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Nursing, LPN, Year 2 > INCOMPLETE: Muskoloskeletal (Grant) > Flashcards

INCOMPLETE: Muskoloskeletal (Grant) Flashcards

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1
Q

4 class of bones

A
  • Long (extremities)
  • Short (hands/feet)
  • Flat (skull/sternum)
  • Irregular (vertebrae)
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2
Q

Fx of skeletal system

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral storage (Cal, Phos)
  • hemopoiesis (RBC formation in bone marrow @ end of long bones)
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3
Q

Articulations (Joints)

A

-allow movement

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4
Q

Articulations (joints): 3 types

A
  • Synarthrosis (no mvmt)
  • Amphiarthrosis (slight mvmt)
  • Diarthrosis (free mvmt)
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5
Q

Ariticultions: Division of Skeleton

A
  • Axial skeleton (skull/vertebral col; thorax)
  • Appendicular skeleton (upper/lower extrem)
  • shoulder/pelvic girdle
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6
Q

bones held together by ?

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

joint is the point of contact btwn

A

individual bones

-every bone in body connects or articulates with at least one bone in body, except 1 (hyoid bone, anchors tongue)

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8
Q

Fx of Muscular System

A
  • motion (result of contraction and relaxing individual muscles)
  • maintenance of posture (contraction of certain skeletal muscles w exert a pull on various bones to maintain posture of sitting an/or standing)
  • production of heat (as muscles contract, they produce 85% body heat)
  • there are over 600 muscles
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9
Q

3 Fx of Muscles

A

when muscles contract they form 3 actions; Motion, Posture, Heal?

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle Structer

A
  • Epimysium (connective tissue surrounding skel musc)
  • Perimysium (inner covering join along w epimysiuman extend beyond muscle to form touch hard of connect tissue called TENDONS)
  • Endomysium (wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fiber, or muscle cell). It also contains capillaries and nerves.
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11
Q

Nerve and Blood supply

A
  • BVs provide constant supply of O2 and nutrition,

- Nerve cells/fibers supply constant source of information

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12
Q

Muscle Contraction

A
  • upon stimulation

- skeletal muscles are in constant state of readiness for action

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13
Q

Types of Body movements

A
  • flexion (sm angle at joint, bending knee)
  • extension (open angle btwn adjoining bones)
  • abduction (away from midline, open legs)
  • adduction (toward middle)
  • rotation (mvt of bone around it longintudinal access. pivot motion)
  • supination (palms up)
  • pronation (palm down)
  • dorsiflexion (flex foot)
  • plantar flexion (extend foot)
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14
Q

Dx Tests

A

RADIOGRAPH

  • Myelogram (radiopaque dye into lumbar spine)
  • Nuclear scan (record images using radioactive tracer in arm, isotopes w NOT affect visitors, need signed CONSENT)
  • MRI (magnetic Resonance imaging)
  • CT, Computed Axial Tomography (need signed CONSENT, clearer, 3D)
  • Bone Scan (mets, inflam bone disease)

ENDOSCOPIC EXAM

  • Arthroscopy
  • Endoscopic spinal microsurgery

NI:
need signed consent

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15
Q

Myelogram

A

inject radiopaque dye into lumbar spine (herniated disc, tumor) assess for Iodine or shellfish allergy. If alergic, use non-ionic dye or steroids/anithistamine prior to dye (for low - min reaction

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16
Q

more Dx Tests

A

-Aspiration (synovial fluid)
-EMG, Electromyogram
-Lab Tests:
.Cacium (up w mets to bone, Addison’s, Pagets, Aromegaly, acute osteopersoisis, hyper parathyroid, renal failure)
.ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
.Lupus erythematosus (LE) prep
.RF, Rheumatoid Factor
.Uric acid (blood)

17
Q

RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • most serious form of arthritis
  • Chronic, Systemic, progressive, inflammatory
  • most common in women of childbearing age
  • most affected: Native Am
  • may affect Lungs, heart, bv, muscles, eyes, skin, joints and other connective tissue, organs
  • chronic inflammation of synovial membrane of diarthrodial joints (destroys syn fluid)
  • NOT r/t age, obesity or injury

