Important MNEMONICS Flashcards
Menmoic for X-linked disorder?
AND what each letter stands for?
Oblivious Females Will Give Her Boys x-Linked Disorders
Ocular albinism Fabry disease Fragile X syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome G6PD Hunter disease Hemophilia A+B Bruton agammaglobulinemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscle dystrophy
Drugs that cause gynecomastia?
“Some Drugs Cause Awesome Knockers”
Spironolactone Digitoxin Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole
+ marijuana (THC) and estrogens
Encapsulated bugs
“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”
E.coli (some strains) Strep pneumoniae/ Strep pyrogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neiseria meningitidis Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilus influenza type B Salmonella typhi group B Streptococcus
3 main bugs (bacteria) known for causing sepsis and death in asplenic patients ?
What is their common virulence factor?
“SHiN”
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
IgA protease – cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
Bacteria that will not stain well
“These Microbes May Lack Real Color”
- Treponema (too thin)
- Mycobacteria ( mycolic acids+ high lipid content)
- Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
- Legionella pneumophilia ( primarily intracellular and unusual branched chain fatty acids)
- Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (Intracellular paraside ; backs classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid)
Mnemonic for bacteria that cephalosporins cannot cover:
LAME
Listeria
Atypicals ( Mycoplasms, chlamydia)
MRSA (S. aureus)
Enterococci
Kubler-Ross stages of grief:
Death Always Brings Great Acceptance
Deny Anger Barganing Grief Acceptance
Antibiotics that are Protein Synthesis inhibitors
“Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50”
30s: Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
*both block initiation of protein synthesis by not allowing initiator tRNA to bind to ribosome
50S:
- Chloramphenicol—| peptidyltransferase
- Clindamycin —-| translocation
- Erythromycin, marcrolides —| translocation (via 23S on 50S)
- Lincomycin —| translocation
- Linezolid —| initiation
- Streptogramins —| translocation(bind to 23S on 50)
Bacteria that tetracyclines can treat
VACUUM THe BedRoom
Vibrio cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma pneumoniae Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Burgdorferi Rickettsia Rickettssi
What are the clinical uses for macrolides?
“PUS”
- pneumonia (atypical)
- -mycoplasma
- Chlamydophila
- Legionella
- URI
- Strep pneumo
- Strep pyrogenes
STD
- Chlamydia - gonorrhea
What is the mneumonic for drugs that cause photosensitivity?
“SAT” for photo
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracyclines
What is the mnemonic for bacteria Amoxicillin and Ampiciillin help with?
HHELPSS
H. influenza H. pylori E.coli Listeria monocytogenes Proteus mirabilis Salmonella Shigella
Hypertensive drugs used in pregnant mothers?
“Hypertensive Mothers Love Nifedipine”
Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine
Antibiotics to Avoid in pregnancy
FA page 195
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care of Minnie
Sulfanomide Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Clarithromycin Tetracyclins Ribavirin Griseofluvin Chloramphenicol Metronidazole ( 1st trimester)
Who are the segmented virus and discuss a unique viral genetic feature they can do:
BOAR
Bunyavirus – Hanta Virus, Californa Encephalitis, Rift Valley fever
Orthomyxovirus – H. influenza
Arenavirus
Reovirus (11 segments) – Rotavirus and Colorado Tick virus
They can undergo recombination
Mnemonic for things that are treated with Metronidazole
“GET GAP on the Metro!”
Giardia Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobic bacteria (C. difficile) Pylori ( H. pylori)
Mnemonic for remembering the different types of Hypersensitivity reactions?
“ACID”
Anaphylactic and Atopic (Type 1)
Cytotoxic (antibody mediated)
Immune complex (type III)
Delayed/ cell mediated (type 4)
FA 2015 211
Mnemonic for cytokines at their actions
“Hot T-Bone stEAk”
IL-1 –fever (hot)
IL-2–T cells
IL-3– stimulates Bone marrow
IL-4– stimulates IgE production (and IgG)
IL-5– Stimulates IgA production (+ eosinophils)
IL-6— stimulates aKute-phase protein production
mnemonic for catalase positive organism that are probably going to infect someone with chronic granulomatous disease
- defect in NAPDH oxidase
“Need PLACESS”
-Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E.coli Staph Aureus Serratia
Mnemonic for retroperitoneal structures
“SAD PUCKER”
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2nd-4th parts) Pancreas (except the tail) Ureters Colon (ascending an descending) Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum (partially)
Mnemonic for obligate aerobic organisms
Nagging Pets Must Breath
- Nocardia
- Pseudamonas aerginosa
- MycoBacterium Tuberculosis (reactivating)
- Bacillus
Mnemonic for the triad seen in Whipple’s disease
“Foamy Whipped crease in a CAN”
-Foamy macrophages in lamina propria Triad: -Cardiac symptoms -Arthralgias -Neurologic symptoms
Along with the malabsorption symptoms (steatorrhea, diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, vitamin and mineral deficiencies)
Mnemonic for the cause of small bowel obstruction
“ABC”
A- adhensions
B- buldge/herniations –> ischemia
C- cancer/tumor
gallstone ileus
bezoar – cellular material that obstructs small bowel bc not well digested
What is the mnemonic for the treatment of TB?
