A
  1. revolts in Bihar and Odisha
  2. JH’s revolts
  3. WB’s revolts
  4. Chhatisgarh: Bastar revolt
  5. NE
171
Q

Rebellions in East: Bihar and odisha?

A
  1. Paika rebellion
  2. Kandh
  3. Kharwars
  4. Bhuyan and Juangs
172
Q

paika rebellion?

A
  1. Khurda, Odisha
  2. 1817
  3. Paikas- a militia class under the zamindars. Recruited since the 16th century by kings in Odisha from a variety of social groups to render martial services in return for rent-free land (nish-kar jagirs) and titles.
  4. when British occupied Odisha
  5. How the rebellion began:
    • When armies of the East India Company overran most of Odisha in 1803, the Raja of Khurda lost his primacy and the power and prestige of the Paikas went on a decline. So, they rebelled back.
    • The British were not comfortable with these aggressive, warlike new subjects and set up a commission under Walter Ewer to look into the issue.
    • The commission recommended that the hereditary rent-free lands granted to the Paikas be taken over by the British administration and this recommendation was zealously adhered to. They revolted against the British.
    • rebellion also had several other underlying causes – like the rise in the price of salt, abolition of the cowrie currency for payment of taxes and an overtly extortionist land revenue policy.
  6. led by raja of Khurda and later Baxi Jagbandhu
  7. supressed by force

The trigger for the revolt came as some 400 Kondhs descended from the Ghumusar area to rise against the British. Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mohapatra Bharamarbar Rai, the highest-ranking military general of the banished Khurda king, led an army of Paikas to join the uprising of the Kondhs.

  • The Paikas set fire to government buildings in Banapur, killed policemen and looted the treasury and the British salt agent’s ship docked on the Chilika. They then proceeded to Khurda and killed several British officials.*
  • Over the next few months, the Paikas fought bloody battles at several places, but the colonial army gradually crushed the revolt.*
  • Bakshi Jagabandhu escaped to the jungles, and stayed out of reach of the British until 1825, when he finally surrendered under negotiated terms.*
173
Q

Rebellions in east: Jharkhand?

A
  1. Ho
  2. Kol
  3. Santhal (also in WB)
  4. Munda
  5. Tana Bhagat
  6. Adivasi Mahasabha
  7. Oraon
174
Q

Rebellions in East: WB?

A
  1. Sanyasi
  2. Chuar
  3. Pagalpanthi
  4. Faraizi
175
Q

Sanyasi revolt?

A
  1. massive famines of 1770 + economic hardships
  2. restrictions imposed on visits to holy places
  3. Focal point: Rangpur to Dhaka
  4. Leader: Manju Shah Fakir
  5. raids on company factories and treasuries
  6. contained only after prolonged military action
176
Q

Kandh uprising?

A
  1. covered: Ghumsar, china-ki-medi, Kalahandi (all in odisha) and Patna
  2. 1837-56
  3. under Chakra bishnoi
  4. against British efforts to end Kandh’s practice of human sacrifice (mariah) thru force
  5. fought with tangis- battle axe, bows, arrows and even swords
177
Q

Kharwars rebellion?

A
  1. in 1870s
  2. in Bihar
  3. against revenue settlement activities
178
Q

Bhuyan and Juangs?

A
  1. by Bhuan, Juangs and Kals
  2. Odisha- Keonjhar
  3. 1860s and later in 1890s
  4. led by Ratna Nayak and dhami dhar Nayak
  5. against installation of a British stooge on the throne after their raja’s death
179
Q

Ho rising?

A
  1. by Ho and munda tribesmen of chhotanagpur
  2. 1820 and later in 1830s
  3. led by raja Parahat
180
Q

Kol uprising?

A
  1. Ranchi, singhbhum, Palamau
  2. 1831
  3. led by Buddho Bhagat, Joa Bhagat and Madara Mahato
  4. cause: large scale transfer of Kol land to outsiders
  5. violent in nature. The tribals fought with traditional weapons taking the battle to colonial forces who finally overpowered them with modern weaponry.
  6. The Kols were joined by other tribes like the Hos, Mundas and Oraons.
181
Q

Santhal rising?

A
  1. Rajmahal hills
  2. cause: oppression by landlords, moneylenders and outsiders
  3. undr Sido an Kanhu
  4. asserted themselves independent in 1854
  5. separate district of Santhal parganas created to pacify them
182
Q

Munda uprising?

A
  1. Chhotanagpur
  2. fr three decades, along with Ho tribals, revolted against newly introduced farming revenue policy and destruction of their common land-holding system (called Khuntkatti system) by jagirdars and money-lenders
  3. in 1890s, led by Birsa Munda, a politico-religious rebellion: ‘ulgulan’ with an aim to establish a Munda rule by killing jagirdars and rajas and hakims.
  4. Birsa Munda captured in 1900
183
Q

Tana Bhagat movements?

A
  1. among Mundas and Oraon tribes
  2. led by Jatra and Balram Bhagat
  3. 1914-19
  4. against interference by outsiders
  5. began as Sanskritisation movement
184
Q

Adivasi Mahasabha?

A

uprisings by JH tribals in Chhotanagpur region frm 1920 onwards led to formation of Adivasi Mahasabha in 1937 which was replaced by regional jharkhand party in 1949

185
Q

Chuar uprising?

