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GS-1 > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean.

A

T

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2
Q

Rice bowl of Karnataka?

A
  1. Tungabhadra command area, consisting of around 10 lakh acres of land in Koppal, Ballari and Raichur districts
  2. produces high-quality Sona Masuri rice that is in great demand across the country.
  3. Why in news? Karnataka’s rice bowl stares at crisis as water level in TB dam sinks.
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3
Q

highest peak in European Continent?

A

Mt. Elbrus

It is a dormant volcano in the Caucasus Mountains in Southern Russia, near the border with Georgia.

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4
Q

Kajin Sara lake?

A

Newly discovered Kajin Sara lake in Nepal is likely to set a new record of being the world’s highest lake. It is located in Nepal.

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5
Q

Okjokull glacier?

A

Glacier in Iceland.

The glacier was officially declared dead in 2014 when it was no longer thick enough to move.

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6
Q

Nag river?

A

The Nag River is a river flowing through the city of Nagpur in Maharashtra, India.

It is known for providing the etymology for the name Nagpur.

Forming a part of the Kanhan-Pench river system, the Nag River originates in Lava hills near wadi.

Nag River Pollution Abatement Project is being implemented by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD).

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7
Q

Baltic nations?

A
  1. It is a geopolitical term, typically used to group Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
  2. The three countries do not form an official union, but engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation esp in foreign and security policy, defence, energy and transportation.
  3. All three countries are members of the European Union, NATO, the eurozone and the OECD.
  4. All three are classified as high-income economies by the World Bankand maintain a very high Human Development Index.
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8
Q

Biarritz?

A
  1. host to G7 summit in 2019
  2. A french city on Bay of Biscay
  3. The Asiatica Museum houses a significant collection of Asian art primarily from India, Nepal, Tibet, and China.
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9
Q

What is Buddha Nullah?

A
  1. Originating at village Koom Kalan of Ludhiana and running for 47 kms till Walipur Kalan where it merges with River Sutlej, this stream carrying fresh water was earlier known as ‘Buddha Dariya’.
  2. Over the years, the name got changed to Buddha Nullah (drain) owing to the sewage, industrial and domestic waste that is dumped into it.
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10
Q

Indonesia’s new capital?

A
  1. The capital of Indonesia, which is Jakarta at present, will be relocated to the province of East Kalimantan on the lesser populated island of Borneo.
  2. The relocation is meant to reduce the burden on Jakarta, which has been facing problems such as poor quality air, traffic gridlocks and is particularly prone to flooding.
  3. It is also the largest Indonesian city with a population of 1 crore people and is located on the North West coast of the most populous island in the world, Java.
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11
Q

Umngot?

A
  • India’s clearest river. The water of the river is so clear that boats seem to rest on a crystal glass surface besides casting their shadows on the river bed.
  • in Meghalaya, near the border with Bangladesh in East Khasi Hills district
  • People of at least a dozen villages fear the death of Umngot River and their tourism-based livelihood because of the 210 MW hydroelectric project on the river
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12
Q

T/F: world’s tallest pier bridge is across river Irang in Meghalaya.

A

F

in Manipur, part of Jiribaum-Tupul-Imphal broad gauge network

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13
Q

Amery Ice Shelf ?

A
  1. AIS is one of the largest glacier drainage basins in the world, located on the east coast of Antarctica, at about 70ºS and 70ºE
  2. It is located at the head of Prydz Bay between the Lars Christensen Coast and Ingrid Christensen Coast.
  3. It is part of Mac. Robertson Land.
  4. National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) predicts that there would be a 24% increase in the expansion of Ameri Ice Shelf (AIS) boundaries by 2021 and another 24% expansion by 2026 from its 2016 positions.
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14
Q

Mbandaka?

A

A city in Democratic republic of Congo

DRC has declared a new ebola epidemic in the city of Mbandaka

This is the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s 11th outbreak of Ebola since the virus was first discovered in the country in 1976.