“RIPE”
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Mnemonic for the causes of acute pancreatits
“GET SMASHED”
Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps Autoimmune Scorpion sting Hypercalcemia/ hypertriglyceridemia ERPC Drugs (sulfa, NRITs, protease inhibitors)
Mnemonic for clinical features seen with Gonococcal arthritis
“Gonorrhea is an STD”
Synovitis (of the knee)
Tenosynovitis (usually of the hand)
Dermatitis (in the form of pustules)
what is the classical triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis
“SIN” – Charcot’s Neurological Triad
Scanning speech
Intension tremor
Nystagmus
but also bowel/bladder incontinence, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and optic neuritis
Mnemonic for structures that cross the diaphragm?
“I ate ten eggs at twelve”
T8- IVC
T10 - Esophagus, Vagus nerve
T12 - Aorta, Azygous vein, Thoracic duct
Mnemonic for the relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus at each lung hilum:
RALS
Right Angerior
Left Superior
Mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for eosinophilia
‘DNAAACP”
- Drugs
- Neoplasms
- Atopic diseases ( allergy, asthma, Churg-Strauss)
- Addison’s disease
- Acute interstitial disease
- Collagen vascular disease
- Parasites (Ascaris Lumbricoides, Strongyloides, stercoralis, various hookworms)
Mnemonic for Sarcoidosis
” A GRUELING Disease”
ACE increase Granulomas Rhematoid Arthritis Uveitis Erythema nodosum (tibial) Lymphadenopathy ( bilateral, hilar) Idiopathic Noncaseating granuloma Gammaglobulinemia Vitamin D increase -- increase in calcium (serum)
Gammaglobulinemia: increase in gamma globulin in the blood stream?
S sounding mneumonic for two types of lung cancer:
Small Cell ( ATCH, ADH, Lambert-Eaton syndrome) Squamous (PTHrp) Central Smoking Secreting
mnemonic for symptoms seen in Carcinoid syndrome
B- FDR
Bronchospasm and wheezing
Flushing
Diarrhea
Right-sided heart lesions
- valve lesions
- heart murmur
Mnemonic for causes of Restrictive/Infiltrative cardiomyopathy
“LEASH”
Loffler syndrome Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis
FA 296
Mnemonic for culture negative endocarditis:
“HACEK”
Haemophilus Actinobacillus Cardiobacterium, Eikenella Kingella
Most likely –> Coxiella brunette, Bartonella
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with infectious endocarditis:
“FROM JANE”
Fever
Roth spots (retina -white lesions)
Osler nodes (painful raised lesions on finger& toe pads)
Mitral valve
Janeway lesions (painless red lesions on palms or soles)
Anemia
Nail-bed hemorrhage
Emboli
Mnemonic for symptoms of Rheumatic Fever
“JONES”
migrating polyarthritis Pancarditis Subcutaneous nodules Erythema marginadum syndell chorea
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kawasaki disease
CRASH and burn
- Conjunctivitis
- Rash (trunk)
- Adenopathy (cervical – recall this is a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
- Strawberry tongue (+ oral mucositis– inflammation of lips)
- Hands and feet changes (edema, erythmia)
burn = FEVER (last at least 5 days)
Mnemonic for the Right to Left shunts (congenital heart disease)
“5 T’s”
Truncus Arteriosis Transposition of great vessels Tricuspid atresia Tetralogy of fallot Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous return (TAPVR)
Early cyanosis – blue babies
What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
ABCCCD
Alcohol abuse wet Beriberi (thiamin B1 deficiency) Coxsackie B virus Chronic Cocaine use Chugs disease Doxorubicin + Daunorubicin toxicity
hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis
FA 296
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome clinical presentation
HGPRT (enzyme that is missing)
Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off (aggression, self-mutulation) Retardation (intellectual disability) dysTonia
Tx. allopurinol or febuxostat (2nd line)
Mnemonic for drugs that act on microtubules
“Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly”
Mebendazole (antihelminthic)
Griseoful.vin ( antifungal) – ring worm
Colchicine (anti-gout)
Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer)– block polymerization
Paclitaxel/ Docetaxel (anticancer) – stabilize
Mnemoic for the cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase
“TLC For Nobody”
Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1 thiamine, TPP) Lipoid Acid Co-enzyme A (B5, pantothenic acid) FAD (B2, riboflavin) NAD (B3, Niacin)
Which other enzyme has a mnemonic of “ TLC for nobody”
alpha- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
and
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
and alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase ( maple syrup – can’t degrade branched amino acids)
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kwashorkor
“FLAME”
Fatty liver disease
Anemia
Malnutrition (proteins)
Edema
Skin lesions and hair and skin depigmentation
Mnemonic for essential amino acids
“Private (PVT) TIM HaLL”
Phenylalanine
Valine
THreonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine
What are the diagnostic requirements for a manic episode?