A
  1. Chuar aboriginal tribesmen of Midnapore district
  2. 1766-72; 1795-1816
  3. causes:
    1. famine
    2. enhanced land revenue
    3. economic distress
  4. led by Raja Jagannath
186
Q

Pagalpanthis?

A
  1. a semi-religious sect founded by Karam Shah; activist flavour added by his son, Tipu
  2. 1820s-1830s-1840s
  3. politico-religious nature
  4. took up interests of tenanats against zamindars
  5. activities extended upto garo hills
  6. suppressed brutally by British
187
Q

Faraizi revolt?

A
  1. followers of a muslim sect founded by Haji Shariat Allah of faridpur
  2. his son, Dadu Mian organised followers to expel british frm Bengal
  3. als supported cause of tenants against zamindars
  4. 1838-57
  5. advocated radical religious, social and political changes
  6. most of followers later joined Wahabi movement
188
Q

Rebellions in NE?

A
  1. Ahoms’ revolt in Assam
  2. Singhpos’ rebellion in Assam
  3. Kachanagas revolt in Assam
  4. Khasis’ revolt
  5. Kukis’ revolt in Manipur
  6. Zeliangsong movement in Manipur
  7. Naga movemet in Manipur
  8. Heraka cult in manipur
  9. Reangs’ revolt in tripura
189
Q

ahoms’ revolt?

A
  1. British hade pledged to withdraw after First Burma war frm assam; instead they tried to incorporate Ahom’s territories
  2. rebellion in 1828 under Gomdhar Konwar
  3. Company adopted a conciliatiry approach: handed Upper Assam to Maharaj Purandar SIngh and other part was restored to Assamese king
190
Q

Khasi uprising?

A
  1. EIC wanted to build a road linking BM valley to Sylhet and thus brought large no. of outsiders like Englishmen, bengalis
  2. revolt by Khasis, Garos, Khamptis and Singhpos under Tirtha Singh to drive these outsiders
  3. suppressed by British army by 1833
191
Q

Singhpos’rebellion?

A
  1. 1830s
  2. assam
  3. led to murder of British political agent by singhpos
192
Q

Kukis’ revolt?

A
  1. Manipur
  2. 1917-19
  3. against British policies of recruiting labor during 1st WW
193
Q

Reangs’ revolt?

A
  1. 1942-43
  2. in tripura
  3. led by Ratnamani
194
Q

Zeliangsong movement?

A
  1. 1920s
  2. manipur
  3. against failure of British to protect them during Kuki rebellion
  4. led by Zemi and Rongmei tribes
195
Q

Naga movement?

A
  1. manipur
  2. 1905-31
  3. led by jadonang
  4. to set up a Naga raj
196
Q

heraka cult?

A
  1. Manipur
  2. 1930s
  3. led by Gaidinliu
197
Q

Kachanagas revolt?

A
  1. in 1882
  2. in Cacher, Assam
  3. led by Sambhudan
  4. against british intervention
  5. crushed brutally
198
Q

Uprisings in West india?

A
  1. Bhil uprisings
  2. Cutchh rebellion
  3. Waghera rising
  4. Koli risings
  5. Ramosi risings
  6. Surat salt agitations
  7. Kolhapur and savantvadi revolts
  8. Satara revolt
  9. Bundela revolt
  10. Phadke’s revolt
  11. naikdas revolt
199
Q

Bhil uprisings?

A
  1. an aboriginal tribe centered around Khandesh
  2. 1817-19 bt crushed; bt later, inspired by reverses suffered by british in Burmese war, again in 1825and 1830s
    1. Economic distress, famine and misgovernment led to the uprising against the British in 1817-18. The British succeeded in suppressing the Bhil rising partly by military action and partly by conciliatory policy adopted by Elphiston
  3. agrarian hardships
  4. leader: Sewaram
200
Q

Koli risings?

A
  1. in neighbourhood of Bhils
  2. cause: large scale unemployment against company raj+ dismantling of their forts
  3. 1820s -1840s
201
Q

Cutchh rebellion?

A
  1. cause: British interference in internal feuds-> deposed Cutchh ruler Rao Bharamal + excessive land assessment
  2. emboldened by British reverses in burma war, they revolted in 1820s and 1830s (1816-1832)
  3. british: supression and later conciliation
  4. led by Rao Bharamal and his CM Hansraj
202
Q

Waghera rising?

A
  1. cause: resentment against foreign rule + issues with gaekwad rulers supported by British
  2. 1818-20
  3. Wagheraa chiefs of Okha mandal
203
Q

Ramosi risings?

A
  1. Ramosis: hill tribes of WG
  2. rose under Chittur Singh in 1822 and in 1826 under the leadership of Umaji Naik and his supporter Bapu Trimbakji Sawant.; 1825-1829 and later again in 1839-41
  3. cause:
    1. To protest against heavy assessment of land revenue and very harsh methods of its collection, the Ramosi Uprising (1825-26) took place at Satara
    2. After the final defeat of the Peshwa in 1818 and the annexation of the Maratha territories by the British, the Ramosis lost their means of livelihood
  4. The British Government followed a pacifist policy condoning the crimes of the Ramosis, granting them land and recruiting them as hill police.