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15
Q

South Korea-China controversy over THAAD?

A

US has a base in South Korea. So, the US operates THAAD missile defense system in this base. USA has announced them as a countermeasure against potential attacks by North Korea, particularly after the country had engaged in testing ballistic missiles.

China’s concerns are based on the following:

  • The system has inbuilt advanced radar systems that could track China’s actions.
  • The US having a presence in the region particularly through its many military bases in Japan and South Korea is particularly worrying for China.
  • The US exerts influence over South Korea and Japan and may interfere with Beijing’s long-term military, diplomatic and economic interests in the region.
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16
Q

Countries bordering Sea of Japan?

A

aka East sea

  1. North Korea
  2. South Korea
  3. Japan
  4. Russia
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17
Q

Chian and Russia share which lake?

A

Lake Khanka

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18
Q

What is the mass extinction of species?

A

Mass extinction refers to a substantial increase in the degree of extinction or when the Earth loses more than three-quarters of its species in a geologically short period of time.

So far, during the entire history of the Earth, there have been five mass extinctions.

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19
Q

The 5 Mass extinctions in earth’s history?

A
  1. Late ordovician: 440 mya
  2. Late Devonian : 375 mya
  3. permian: 250 mya
  4. Jurassic: 200 mya
  5. Cretaceous: 145 mya
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20
Q

First mass extinction?

A
  1. Late Ordovician: 440 mya
  2. 85% of all species including marine invertebrates like
  • graptolites
  • brachiopods
  • conodonts
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21
Q

Second Mass extinction?

A

late Devonian: 375 mya

75% of all species including

  • brachiopods
  • bivalves
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22
Q

Third Mass extinction?

A

Permian: 250 mya

95% of all species including marine animals like

  • Dimetrodon
  • Orthacanthus
  • trilobites
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23
Q

Fourth mass extinction?

A

Jurassic: 200 mya

80% of all species oncluding:

  • icthyosaurs
  • phytoplankton
  • many species of frogs, salamanders, turtles, snakes
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24
Q

Fifth mass extinction?

A

Cretaceous: 145 mya

75% of all species inclu

  • non-avian dinosaurs
  • bivalves
  • flying reptiles
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25
Q

Countries around the Persian Gulf?

Significance of persian gulf region?

A

Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates

  • The area has approximately two-thirds of the world’s estimated proven oil reserves and one-third of the world’s estimated proven natural gas reserves.
  • A considerable amount of sea trade passes through the gulf, leading to heavy traffic in the region.
  • Volatile nature of their polity
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26
Q

Middle east countries include?

A

Middle East is a transcontinental region which generally includes Western Asia (frm Iran onward; except for Transcaucasia), all of Egypt , and Turkey.

broader concept of the “Greater Middle East” (or Middle East and North Africa) also adds the Maghreb, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes even Transcaucasia and Central Asia into the region

27
Q

North Korea: bordered by?

A

bordered to the north by China and by Russia along the Amnok and Tumen rivers,

to the south by South Korea (separated by 38th parallel), with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two.

To the east is the Japan sea

Yellow sea on west

28
Q

Tributaries of Krishna?

A
  1. Tungabhadra
  2. Mallaprabha
  3. Koyna
  4. BHima
  5. Ghatprabha
  6. Yerla
  7. Warna
  8. dindi
  9. musi
  10. Dudhganga
29
Q

Tributaries of Godavari?

A
  1. Pravara
  2. Purna
  3. manjra
  4. Penganga
  5. Wardha
  6. Wainganga
  7. Pranhita (Wainganga + Penganga + Wardha)
  8. Indravati
  9. maner
  10. Sabri
30
Q

Passes in Sikkim?

A
  1. Nathu La
  2. Jelep La
  3. Goescha La
  4. Dongkha La
  5. Cho La
  6. naku La:
    • Naku La sector is a pass at a height of more than 5,000 metres above Mean Sea Level (MSL) in the state of Sikkim.
    • It is located ahead of Muguthang or Cho Lhamu (source of River Teesta).
    • recent stand-off betn Chinese and INdian army
31
Q

Lonar lake?