CAUSE:
unknown

18
Q

Diarthrosis

A

synovial (moveable) joints

19
Q

RA: SS

A

4 Classis Symp (am stiff, jt pn, musc wkn, fatigue)

  • periods of remission and exacerbation
  • *malaise
  • *muscle weakness (grip strength)
  • loss of appetite
  • generalized aching
  • *edema an tenderness of joints
  • *limited ROM (morning stiffness, can last most of day)

Sometimes mistaken for Fibromalgyia

  • hard to heal injuries
  • more at risk for Sjogrens Syndrome
  • locked joints (knee, elboy), COMMON complaint
20
Q

Sjogrens Syndrome

A

Dryness in eyes, mouth, throat, skin d/t inflammation that stops glands from releasing moisture

21
Q

RA: Dx tests

A

No definitive testing

  • Med Hx, Fam Hx
  • Radiography (loss of articular cartilage and change in bone structure)

LAB: (Immunological tests based on antibody reactions)
ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (non specific marker of inflame, used w other tests)
-RF, Rheumatoid Factor (measures RF antibodies present in blood. RF antibodies attach to healthy tissue and destroy it
-Latex agglutination test (mixes blood w latex beads covered in human antibodies. RF present w clump onto beads)
-Synovial fluid aspiration (aspirate synovial fluid, arthrocenthesis) (UP protein, UP WBC

22
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • cushion joints
  • clear to straw color
  • fluid cloudy w inflam (less or more viscous)
23
Q

RA: MM/NI

A
  • MEDS (salicylates, NSAIDs, COX2 Inhibitors, potent anti inflam, slow acting antiinflam, disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs)
  • 8-10 hrs sleep
  • ROM 2-3 x/day
  • hot packs, heat lamp, hot paraffin
  • rehab (traction, splints, prolong joint fx, wt mgmt)
  • encourage pts to do own ADLs
24
Q

Ankylosis Spondylitits (AKS)

A

Chronic, progressive disorder of sacroiliac and hip joints, synovial joints of spine, adjacent soft tissue. Joints fuse together)
-does not affect synovial membrane like RA
-can affect cervical joint, jaw, shoulder, knees, hip
-common in young men, milder in women
-strong Hx
NO CURE
BURNS out after 20yrs?

25
Q

Ankylosis Spondylitits (AKS): SS

A
  • pain/stiffness in back, DEC ROM
  • UP temp, tachycardia, hyperpnea
  • inflammation of spine –> bones fuse together in spine(RARE)
  • rib cage can’t properly expand d/t kyphosis
  • vision loss (chronic ask)
  • ligaments become hardened (ossify)
  • altered rest rate d/t kyphosis
  • glaucoma
  • pupil damage
26
Q

Ankylosis Spondylitits (AKS): Dx tests

A
  • Hgb, Hct (low, anemic)
  • ESR (inflammation indicator)
  • alkaline phosphates (enzyme re: bone reabsorption rate, UP levels when immobilized or liver damage etc.
  • Radiographic (Xrays)
27
Q

Ankylosis Spondylitits (AKS): MM/NI

A
  • Analgesics, NSAIDs
  • Exercise program; swimming/walking
  • Sx, replace fused joints
  • maintain spine alignment (firm mattress ,bed board, back brace)
  • turn, position, breathing q2hrs (prevent ulcer, log roll w spine sx.)
  • MED: *Indocin, *Naproxin, NSAIDs
28
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

-Degenerative joint disease. Non systemic, noninflammatory.
-progressively causes bones and joints to degenerate
-r/t aging,
NO REDNESS, NO SWELLING
-most pts over 60 yrs will exhibit some osteoarthritic changes
-WOMEN (hands)
-Men (Hips)

CAUSE:
Primary: Unknown
Secondary: trauma, infections, fx,RA, stress on weight bearing joints.

29
Q

Osteoarthritis: SS

A

-pain, stiffness

Nursing, LPN, Year 2 (27 decks)

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