Note that Phadke revolt under VB Phadke was also called Ramosi revolt but it was a peasant revolt against the British failure to take up anti-famine measures.

204
Q

Surat salt agitations?

A
  1. Govt’s step to raise salt duty frm 50p to 1 re
  2. 1844
  3. Govt forced to withdraw
  4. again in 1848, to withdraw govt measure to introduce Bengali std weights and measures
205
Q

Kolhapur and savantvadi revolts?

A
  1. cause: garrisons of gadkaris, a hereditary military class, were disbanded during administrative reorganisation of Kolhapur state after 1844;similar revolt in Savantvadi areas too
206
Q

Satara revolt?

A
  1. 1840
  2. under Dhar Rao and Narsingh Patekar
  3. because popular ruler of Satara, Pratap singh was banished
207
Q

Bundela revolt?

A
  1. due to revenue policy
  2. under Madhukar Shah and Jawahar Singh
  3. 1842
208
Q

Phadke’s revolt?

A
  1. by Vasudeo Balwant phadke, also known as the ‘Father Of Indian Armed Rebellion’ . Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s patriotic novel Anand Math incorporated various contemporary acts performed by Phadke during his activities. Phadke came to prominence when he got control of the city of Pune for a few days after catching colonial soldiers off-guard during a surprise attack
  2. 1877
  3. after terrible famine in western india; against the British failure to take up anti-famine measures.
  4. organized political dacoities (first to do so)
  5. He brought together a band of people from Ramosi caste, later people from bhil, kolis etc also joined; aka Ramosi uprising; in Satara
209
Q

Naikdas revolt?

A
  1. Naikdas forest tribe of Panchamahal Hills,Gujarat fought against the British Policy of expansionism and interference.
  2. 1858-59: under RupSingh in GJ
  3. 1868: Joria Bhagat
210
Q

Revolts of South India?

A
  1. Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram
  2. Poligars’ revolt
  3. Diwan velu Thampi’s revolt
  4. Rampa revolt
  5. Kittur revolt
  6. Kattabomman’s revolt
  7. Mappila/Moplah revolt- 1
211
Q

Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram?

A
  1. Northern Sarkar, AP
  2. In July 1794, the Raja of Vizianagaram, openly rose in revolt against the British. The reason was that British reduced the area of his zamindari and increased the revenue payable to the British. Further after capturing these territories in 1765, British demaned tribute and asked raja to disband his troops, to which he revolted
212
Q

Poligars’ revolt?

A
  1. POligars’ of Dindigal and Malabar; were the local military chiefs
  2. against oppressive land revenue system- Their position was adversely affected by the Company’s agreement with the Nawab of Arcot in 1781, according to which, the Nawab acquired the right of management and control of the entire revenue of the Tinnevelli and Carnatic provinces on behalf of the Company. He was allowed to retain one-sixth of the total revenue. The Poligars, who had been revenue farmers for generations organized themselves to fight against the encroachment on their right. After several armed confrontation, the company, revoked the agreement of 1781 with the Nawab of Moot and restored the old system of revenue and the traditional rights of the Poligars.
  3. during 1801-06; sporadic incidences continued upto 1850s
213
Q

Diwan Velu thampi’s revolt?

A
  1. cause: EIC’s harsh conditions imposed on state of travancore after accepting new terms and conditions of subsidiary alliance in 1805 (originally signed in 1795); ruler failed to pay subsidy and arrears
  2. diwan rose against British with support of Nair battalion
214
Q

Rampa revolt?

A
  1. hill tribesmen of coastal andhra
  2. Three uprisings:
    1. first Rampa rebellion (1839 to 48) was led by Karam Tammanna Dora, a Koya Muttadar (village headman) of Bandapalli.
    2. 1879: against govt supported mansabdars and new restrictive forest regulations; led by another Karam Tammanna Dora, probably a nephew of the earlier one
    3. 1920-22: led by alluri Ssitaram raju of Koyas against British interference
215
Q

Rampa Revolt: First Rampa revolt?

A
  • 1839-48
  • led by Karam Tammanna Dora, a Koya Muttadar of Bandapalli.
  • The British took forward the Muttadar system (village headman), which was established by the Moghuls, and modified it by appointing Munasabdars, over the muttadars.
216
Q

Rampa Revolt: Second Rampa revolt?

A
  • 1879
  • The second rebellion was in 1857-58 and the third was in 1861-62. But the fourth gained prominence with the re-emergence of another Karam Tammanna Dora in 1879.
  • against govt supported mansabdars and new restrictive forest regulations; led by another Karam Tammanna Dora, probably a nephew of the earlier one
217
Q

Rampa Revolt: Third Rampa revolt?

A

also known as the Manyam Rebellion, was a tribal uprising led by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency.

It began in August 1922 and lasted until the capture and killing of Raju in May 1924. Raju was captured by police forces, tied to a tree, and shot by a firing squad. His heroics resulted in him being titled manyam veerudu, or ‘the hero of the jungle’.

against the British raj for their imposition of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, which severely restricted the free movement of the tribal community within their own forests. Under the implications of this Act, the community was unable to fully carry out the traditional Podu agricultural system, which involved shifting cultivation.

218
Q

Rampa revolt: About Sitaram Raju (Important because of RRR movie)?