A
  1. Lonar crater lake was identified as a unique geographical site by a British officer named CJE Alexander in 1823.
  2. It is an ancient circular lake created by a meteorite strike in Maharashtra.
  3. Lonar crater became a geo-heritage site in 1979.
  4. It is relatively young geologically, at just 50,000 years old.
  5. Lonar Lake lies within the only known extraterrestrial impact crater found within the great Deccan Traps, a huge basaltic formation in India
  6. Recently it turned pink. Some experts have attributed it to the salinity and presence of algae in the water body.
32
Q

T/F: 2019 witnessed the rare meteorological coincidence of the northeast (winter) monsoon making its onset in the same week as the southwest monsoon withdrew officially.

A

F

rare incidence was that bothe events occured on the same day.

33
Q

NE monsoon?

A
  1. Oct-Nov-Dec
  2. contributes only 11 per cent to India’s annual rainfall of 1,187 mm
  3. rains normally set in only around October 20.
  4. southern peninsular region receives rain in the first half of October as well, but that is attributable to the retreating summer monsoon.
    • The summer monsoon season ends on September 30 but the withdrawal does not happen overnight. The southward withdrawal takes place over a period of three to four weeks. It usually starts around the second week of September and continues till about the second week of October
  5. The northeast monsoon brings rain to just five of the 36 meteorological divisions in the country — Tamil Nadu (which includes Puducherry), Kerala, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and South Interior Karnataka.
34
Q

Taal volcano?

A

It is a volcano on the island of Luzon in Philippines.

It erupted recently.

It is classified as a “complex” volcano. A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is defined as one that consists of a complex of two or more vents, or a volcano that has an associated volcanic dome, either in its crater or on its flanks.

35
Q

complex volcano?

A

A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is defined as one that consists of a complex of two or more vents, or a volcano that has an associated volcanic dome, either in its crater or on its flanks.

36
Q

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC): what?

A

The AMOC is a large system of ocean currents. It is the Atlantic branch of the ocean conveyor belt or Thermohaline circulation (THC), and distributes heat and nutrients throughout the world’s ocean basins.

AMOC carries warm surface waters from the tropics towards the Northern Hemisphere, where it cools and sinks. It then returns to the tropics and then to the South Atlantic as a bottom current. From there it is distributed to all ocean basins via the Antarctic circumpolar current.

37
Q

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC): weakening?

A
  1. A study published last week in Nature Climate Change notes that AMOC is losing its stability. In February, researchers noted that AMOC is at its weakest in over a millennium.
  2. The findings support the assessment that the AMOC decline is not just a fluctuation or a linear response to increasing temperatures but likely means the approaching of a critical threshold beyond which the circulation system could collapse.
  3. AMOC and THC strength has always been fluctuating, mainly if you look at the late Pleistocene time period (last 1 million years). The extreme glacial stages have seen weaker circulation and slowdown in AMOC, while the glacial terminations have shown a stronger AMOC and circulation. But, the changes we experience in the last 100-200 years are anthropogenic, and these abrupt changes are destabilising the AMOC, which could collapse the system
38
Q

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC): weakening: causes?

A
  • Climate models have long predicted that global warming can cause a weakening of the major ocean systems of the world. If we continue to drive global warming, the Gulf Stream System will weaken further – by 34 to 45 percent by 2100 according to the latest generation of climate models. This could bring us dangerously close to the tipping point at which the flow becomes unstable.
  • As parts of Arctic’s ice melts (Last month researchers noted that a part of the Arctic’s ice called “Last Ice Area” has also melted), the freshwater from the melting ice reduces the salinity and density of the water. Now, the water is unable to sink as it used to and weakens the AMOC flow.
  • A 2019 study suggested that the Indian Ocean may also be intensifying the AMOC. As the Indian Ocean warms faster and faster, it generates additional precipitation. With so much precipitation in the Indian Ocean, there will be less precipitation in the Atlantic Ocean, leading to higher salinity in the waters of the tropical portion of the Atlantic. This saltier water in the Atlantic, as it comes north via AMOC, will get cold much quicker than usual and sink faster. This would act as a jump start for AMOC, intensifying the circulation. On the other hand, we don’t know how long this enhanced Indian Ocean warming will continue. If other tropical oceans’ warming, especially the Pacific, catches up with the Indian Ocean, the advantage for AMOC will stop.
39
Q

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC): weakening: effects?