“Manics DIG FAST”
- Distractibility
- Irresopnsibility (seeks pleasure without regard to consequences)
- Grandiosity – inflated self-esteem
- Flight of ideas
- increase goal directed Activity/ psychomotor Agitation
- Decrease need for sleep
- Talkativeness or pressured speech
Mnemonic for risk factors for suicide
SAD PERSONS
Sex Age (teenager or elderly) Depression Previous attempt Ethanol/ drug use Rational thinking loss Sickness (medical illness >3 meds) Organized plan No spouse/No social support Stated future event
What drugs should be avoided in patients with allergy to sulfa?
“Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms”
Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide (loop diuretics) Celecoxib Thiazides/ TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas
what causes VDRL false positives
VDRL detects nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin
- available for the detection of syphilis (quantitative but not sensitive or specific)
"VDLR" Vira infection (mono/hepatitis) Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus and leprosy
Confirm diagnosis with FTA-ABS
What is the mnemonic for the clinical presentation of potter’s sequence/syndrome?
“POTTER”
Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydramnios (trigger) Twisted face (wrinkled) Twisted skin (wrinkled) Extremity deformities ( clubbed foot) Renal failure (in utero)
What pathology fits Psammoma bodies?
aka who shows these
“PSoMM”
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
Toxicity of Loop diuretics
“OH DANG”
Ototoxicity Hypokalemia Dehydration Allergy (sulfa) Nephritis (interstitial) Gout
What are some causes of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
“MUDPILES”
Methanol (formic acid) Uremia Diabetic ketoacidosis Propylene glycol Iron tablets/ Isoniazide Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid) --antifreeze Salicylates ( aspirin)
What are some causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis ( lose of bicarb)?
“HARD- ASS”
Hyperalimentatoin Addison's disease Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spironolactone Saline infusion
Mnemonic for renal tubular defects
‘FABulous Glittering LiquidS”
- Fanconi syndrome (PCT)
- Bartter syndrome (Thick ascending loop)
- Gitelman syndrome (DCT)
- Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
Pnemonic for what Apgar score looks for:
> or = 7 ??
4-6 ??
” APGAR”
Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration
> = 7 : good
4-6 : assist and stimulate
Mnemonic for the findings of Cushing syndrome?
“BAM CUSHINGOID”
- Buffalo Hump
- Amenorrhea
- Moon Face
- Crazy (psychosis, insomnia)
- Ulcer (peptic)
- Skin changes (acne, striae, easy bleeding, thin skin)
- Hypertension
- Infection
- Necrosis of femoral head
- Glucose intolerance/ Glaucoma
- Immunosuppression
- Diabetes
Mnemonic or signs and symptoms of Primary Hyperparathryoidism?
“Stones, Bones, Groans, and psuchiatric overtones”
Stones:
- renal stones
- nephrocalcinosis
- polyuria polydipsia
- uremia
Bones:
- osteitis fibrosa cystica
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
Groans: Abdominal
- constipation
- indigestion with N/V
- peptic ulcers
- pancreatitis
Psychiatric Overtones
- lethargy/ fatigue
- depression
- psychosis
- confusion, stupor, coma
Other:
- proximal muscle weakness
- keratitis and conjunctivitis
- hypertension
- itching
Mnemonic for the functions of T3 (thyroid hormone)
4 B’s
Brain
Bone growth
Beta- adrenergic effects
Basal metabolic rate (increase)
Mnemonic for findings seen with congenital hypothyroidism?
6 P’s
Pot-belly Pale Puffy-faced child Protruding umbilicus Protuberant tongue Poor brain development Poor physical growth
Mnemonic for diseases in which you see target cells
“HALT” says the hunger to its TARGET
HbC (hemoglobin) disease
Asplania
Liver disease
Thalassemia
Mnemonic for tumors that cause polycythemia vera:
“Potentially Really High Hematocrite”
Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma
Mnemonic for causes of DIC?
STOP Making New Thrombi!!