A
  • Alluri Seetharama Raju was one of the greatest sons that India produced. He laid down his life to break the shackles of the mother land. The awe-inspiring heroics of Rama Raju still inspire Telugus. Though his battle with the British lasted only for two years, he made an indelible mark in the history of the Indian Freedom Struggle and found a permanent place in the hearts of the countrymen.
  • Born on July 4, 1897, into a humble middle-class family in a small village near the Coastal city of Visakhapatnam, Rama Raju was strongly influenced by patriotic discourse quite early in his life. When a friend gave him a handful of badges with King George’s picture on it, the 13-year-old Raju threw all but one. He pinned it up on his shirt and would say: “To wear them is to flaunt our servitude. But I pinned it on my shirt near my heart to remind all of you that a foreign ruler is crushing our lives.”
  • Following the death of his father, his schooling got disrupted and he went on a pilgrimage and toured the Western, North-Western, North and North-eastern India during his teens. The social-economic conditions in the country under the British regime, particularly in the tribal areas, deeply moved him. During these journeys, he met revolutionaries in Chittagong (now in Bangladesh).
  • Rama Raju made up his mind to build a movement against the British. He made Adivasi areas in the Eastern Ghats (the forest area along the Visakhapatnam and Godavari district) his home and decided to work for the Adivasis, who were living in abject poverty and being fleeced by police, forest and revenue officials, in ‘Manyam’ (forest area). He started working amongst them and helped them by educating them and providing medical help, using the vast knowledge he gained from his extensive travels. He decided to make this area the hub for his fight against the British.
  • He began to organise Adivasis against the atrocities by the police, the forest and revenue officials and extensively toured the ‘Manyam’ area. He told them that they were the sole owners of the forest produce and prepared them to fight against the oppressive Madras Forest Act, 1882. A slew of initial successes gave a lot of hope and confidence among the Adivasis and people in the surrounding villages and more and more of them began to rally behind Rama Raju.
  • He was so confident of the path he chose that he told a reporter (incidentally the only interview he ever gave to a reporter) that he could overthrow the British in two years.
  • As he org­­anised them to defend their rights on the produce, he gained tremendous understanding of the terrain that had helped him in great deal in his future guerrilla war against the British forces. He would appear at one place this moment and disappear in moment to appear somewhere else in no time, giving sleepless nights to the British forces. Legends on his attacks and exploits on the police stations in the region have become part of the folklore. He built a strong team of followers from the area, who built a formidable army sporting traditional weapons like bow-and-arrow and spears and achieved spectacular successes against the British forces.
  • He learnt from the Adivasis, the time-tested methods of war and added his own tactics to put up a formidable fight against the British. For instance, his team used whistles and beatings of the drums to exchange messages amongst the revolutionaries. He soon realised that the traditional weaponry would be of no use against the heavily armed the British forces. He thought the best way is to snatch them from the enemy and launched attacks on police stations with a lightning speed.
  • The first of such attacks was made on Chintapalli police station in Visakhapatnam Agency area on August 22, 1922, with over 300 revolutionaries under the leadership of Raju taking part in it. Subsequently, similar attacks were made on Krishnadevi Peta police station and Raja Ommangi police station. They snatched weapons and armoury in all such attacks. A large contingent of Reserve Police personnel from Visakhapatnam, Rajahmundry, Parvatipuram and Koraput were rushed to these areas led by British officers. Two of the officers – Scot and Heiter were killed in battles with revolutionaries on September 24, 1922, and several others wounded.
  • All the attacks were concluded by a trademark letter signed by Raju himself, giving details of the booty in the station diary. Another hallmark of his attacks was that he would announce the date and time of the attack.
  • The Agency Commissioner J R Higgins had announced a prize of Rs 10,000 for Rama Raju’s head and Rs 1,000 each on his lieutenants Gantam Dora and Mallu Dora. It deployed hundreds of soldiers from Malabar Special Police and the Assam Rifles, led by top British officers, to crush the movement. Officers like Sanders and Forbes were on the back foot several times as Raju dared them to stop him and his followers from carrying out certain attacks.
  • Unable to contain the ‘Manyam’ uprising, the British Government deputed T G Rutherford in April 1924 to quell the movement. Rutherford resorted to violence and torture to get to know the whereabouts of Raju and his key followers.
  • After a relentless chase by British forces, Rama Raju was caught and martyred on May 7, 1924. This was followed by untold repression and violence that witnessed killings of scores of Raju’s followers in the weeks that followed his martyrdom. Over 400 activists were booked under several charges, including treason.
  • Rama Raju won the grudging admiration of the British as a formidable guerrilla tactician. That the Government had to spend over Rs 40 lakhs in those days to defeat the rebellion speaks volumes about the success of the Rampa rebellion.
  • Unfortunately, there is not much research done on Rama Raju’s life and movement. As the nation gears up to celebrate the 70th Independence Day, it is time to revisit his life and movement and pay rich tributes to him. His remains are buried at Krishnadevi Peta in Visakhapatnam. The nation could do better by building a memorial in the memory of this great patriot.
219
Q

Kittur uprising?

A
  1. 1824
  2. cause: british refused torecognise adopted son of Kittur chief, and assumed charge of admin
  3. led by Chinamma, widow of Chief; declared independence
220
Q

Kattabomman’s revolt?