A
  1. Gulf Stream, a part of the AMOC, is a warm current responsible for mild climate at the Eastern coast of North America as well as Europe. Without a proper AMOC and Gulf Stream, Europe will be very cold.
  2. Modelling studies have shown that an AMOC shutdown would cool the northern hemisphere and decrease rainfall over Europe. A 2016 paper in Science Advances noted that AMOC collapses brings about a significant southward rain-belt migration over the tropical Atlantic
  3. It can also have an effect on the El Nino.
40
Q

Glacial Lake?

A
  • It is defined as water mass existing in a sufficient amount and extending with a free surface in, under, beside, and/or in front of a glacier and originating from glacier activities and/or retreating processes of a glacier.
  • As glaciers retreat, the formation of glacial lakes takes place behind moraine or ice ‘dam’.
  • These damming materials are generally weak and can breach suddenly due to various triggering factors, leading to catastrophic floods. Such outburst floods are known as GLOF
41
Q

National Hydrology Project?

A

under Min of Jal Shakti

aims to improve the extent, quality and accessibility of water resources information and to strengthen the capacity of targeted water resources management institutions in India

Under NHP, National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO, is carrying out hydrological studies using satellite data and geo-spatial techniques.

As part of this, detailed glacial lake inventory, prioritization for GLOF risk, and simulation of GLOF for selected lakes are taken up for entire catchment of Indian Himalayan Rivers covering Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra River basin.Recemtly Glacial Lake Atlas for Ganga River basin was released by the ministry

42
Q

Glacial Lake Atlas?

A

brought under National Hydrology project

In the study, glacial lakes with water spread area ≥ 0.25 ha have been mapped using Resourcesat-2 satellite data.

In this atlas, Ganga River basin has been divided into 11 subbasins on the basis of confluence of major rivers contributing into the system viz., Yamuna joining on the right, whereas rivers like Sarda, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi joining on the left.

  1. Based on its process of lake formation, location, and type of damming material, glacial lakes are identified in nine different types, majorly grouped into four categories viz.,
    • Moraine-dammed (form during periods of glacier retreat from a moraine),
    • Ice-dammed (when drainage is blocked by a glacier that advances or becomes thicker),
    • Glacier Erosion, and
    • Other Glacial lakes.
  2. A total of 4,707 glacial lakes have been mapped. 14% of lakes account for 77% of total lake area in the basin.
  3. 60% lakes are situated in the very high altitude range of >5000m and dominated by other moraine dammed lake type
  4. Out of 11 subbasins, only 6 subbasins contain glacial lakes, mostly in Kosi and Ghaghra subbasin
  5. Glacier Ice-dammed Lake is only one in the entire Ganga River basin and is located in Gandak subbasin
  6. Uttarakhand shares 93.50% of lake count, followed by 6.50% in Himachal Pradesh.
  7. Each glacial lake has been given a 12 alphanumeric unique glacial lake ID, along with several attributes that include hydrological, geometrical, geographical, and topographical characteristics.
43
Q

Panjshir valley?

A

It is a valley in north-central Afghanistan, near the Hindu Kush mountain range.

It is divided by the Panjshir River.

The valley is home to Afghanistan’s largest concentration of ethnic Tajiks.

The valley is also known for its emeralds, which were used in the past to finance the resistance movements against those in power.

Panjshir means “Five lions”.

