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A. GPHCLAB > Impregnation > Flashcards

Impregnation Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate advantages of impregnation (3)

A

✨ Easier handling
✨ Firm consistency of the specimen
✨ Cutting of suitably thin section w/o damage/distortion tothe tissue and cellular components

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2
Q

Types of tissue impregnation and embedding media (4)

A

✨Paraffin wax
✨Celloidin (collodion)
✨Gelatin
✨Plastic

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3
Q

The simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing

A

Paraffin

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4
Q

✨how many times will you submerged a tissue in a melted paraffin wax after it has been completely cleared?

Follow-up Qs:
✨ what instrument/s will you use?
✨ regulated temp of the instrument?

A

✨ two or more changes
✨ paraffin oven; incubator
✨ 55-60 degrees C

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5
Q

Melting point of waxes (4)

A

✨ 45 C
✨ 52 C
✨ 56 C
✨ 58 C

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6
Q

temperature of wax normally used for routine work?

A

✨ 56 C

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7
Q

The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities

A

Impregnation (infiltration)

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8
Q

lab temp ranging from 20-24 C, what is the temp range of the paraffin wax?

A

54-58 C

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9
Q

lab temp ranging from 15-18 C, what is the temp range of the paraffin wax?

A

50-54 C

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10
Q

3 methods of paraffin wax impregnation and embedding

A

✨ Manual processing
✨ Automatic processing
✨ Vacuum embedding

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11
Q

For manual processing, how many mins is required in order to ensure complete removal of the clearing agent from the tissue?

A

15 mins (at least 4 changes)

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12
Q

For manual processing how many hours is needed to ensure complete embedding or casting of tissue?

A

3 hrs

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13
Q

this method makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine w/c fixes, dehydrates, clears and infiltrates tissues?

example of this machine?

A

✨ automatic processing

✨ Autotechnicon; Elliot bench-type processor

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14
Q

how many processing steps in automatic processing?

A

✨ 12 individual processing steps

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15
Q

in automatic processing, how many glass beakers are present? and what is their capacity?

A

✨ ten 1-liter glass beakers

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16
Q

moves the tissues from one processing reagent to another

A

transfer arm

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17
Q

what is the temperature of wax bath thermostats?

A

✨ Atleast 3°C above the melting point of the wax

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18
Q

process which involves the wax impregnation under negative atmospheric pressure inside an embedding oven to hasten removal of air bubbles and clearing agent to promote more rapid wax penetration of the tissue

A

Vacuum embedding

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19
Q

vacuum pressure

A

✨ not more than 500 mmHg (400-450 mmHg)

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20
Q

in vacuum embedding, what example of organ undergoes wax impregnation and removal of any residual air bubbles?

A

Lungs

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21
Q

Vacuum embedding is recommmended for (2)?

A

1) Urgent biopsies
2) Delicate tissues such as:
✨lung
✨brain
✨ CT
✨ decalcified bones
✨ eyes
✨spleen
✨ CNS

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22
Q

Factors that affects the total impregnation time (3)

A

✨Nature of the tissue
✨ size of the tissue
✨ type of clearing agent used

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23
Q

benzene and xylene are _____ removed from the tissues

A

easily

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24
Q

chloroform and cedarwood oil are _____ to remove from tissues

A

difficult

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25
Q

addition of this clearing agent may hasten displacement of cedarwood oil will less tissue shrinkage

A

benzene

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26
Q

Prolonged treatment in melted paraffin causes ______ and ______ tissues

A

shrinkage; hardening

27
Q

Infiltration in ________ (temp?) will also produce shrinkage and hardening of tissues and destroy ________ (what kind of tissue?) completely.

A

✨overheated paraffin ( above 60°C )

✨lymphoid tissues

28
Q

what is the temperature range of paraffin to be used for impregnation?

A

2 to 5°C about the melting point of the paraffin

29
Q

paraffin wax must be _____

A

pure

30
Q

how many times can you use a paraffin wax?

A

twice

31
Q

temp needed in heating a wax to remove water?

A

100-105°C

32
Q

substitutes for paraffin wax

A

✨paraplast
✨ester wax
✨water soluble waxes

33
Q

mixture of highly purified paraffin and synthetic plastic polymers

A

paraplast

34
Q

melting point of paraplast

A

56-57°C

35
Q

substitute to paraplast

A

embeddol

36
Q

melting pount of embeddol

A

56-58°C

37
Q

a semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding eyes

A

bioloid

38
Q

Product of paraffin containing rubber

A

Tissue mat

39
Q

melting point of ester wax

A

46-48 °C

40
Q

Harder than paraffin

A

ester wax

41
Q

ester wax is soluble in ?

A

95% ethanol and other clearing agents (cellosolve and xylene)

42
Q

can be used for impregnation without clearing of the tissue

A

ester wax

43
Q

when using ester wax, how many changes of wax is required to ensure complete tissue impregnation?

A

3-4 changes

44
Q

how many hrs is needed in immersing the tissue in a solution containing equal proportion of clearing agent and ester wax before tranferring to pure wax?

A

3-6 hrs

45
Q

These are mostly polyethylene glycols

A

Water soluble waxes

46
Q

melting point of water soluble waxes

A

38-42°C or 45-56°C

47
Q

A polyethylene glycol containing 18 or more carbon atoms, appears solid at room temp

A

Carbowax

48
Q

the reason why carbowax does not require dehydration and clearing of the tissue?

A

It is soluble in and miscible with water

49
Q

Reduces tissue distortion and promote flattening and “floating out” of sections

A

soap; 10% polyethylene glycol 900

50
Q

A purified form of nitrocellulose soluble in many solvents

A

Celloidin

51
Q

Uses of celloidion

A
  • for specimens w/ large hollow cavities w/c tend to collapse
  • for hard & dense tissues (bones,teeth)
  • large tissue sections of the whole embryo
52
Q

Two methods for celloidin impregnation

A

1) Wet celloidin method

2) Dry celloidin method

53
Q

example of heavy duty microtome in sectioning ester wax

A

sliding or sledge type microtome

54
Q

type of celloidin method that is recommended for bones, teeth, large brain sections, and whole organs

A

Wet CM

55
Q

type of celloidin method preferred for processing of whole eye sections

A

Dry CM

56
Q

tissue block in Wet cm is stored in ____ to avoid dehydration and tissue shrinkage ?

A

70-80% alcohol

57
Q

tissue block in Dry cm is stored in _____?

A

Gilson’s mixture (chloroform & cedar wood oil)

58
Q

Another form of celloidin soluble in equal concentration of ether and alcohol w/ a lower viscosity

A

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN)

59
Q

Forms a harder tissue block and makes cutting of thinner sections possible

A

LVN

60
Q

Example of plasticizers that prevents the tendency of tissues to crack when embedding chrome-mordanted tissues using LVN

A
  • oleum ricini

- castor oil

61
Q

type of impregnation used when dehydration is to be avoided and when tissues are to be subjected to histochemical and enzyme studies

A

Gelatin impregnation

62
Q

Thickness of tissue used in gelatin impregnation

A
63
Q

Act as a tissue softener and prevents the growth of molds

A

1% phenol

A. GPHCLAB (12 decks)

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