A
  1. in Tirunelveli , TN
  2. 1792-99
  3. led by veerpandya Kattabomman, ruler of Panchalakurichi
  4. The taxes levied on the land revenue were incessantly increased, which agitated Veerapandiya Kattabomman and he led one of the first rebellions against the British.
221
Q

Mappilla revlt-1?

A
  1. 1836-1854
  2. Malabar.
  3. by Muslim tenants against Hindu Zamindars (Jemnis).
222
Q

Revolts of North india?

A
  1. Wahabi movement: same as Wahabis in religious reforms + one extra info:
    • Sithana in NW tribal belt chosen as base of op
  2. kuka revolt:
    • 1840
    • by Bhagat Jawahar Mal aka Sian Saheb) in western PJ
    • after british took over PJ, movement turned frm religious to a political one
    • aim: abolition of castes, banning of meat and liquor consumption
    • leader: Ram Singh
223
Q

peasant movements: division of topics?

A
  1. Early peasantmovements: before 1857
    1. Indigo revolt: 1859-60
    2. Pabna Agrarian Leagues
    3. Deccan riots
  2. 20th century: upto CDM
    1. Kisan Sabha
    2. Eka movement
    3. Mapilla revolt
    4. Bardoli satyagraha
    5. Bijolia Movement and No tax campaign against Udipur Maharana
  3. post CDM and pre-WWII
    1. All India Kisan Congress/Sabha
    2. peasant activity in provinces
  4. post 2nd WW
    1. tebhaga movm
    2. telangana movm
224
Q

indigo revolt?

A
  1. 1859-60
  2. cause:
    1. Indigo cultivation started in Bengal in 1777
    2. European planters forced peasants to grow indigo
    3. intimidated them by kidnappings, flogging, attacks etc; captured them in debt traps
  3. led by Diambar Bishwas and Bishnu Bishwas of Nadia district, Rafiq Mondal and Kader Molla
  4. organised a counter force against planters’ lathiyals
  5. refusd to pay high rents and physically resisted eviction; gradually even lernt to use legal m/c
  6. Bengali intelligentsia played a significant role-
    1. The play Nil Darpan (The Mirror of Indigo) by Dinabandhu Mitra written in 1858 – 59 portrayed the farmers’ situation accurately
    2. Harish Chandra Mukherji editor of Hindu patriot. published reports on indigo campaign, organized mass meetings etc.
  7. Reverend James Long translated the play into English and inverted the play to portray peasants as villains fr which he was sued
  8. revolt was largely non-violent and it acted as a precursor to Gandhiji’s non-violent satyagraha in later years.
  9. Hindus and Muslims joined hands against their oppressors in this rebellion.
  10. also saw the coming together of many zamindars with the ryots or farmers.
  11. the government appointed the Indigo Commission in 1860. In the report, a statement read, ‘not a chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood.’
  12. notification was also issued which stated that farmers could not be forced to grow indigo.
225
Q

Pabna agrarian league?

A
  1. late 1873-76; though lingered upto 1885
  2. cause: oppressive practices of zamindars like exorbitant rents, preventing them frm azquiring occupancy rights under Act X of 1859, forcible evictions as well as costly litigations
  3. Pabna was a jute production and trading centre and was relatively prosperous. Here half of the cultivators had managed to win occupancy rights because of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1859. But the zamindari rents had increased multiple times.
  4. where: began when peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Pabna (in present day BN) district formed an agrarian league or combination to resist the demands of the zamindars; later spread throughout Pabna and other districts of East Bengal
  5. league organised a rent strike and challenged zamindars in courts
  6. main form of struggle was that of legal resistance; there was very little violencebt still some zamindars were murdered
  7. many of peasants won their cases ; finally, in 1885, Bengal tenancy act was passed
  8. a number of young Indian intellectuals supported the peasants’ cause
    1. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee,
    2. R.C. Dutt and
    3. the Indian Association under Surendranath
      Banerjea
226
Q

Deccan riots?

A
  1. 1875
  2. cause:
    1. ryots of Deccan region of western India suffered heavy
      taxation under the Ryotwari system; govt raised land revenue by 50% in 1867
    2. debt traps of moneylenders (outsiders like Marwaris and gujaratis)
    3. crash in cotton prices after end of American civil war in 1864
    4. succession of bad harvests
  3. uprising began at Supa village in the district of Poona. farmers were led by the village headmen
  4. unique feature: Social Boycott of ‘outsider’ moneylenders
    1. refused to buy from their shops or cultivate their fields
    2. barbers, washermen, shoemakers would not serve them
  5. spread rapidly to the villages of Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Satara.
  6. soon turned violent. farmers’ main motive was to destroy the account books of the moneylenders and they resorted to violence only when these books were not handed over to them.
  7. movm also got support from the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha co-founded by M G Ranade
  8. Deccan Riots Commission was set up which presented a report to the British Parliament in 1878.
  9. In 1879, the Agriculturists Relief Act was passed which ensured that the farmers could not be arrested and imprisoned if they were unable to pay their debts.
227
Q

changed nature of peasant movm after 1857?