There is a legend that in 10th century 5 brothers built a dam for king Mahmood Ghazni in the valley to prevent floods from damaging people’s homes. Hence it was named valley of 5 lions (after those 5 brothers).

44
Q

Sabarmati river (conservation issue covered in GS III)?

A
  • The Sabarmati originates in the Dhebar lake situated in the southern part of the Aravalli range in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan.
  • It flows in a south-western direction, passing through Udaipur in Rajasthan and Sabarkantha, Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad and Anand districts of Gujarat.
  • After traveling about 371 km, it falls into the Gulf of Khambhat.
  • main tributaries of the Sabarmati river are Wakal river and the Sel Nadi, which also originate in the same Aravali hill range west of Udaipur city and flow south-westwards in courses generally parallel to the Sabarmati river, up to their confluence with the river
45
Q

BHasan Char?

A

Bangladesh is planning to send more than 80,000 Rohingya refugees to a remote island- Bhasan Char- in the Bay of Bengal after sealing an agreement for the United Nations to provide help.

46
Q

Zanzibar?

A

It is an insular autonomous region of Tanzania. It is a collection of islands, largest two of them being: Unguja and Pemba island.

It is part of East Africa, a region known as the Swahili coast, stretching from present-day Somalia to Mozambique on the western shores of the Indian Ocean.

Zanzibar’s main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the Zanzibar Archipelago, together with Tanzania’s Mafia Island, are sometimes referred to locally as the “Spice Islands”

47
Q

Mawsmai cave?

A
  • It is situated in the small village of Mawsmai, around four kilometres from Cherrapunjee (Sohra) in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya.
  • The term ‘Mawsmai’ means ‘Oath Stone’ in the Khasi language. The Khasi people use the local term ‘Krem’ for the cave.
  • Mawsmai cave is located at an altitude of 1,195 metres above sea level and is indirectly influenced by the streams of the Kynshi river originating from the East Khasi Hills.
  • A micro snail species named Georissa mawsmaiensis has recently been discovered from Mawsmai, 170 years after the last such discovery was made. The members of the Georissa genus are widely distributed across and reported from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, they are confined to microhabitats consisting of limestone caves or karst landscapes formed by the dissolution of limestone.
48
Q

Daman and Diu: area? annexed by India under operation? date of such operation? relationship with Carnation revolution? became separate UT in?

A

112km2: smallest federal division of India on the mainland Operation Vijay 19th Dec 1961 Portugal did not recognise the Indian annexation of these territories until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. 1987: when Goa became a state

49
Q

Daman and Diu: literacy rate? vs national literacy rate?

A

87.1%, higher than the national average of 74.04%

50
Q

T/F: According to the 2011 census, the lowest female-to-male ratio in India was recorded in Daman and Diu

A

T (618 females per thousand males)

51
Q

which is larger in area; Daman or Diu?

A

Daman

52
Q

Daman is at the mouth of which river?

A

Damanganga

53
Q

Which was acquired first by Protugese: Daman or Diu or goa?

A

Goa, then Diu and then Daman

54
Q

T/F: Constaino De Braganza was associated with capture of Diu.

A

F with Daman

55
Q

ACROSS scheme?

A
  • ACROSS scheme pertains to the atmospheric science programs of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
  • It addresses different aspects of weather and climate services, which includes warnings for cyclone, storm surges, heat waves, thunderstorms etc.
  • Implemented by MoES in collaboration with the IMD, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) and the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS).
  • ACROSS is an umbrella scheme with eight sub-schemes encompassing the programmes for greater understanding of atmospheric science. These eight master schemes are as follows:
  1. Commissioning of Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radars (DWRs).
  2. Upgradation of Forecast System, Weather & Climate Services.
  3. Atmospheric Observations Network.
  4. Numerical Modelling of Weather and Climate.
  5. Monsoon Mission III.
  6. Monsoon Convection.
  7. Clouds and Climate Change (MC4).
  8. High Performance Computing System (HPCS).