Sepsis (usually gram negative) Trauma Obstetric complications Pancreatits (acute) Malignancy Nephrotic syndrome Transfusion
Mnemonic for feature of TTP/ HUS
Nasty Fever Torched His Kidneys
- Neurologic problems ( confusion/headache seizure/coma)
- Fever
- Thrombocytopenia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Kidney failure
Mnemonic for drugs that inhibit Cyp 450
“CRACK AMIGOS”
Cimetidine Ritonarvir Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole (azoles) Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid/ Itraconazole Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides
Mnemonic for drugs that induce Cyp450
“Guiness, Corona, PBR induce Chronic alcoholism:
Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbituates (phenobarbitol) Rifampin St. John's Wort Chronic alcoholism
Mnemonic for cholinergic stimulation: (parasympathetic- Ach)
DUMBBELSS
Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasms Bradycardia Excitation of muscle& CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweat
Uterus contracts and penis/ cliterus erection/enlargement
Mnemonic for anticholinergic symptoms due to parasympathetic inhibition
Hot as a hare (fever) Dry as a bone (no sweating/secretions) Red as a beet (flushed) Blind as a bat (mydriasis) Mad as a hatter Bloated as a toad (constipation and urinary incontinence)
Mnemonic for Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
FA: 461
Bilateral lesion to Amygdala
“HIP HIP”
Hyperhpasgia
Increase oral exploration
Placidity (no agression)
Hypersexuality
Impaired memory ( anterograde amnesia)
Psychic blindness: unable to recognize familiar objects or people
Sturge- Weber syndrome
– FA 491
Congenital (non inherited)
Developmental anomaly of Neural crest derivatives
Activating mutation in GNAQ gene – affects small vessels and causes a port-wine stain on the face
” STURGE”
Sporadic, port wine Stain Tram track calcifications Unilateral Retardation Glaucoma, GNAQ gene Epilepsy
Tuberous Sclerosis
AD –
“HAMARTOMAS”
Triad: seizures, intellectual disability, angiofibromas
Haratomas (CNS and skin) Angiofibromas Mitral regurgitation Ash-leaf Rhabdomyoma (cardiac) Tuberus sclerosis autosomal dOminant Mental retardation Angiomolipoma (renal) Seizures Shagreen patches
Neuroeleptic malignant syndrome
Occurs with the typical antipsychotics
“FEVER”
Fever Encephalopathy Vitals unstable-- autonomic instability Enzymes high-- myoglobinuria Rigidity of muscles
Mnemonic for things that increase myocardial demand
myoCARDial
increased Contractility
increased Afterload
increased hear Rate
increased Diameter of ventricle (wall tension)
Mnemonic for drugs that cause a prolongued QT
ABCDE
AntiArrhythmics (IA, III) antiBiotics (macrolides) anti "C"otics (haloperidol antiDepressants (RCAs) antiEmetics (ondansetron)
Mnemonic for what you see in Wilson disease
“Copper is Hella BAD”
Copper, low ceruloplasmin, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposit (kayser-Fleischer rings), Carcinoma (hepatocellular)
Hemolytic anemia
Basal ganglia degeneration (parkinsonian)
Asterixis
Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria (motor)
Mnemonic for wrist bones:
“So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb”
Thumb –> pinky –> thumb
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium
Mnemonic for things seen in systemic lupus erythematous
RASH or PAIN
- Rash (malar or discoid)
- Arthritis
- Soft tissue/serositis
- Hematologic disorder (anemia, thrombocytopenia, Libman-sacs endocarditis)
- Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Renal disease/ Raynaud phenomena
- Photosensitivity/ Positive VDRL/RPR (false +)
- Antinuclear antibodies
- Immunosuppressants
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psycosis)
Libman-sacs endocarditis – nonbacterial wart like vegetations on both sides of the valve ( mitral valve)
All tissue damage is mediated via type 3 hypersensitivity. Blood disorders is a type II sensitivity
Mnemonic for drugs that induce lupus:
Q CHIMPPPS
Quinidine chlorpromazine Hydralazine Isoniazid Methyldopa Penicillamine Phenytoin Procainamide Sulfa drugs
Who causes rashes on palms and soles of feet? (bacteria and viruses)
Drive with hands and feet –> CARS
Coxsackievirus A infection
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Syphilis (secondary)
Who are the killed vaccines?
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza (injected)
Polio (stalk) ( stalK = Killed)
HAV vaccines
the 4 R’s of Rifampin
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal cytochrome P-450
Red/orange bodily fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone
the 6 P’s of Congenital hypothyroidism
(Cretinism)
Potbelly Pale Puffy-faced child Protruding umbilicus Protuberant tongue Poor brain development
mnemonic for things associated with PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa
PSEEUDDOmonas
- pneumonia (cystic fibrosis)
- Sepsis
- External ear infection – swimmers ear aka otitis externa
- ecthyma gangrenosum (necrotic cutaneous lesions) – usually seen in immunocompromised patients
- UTIs (nocosomial)
- Drug use (IV drug users)
- Diabetes
- Osteomyelitis ( puncture wounds)
grape-like odor
exotoxin A which ribosylates elongation factor 2 (aka inactivates EF-2)