A
  1. Peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian movements, fighting directly for their own demands
  2. demands were centred almost wholly on economic issues.
  3. directed against the immediate enemies of the peasant—foreign planters and indigenous zamindars and moneylenders.
  4. struggles were directed towards specific and limited objectives and redressal of particular grievances rather than colonialism
  5. not the objective of these movements to end the system of subordination or exploitation of the peasants
  6. no continuity of struggle or long-term organisation.
  7. peasants developed a strong awareness of their legal rights and asserted them in and outside the courts.
228
Q

Kisan sabha movm?

A
  1. 1917-22
  2. causes:
    1. lands of awadh taluqdars restored after 1857; To counter Gandhi/Congress’s influence, the Government wanted to win over Talukdars in Avadh and thus gave free hand to Taulkdars regarding rent collection, eviction etc.
    2. high rents, bedakhali, nazrana (renewal fees) etc.
    3. hike of prices of food etc after 1st WW
    4. caste domination: “Jajmani system” under which, lower caste were oblighted to supply ghee, cloths etc free/@discounted prices to upper caste.
  3. early kisan sabhas were organised in UP by efforts of Home rule leagues
  4. United Provinces Kisan sabha- 1918- by Gauri shankar Mishra and IndraNarayan dwivedi and Madam Moham Malviya
  5. other leaders: Jhinguri singh, Durgapal singh and Baba Ramchandra (who invited Nehru to visit these villages)
  6. Oct 1920: Awadh Kisan sabha, founded by Baba Ramchandra using Ramayan and caste slogans, coz of differences in nationalist ranks
    • asked the kisans to refuse to till bedakhali land
    • not to offer hari and begar (forms of unpaid labour)
    • to boycott those who did not accept these conditions and
    • to solve their disputes through panchayats.
  7. protest form changed frm non-violent to looting of bazaars, houses, granaries and clashes with the police in Jan 1921
  8. main centres: Rai Bareilly, Faizabad and Sultanpur
  9. movement declined soon, due to govt repression and partly because of the passing of the Awadh Rent (Amendmnt) Act
229
Q

Eka movm?

A
  1. 1921-22
  2. cause:
    1. high rents—50 per cent higher than the recorded rates
    2. oppression of thikadars in charge of revenue collection
    3. practice of share rent
  3. Initially by Congress+Khilafat Leaders. Later Madari Pasi and other low caste leaders
  4. Involved religious ritual, in which farmer would take a tip in Ganges and vowed
    1. pay only the recorded rent but would pay it on time;
    2. not leave when evicted
    3. refuse to do forced labor
    4. give no help to criminals
    5. abide by panchayat decisions
  5. Even included some small zamindars who were unhapped with British demands for high revenue.
  6. By 1922 severe repression by government led to its end
230
Q

Mappila/ Moplah revolt-2?

A
  1. first uprising in 1836-54
  2. second uprising in 1921
  3. causes:
    1. Hindu Zamindars (Jemnis) exploiting Muslim Moplah/Mappila farmers in Malabar (Kerala)
    2. rumors that British military strength had declined post WW1.
    3. Khilafat movement and general hatred towards British. Gandhi, Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad addressed Mappila meetings
  4. Tipping point: Police raided a mosque to arrest a Khilafat leader Ali Musaliar.
  5. Farmers attacked police stations, public offices and houses, land records of zamindars and moneylenders under the leadership of Kunjahammed Haji.
  6. For months, British government lost control over Ernad and Walluvanad talukas. For nearly six months, Haji ran a parallel Khilafat regime headquartered in Nilambur, with even its own separate passport, currency and system of taxation.
  7. This movement was termed as Anti-British, Anti-Zamindars and, to some extent, as anti-Hindu
  8. Podanur Blackhole: British put 66 Moplah prisoners into a railway wagon and completely shut it down. They all died of asphyxiation.
  9. Hundreds of Moplah lost lives- as a result they were completely demoralized and didn’t join in any future freedom struggles or even communist movements post independence.
231
Q

amendment to Dictionary of Martyrs wrt Moplah martyrs?

A

Malabar Rebellion leaders Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji, Ali Musaliar and 387 other ‘Moplah martyrs’ will be removed from the Dictionary of Martyrs of India’s Freedom Struggle as per the recommendations made by a three-member panel.

In the ‘Dictionary of Martyrs’, published by the Union Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the Indian Council of Historical Research, Variankunnath Kunhamad Haji and Ali Musliyar, the chief architects of the Moplah Massacre, were deemed to be martyrs. The book was published in 2019.

The report describes Haji as the “notorious Moplah Riot leader” and a “hardcore criminal,” who “killed innumerable innocent Hindu men, women, and children during the 1921 Moplah Riot, and deposited their bodies in a well, locally known as Thoovoor Kinar”.

It also noted that almost all the Moplah outrages were communal. They were against Hindu society and done out of sheer intolerance. None of the slogans raised by the rioters were in favour of nationalism and anti-British.

232
Q

Bardoli satyagrah?