Benefits of the Scheme:

  • The scheme will provide improved weather, climate and ocean forecast and services, thereby ensuring transfer of commensurate benefits to the various services.
  • It will also provide a sizable number of scientific and technical staff along with requisite administrative support, thereby generating employment.
  • To ensure last-mile connectivity of the weather based services to the end -user, a large number of agencies like the Krishi Vigyana Kendras of ICAR, Universities and local municipalities are roped in thus generating employment opportunities to many people.
56
Q

Revival of Saraswati River: about Saraswati?

A

The river, which had originated from Kapal tirith in the Himalayas in the west of Kailash, was flowing southward to Mansarovar and then taking a turn towards west.
The river flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan and North Gujarat. It also flowed through Pakistan before meeting Western Sea through Rann of Kutch and was approximately 4,000 km in length.
● The river had two branches: western and eastern. The Himalayan-born Satluj “of the PAST”, which flowed through the channels of present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets,
represents the western branch of the ancient river.
● On the other hand, Markanda and Sarsuti represented the western branch of Saraswati, known as Tons-Yamuna.
● The confluence of the branches was near Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala. And suddenly, it flows crossing the dessert (Rann of Kutch) and meet gulf of western sea.

57
Q

Revival of Saraswati River: historical evidence?

A

● The Sarasvati River is one of the main Rigvedic rivers mentioned in the scripture Rig Veda and later Vedic and post-Vedic texts.
● Book 6 of the Rig Veda includes a hymn called the ‘Nadistuti Sukta’, which sings praises of the Saraswati as being “perfect mother, unsurpassed river, supreme goddess”.
● For 2000 years, between 6000 and 4000 B.C., the Saraswati flowed as a great river.

58
Q

Revival of Saraswati River: govt efforts?

A

Centre, in 2021, reconstituted an advisory committee to chalk out a plan for studying the mythical Sarasvati river for the next two years, after the earlier panel’s term ended in 2019.

58
Q

Revival of Saraswati River: govt efforts?

A

Centre, in 2021, reconstituted an advisory committee to chalk out a plan for studying the mythical Sarasvati river for the next two years, after the earlier panel’s term ended in 2019.

The ASI had first set up the committee on December 28, 2017 for a period of two years

The governments of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh have entered into an agreement to build a dam at Adi Badri in Yamunanagar district, which, among others, will rejuvenate the mythical Saraswati river.
● Adi Badri, situated in Haryana near the Himachal Pradesh border, is believed to be the river’s origin point.

59
Q

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)?

A

About 56 million years ago, our Earth experienced a natural period of global warming triggered by a volcanic eruption. This period was known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and there were huge amounts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. This caused about 8°C surface ocean warming in the high latitudes. Several studies have shown that during this period ocean acidification caused mass extinctions in the deep ocean and there were changes in the biota in the surface ocean.

60
Q

Consider the following statements.
1. Western disturbances are periodic influxes of moisture-laden clouds from the Mediterranean that are common during winter and cause rain in northern India.
2. The elevated temperatures and warmer waters in the Arctic Ocean reduces the intensity of Western disturbances over North-India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

A

A

Overall elevated temperatures are also contributing to warmer waters in the Arctic Ocean and drawing colder air from the poles with greater intensity.
This has added to the increased moisture, thereby seeding more intense western disturbance activity over north India.

61
Q

South Col Glacier?

A

Nepal

Recent studies have found that SCG has lost more than 54m of thickness in the last 25 years.
● It is thinning 80 times faster than it first took the ice to form on surface.
● The South Col is a sharp-edged col between Mount Everest and Lhotse, the highest and fourth-highest mountains in the world, respectively.
● The glacier sits around nearly 7,906m (25,938 ft) above sea-level.

62
Q

Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant?

A

● It is located in Ukraine.
● It is the largest in Europe.
● It is among the 10 largest in the world.
● It was built by the Soviet Union.
● It is located on the southern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper river.
Why in News?
Russia has seized this nuclear plant.

GS-1 (17 decks)

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