A
  1. 1926
  2. causes:
    1. land Revenue increased by 22%.
    2. intense politicisation of Bardoli taluqa after Gandhi’s arrival
  3. Sardar Patel persuaded the farmers:
    1. not to pay Revenue, required them to take oath in the name of their respective Hindu/Muslim gods.
    2. social boycott of anyone who paid revenue.
    3. Resist eviction and Jabti (Confiscation). Lock houses and migrate to Baroda State
    4. social upliftment of Kaliparaj caste- who worked as landless laborers.
  4. ​Patel set up 13 chhavanis; brought out Bardoli satyagraha Patrika to mobilise public opinion; An intelligence wing was set up to make sure all tenants followed; special emphasis placed on mobilisation of women
  5. KM Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from Bombay Legislative council.
  6. Bombay communists and railway workers also threatened strikes and boycotts.
  7. Result:
    1. Government setup Maxwell-Broomfield commission.
    2. Reduced land Revenue to 6.03%
    3. Returned confiscated land back to farmers.
    4. Vallabhbhai got the title of “Sardar” by women of Bardoli
233
Q

Bijolia Movement and No tax campaign against Udipur Maharana?

A
  1. reason: The jagirdar levied 86 different cesses on farmers.
  2. leaders: Sitaram Das, Vijay Singh Pathik (Bhoop Singh), Manik lal Verma
  3. Farmers refused to pay taxes, migrated to neighboring states
234
Q

All India Kisan Congress Sabha: need for a separate peasant organisation?

A

Up to 1920, the peasant leaders were associated with the Congress. But later the rift widened because:

  1. In Eastern UP, the Kisan grps wanted govt to convert Sharecroppers (Bargadars) into tenants. So they can get all legal protections available under Tenancy laws. But the Swarajist group did not want such reform. (due to pressure from Zamindar/rural elite groups)
  2. differences of opinion between the supporters of Non-Cooperation and those who preferred constitutional agitation
  3. In the princely states, Congress followed the policy of non-interferance and did not help farmers against high Revenues.
  4. In Ryotwari areas- Government itself collected taxes. So Gandhi would ask farmers to stop paying rent. But in case of Zamindari areas, Gandhi would ask farmers to continue paying rent to the Zamindars and Talukdars.
  5. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, prominent Kisan leader from Bihar- was turning towards leftist-militant type of agitation. He advocated use of Lathis (sticks) against Zamindars and their goons. Hence Congress stopped supporting him.
235
Q

All India Kisan Congress Sabha?

A
  1. AIKS (initially called AIKCongress, became Sabha in 1938) was founded in Lucknow in April 1936 with Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and N.G. Ranga as the general secretary
  2. A kisan manifesto was issued and a periodical, called Kisan Bulletin under Indulal Yagnik started.
  3. The AIKS and the Congress held their sessions in Faizpur in 1936.
  4. The Congress manifesto (especially the agrarian policy) for the
    1937 provincial elections was strongly influenced by the AIKS agenda.
236
Q

AIKS: Kisan manifesto,1936 highlights?

A
  1. Protect farmers for from economic exploitation,
  2. 50% reduction in land Revenue
  3. security of tenure for tenants,
  4. reduction in interest rates charged by moneylenders
  5. abolition of begar (forced labour)
  6. reasonable wages for labourers,
  7. promote cooperative farming
  8. transfer uncultivated government land, and Zamindari lands to poor and landless farmers.
237
Q

limitations of AIKS?

A
  1. leadership was concentrated in the hands of Bhumihar and other rural elites
  2. landless, SC, ST found no representation in its leadership
  3. Kisan Sabha wanted abolition of Zamindari but not abolition of Sharecropping (Bargadari)
  4. As Swami Sahjanant turned towards militant methods of protest, the Congress ordered its workers not to participate in any activities of Kisan Sabha.
  5. Congress ministries in Provinces used section 144, police force to curtail the activities of Kisan Sabha. (especially in UP, Bihar, Orissa and Madras)
238
Q

Peasant movm under Congress ministeries?

A
  1. period 1937-39 was the high watermark of the peasant movements
  2. chief form of mobilisation was through holding kisan conferences and meetings where demands were aired and resolutions were passed
239
Q

Peasant activity in provices: which provinces?

A

Kerala

andhra

Bihar

PJ

240
Q

Peasant activity in provices: Kerala?

A
  1. peasants were mobilised in ‘krishak sanghams’ mainly by the Congress Socialist Party activists
  2. most popular method was the marching of jaths or peasants
    groups to the landlords to get their demands accepted
  3. eg. campaign by the peasants in 1938 for the amendment of the Malabar Tenancy Act, 1929
241
Q

Peasant activity in provices: Andhra?

A
  1. This region had already witnessed a decline in the prestige
    of zamindars after their defeat by Congressmen in elections
  2. N.G. Ranga had set up, in 1933, the India Peasants’ Institute.
  3. After 1936, the Congress socialists started organising the peasants
  4. At many places, the summer schools of economics and politics were held and addressed by leaders like P.C. Joshi, Ajoy Ghosh and R.D. Bhardwaj
242
Q

Peasant activity in provices: Bihar?

A
  1. leaders:
    1. Sahjanand Saraswati
    2. Karyanand Sharma,
    3. Yadunandan Sharma,
    4. Rahul Sankritayan,
    5. Panchanan Sharma,
    6. Jamun Karjiti
  2. Provincial Kisan Sabha developed a rift with the Congress over the ‘bakasht land
  3. movement died out by August 1939.
243
Q

Peasant activity in provices: PJ?

A
  1. earlier peasant mobilisation here had been organised by
    1. the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha
    2. the Kirti Kisan Party
    3. the Congress and
    4. the Akalis
  2. new direction to the movement was given by the Punjab Kisan Committee in 1937 focussing on landlords of western PJ who dominated unionist ministry
  3. Muslim tenants-at-will of west Punjab and the Hindu peasants of south-eastern Punjab (today’s Haryana) remained largely unaffected.
244
Q

peasants movm during second WW?

A
  1. Because of a pro-War line adopted by the communists, the
    AIKS was split on communist and non-communist lines
  2. many veteran leaders like Sahjanand, Indulal Yagnik and N.G.
    Ranga left the sabha
  3. But the Kisan Sabha continued to work among the people, esp during famine of 1943
245
Q

post WWII peasant movm: Tebhaga movm?

A
  1. Sept 1946; north Bengal mainly among Rajbanshis- a low caste of tribal origin
  2. in this region: Rich farmers (Jotedars) leased the farms to sharecroppers (Bargadar)
  3. Flout Commission had recommended that Bargadar should get 2/3 of crop produce and jotedar (the landlord) should get 1/3rd of crop produce. Tebhaga movement aimed to implement this recommendation through mass struggle.
  4. led by: Bengal province Kisan Sabha; communist grps incl many urban student militias; lower stratum of tenants such as bargardars (share croppers), adhiars and poor peasants, tea plantation workers etc.
  5. against: zamindars, rich farmers (Jotedars), moneylenders, traders, local bureaucrats
  6. central slogan: “nij khamare dhan tolo”
  7. Muslims also participated in large no.
  8. dissipated soon, because of
    1. the League ministry’s sop of the Bargardari Bill,
    2. an intensified repression,
    3. the popularisation of the Hindu Mahasabha’s agitation for a separate Bengal and
    4. renewed riots in Calcutta
246
Q

Telangana movm?

A
  1. biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern Indian history affecting 3000 villages and 3 million population
  2. causes:
    1. Under Asafjahi Nizam- bureaucratic domination by Muslim over a Hindu population
    2. vethi: forced labor extracted by landlords
  3. During the war, the communist-led guerrillas had built a strong base in Telangana villages through Andhra Mahasabha
  4. uprising began in July 1946; at its greatest intensity between August 1947 and September 1948
  5. peasants organised themselves into village sanghams, and attacked using lathis, stone slings and chilli powder
  6. peasants brought about a rout of the Razaqars—the Nizam’s stormtroopers
  7. Why guerrilla war:
    1. Arms act was implemented in slack manner. Easy to buy country made guns.
    2. Congress, Arya Samaj etc. did not want Nizam/Razakars to setup an independent Hyderabad country after independence. So they gave moral support, funding.
247
Q

Punnapra-Vayalar uprising?

A

It was a militant communist movement in 1946 in the Princely State of Travancore, British India against the Prime Minister, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and the state.

This was a proper struggle against the declaration of ‘Independent Travancore’ by the then Travancore.

significances

(a) It was a unique agitation where the working class rose against the government.
(b) It saw the people of all classes up in arms against a common tyrant hence it dissolved class and religion distinction and induced unity among people.
(c) It resulted in establishing democracy in the region and also gave a decisive turn to the politics of the state
(d) T K Varghese Vaidyan, a leader of the struggle, had gone on record saying it was a rehearsal for a larger revolution with the ultimate objective of establishing a “Communist India”.
* A report to ICHR had suggested dropping the Communist martyrs of Punnapra-Vayalar from list of martyrs in 2020 but they were retained eventually*

248
Q

Kayyur revolt?

A

In 1940, peasants there under the leadership of communists rose against the two local jenmis, Nambiar of Kalliat and the Nayanar of Karakkatt Edam.

Kayyur is considered the cradle of agrarian revolution in Kerala.

249
Q

Karivellur uprising?

A

It took place on December 20, 1946. The uprising was to fight the landlords who wanted to smuggle paddy from the village at a time of acute starvation.

A report to ICHR had suggested dropping the martyrs of Karivellur from list of martyrs in 2020 but they were retained eventually

250
Q

kavumbayi agitation?

A

During December 1946, the people of Kavumbayi, an eastern village of Kannur, Kerala, raised their demand for punam cultivation. A strong police contingent was sent to the spot. The peasants resisted the armed forces which led to the killing of five peasants in the firing.

251
Q

Permanent settlement?

A

1.

252
Q

Patharughat uprising?

A
  • Patharughat, a small village in Assam’s Darrang district, 60km northeast of Guwahati.
  • After the British annexation of Assam in 1826, surveys of the vast lands of the state began. On the basis of such surveys, the British began to impose land taxes, much to the resentment of the farmers. In 1893, the British government decided to increase agricultural land tax reportedly by 70- 80 per cent.
  • Across Assam, peasants began protesting the move by organising Raij Mels, or peaceful peoples’ conventions.
  • despite these gatherings being democratic, the British perceived them as “breeding grounds for sedition”
  • on January 28, 1894, a peaceful protest was organised by unarmed peasants who were protesting against the increase in land revenue levied by the colonial administration, when the military opened fire.
  • While many often refer to the episode as as the “Patharughat Ron” or the “Battle of Patharughat”, it was a “misnomer.” “It was a peaceful protest and a precursor to the Civil Disobedience movement, which was later propagated by Mahatma Gandhi.”

GS-1 (17 decks)

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