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Important MNEMONICS Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Menmoic for X-linked disorder?

AND what each letter stands for?

A

Oblivious Females Will Give Her Boys x-Linked Disorders

Ocular albinism
Fabry disease
Fragile X syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
G6PD
Hunter disease
Hemophilia A+B
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Duchenne muscle dystrophy
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2
Q

Drugs that cause gynecomastia?

A

“Some Drugs Cause Awesome Knockers”

Spironolactone
Digitoxin
Cimetidine
Alcohol
Ketoconazole

+ marijuana (THC) and estrogens

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3
Q

Encapsulated bugs

A

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”

E.coli (some strains)
Strep pneumoniae/ Strep pyrogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neiseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza type B
Salmonella typhi
group B Streptococcus
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4
Q

3 main bugs (bacteria) known for causing sepsis and death in asplenic patients ?

What is their common virulence factor?

A

“SHiN”

Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis

IgA protease – cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa

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5
Q

Bacteria that will not stain well

A

“These Microbes May Lack Real Color”

  • Treponema (too thin)
  • Mycobacteria ( mycolic acids+ high lipid content)
  • Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
  • Legionella pneumophilia ( primarily intracellular and unusual branched chain fatty acids)
  • Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
    Chlamydia (Intracellular paraside ; backs classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid)
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6
Q

Mnemonic for bacteria that cephalosporins cannot cover:

A

LAME

Listeria
Atypicals ( Mycoplasms, chlamydia)
MRSA (S. aureus)
Enterococci

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7
Q

Kubler-Ross stages of grief:

A

Death Always Brings Great Acceptance

Deny
Anger
Barganing
Grief 
Acceptance
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8
Q

Antibiotics that are Protein Synthesis inhibitors

A

“Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50”

30s: Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
*both block initiation of protein synthesis by not allowing initiator tRNA to bind to ribosome

50S:

  • Chloramphenicol—| peptidyltransferase
  • Clindamycin —-| translocation
  • Erythromycin, marcrolides —| translocation (via 23S on 50S)
  • Lincomycin —| translocation
  • Linezolid —| initiation
  • Streptogramins —| translocation(bind to 23S on 50)
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9
Q

Bacteria that tetracyclines can treat

A

VACUUM THe BedRoom

Vibrio cholera
Acne
Chlamydia
Ureaplasma Urealyticum
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Tularemia
H. pylori
Borrelia Burgdorferi
Rickettsia Rickettssi
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10
Q

What are the clinical uses for macrolides?

A

“PUS”

  • pneumonia (atypical)
    • -mycoplasma
      • Chlamydophila
      • Legionella
  • URI
    • Strep pneumo
    • Strep pyrogenes

STD

- Chlamydia
- gonorrhea
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11
Q

What is the mneumonic for drugs that cause photosensitivity?

A

“SAT” for photo

Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracyclines

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12
Q

What is the mnemonic for bacteria Amoxicillin and Ampiciillin help with?

A

HHELPSS

H. influenza
H. pylori
E.coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Proteus mirabilis
Salmonella
Shigella
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13
Q

Hypertensive drugs used in pregnant mothers?

A

“Hypertensive Mothers Love Nifedipine”

Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine

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14
Q

Antibiotics to Avoid in pregnancy

A

FA page 195

SAFe Children Take Really Good Care of Minnie

Sulfanomide
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Clarithromycin
Tetracyclins
Ribavirin
Griseofluvin
Chloramphenicol
Metronidazole ( 1st trimester)
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15
Q

Who are the segmented virus and discuss a unique viral genetic feature they can do:

A

BOAR

Bunyavirus – Hanta Virus, Californa Encephalitis, Rift Valley fever

Orthomyxovirus – H. influenza

Arenavirus

Reovirus (11 segments) – Rotavirus and Colorado Tick virus

They can undergo recombination

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16
Q

Mnemonic for things that are treated with Metronidazole

A

“GET GAP on the Metro!”

Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas
Gardnerella vaginalis
Anaerobic bacteria (C. difficile)
Pylori ( H. pylori)
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17
Q

Mnemonic for remembering the different types of Hypersensitivity reactions?

A

“ACID”

Anaphylactic and Atopic (Type 1)
Cytotoxic (antibody mediated)
Immune complex (type III)
Delayed/ cell mediated (type 4)

FA 2015 211

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18
Q

Mnemonic for cytokines at their actions

A

“Hot T-Bone stEAk”

IL-1 –fever (hot)
IL-2–T cells
IL-3– stimulates Bone marrow
IL-4– stimulates IgE production (and IgG)
IL-5– Stimulates IgA production (+ eosinophils)
IL-6— stimulates aKute-phase protein production

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19
Q

mnemonic for catalase positive organism that are probably going to infect someone with chronic granulomatous disease

A
  • defect in NAPDH oxidase

“Need PLACESS”

-Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E.coli
Staph Aureus
Serratia
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20
Q

Mnemonic for retroperitoneal structures

A

“SAD PUCKER”

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (2nd-4th parts)
Pancreas (except the tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending an descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus (thoracic portion)
Rectum (partially)
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21
Q

Mnemonic for obligate aerobic organisms

A

Nagging Pets Must Breath

  • Nocardia
  • Pseudamonas aerginosa
  • MycoBacterium Tuberculosis (reactivating)
  • Bacillus
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22
Q

Mnemonic for the triad seen in Whipple’s disease

A

“Foamy Whipped crease in a CAN”

-Foamy macrophages in lamina propria
Triad:
-Cardiac symptoms
-Arthralgias
-Neurologic symptoms

Along with the malabsorption symptoms (steatorrhea, diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, vitamin and mineral deficiencies)

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23
Q

Mnemonic for the cause of small bowel obstruction

A

“ABC”

A- adhensions
B- buldge/herniations –> ischemia
C- cancer/tumor

gallstone ileus
bezoar – cellular material that obstructs small bowel bc not well digested

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24
Q

What is the mnemonic for the treatment of TB?

A

“RIPE”

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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25
Q

Mnemonic for the causes of acute pancreatits

A

“GET SMASHED”

Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion sting
Hypercalcemia/ hypertriglyceridemia
ERPC
Drugs (sulfa, NRITs, protease inhibitors)
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26
Q

Mnemonic for clinical features seen with Gonococcal arthritis

A

“Gonorrhea is an STD”

Synovitis (of the knee)
Tenosynovitis (usually of the hand)
Dermatitis (in the form of pustules)

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27
Q

what is the classical triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis

A

“SIN” – Charcot’s Neurological Triad

Scanning speech
Intension tremor
Nystagmus

but also bowel/bladder incontinence, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and optic neuritis

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28
Q

Mnemonic for structures that cross the diaphragm?

A

“I ate ten eggs at twelve”

T8- IVC

T10 - Esophagus, Vagus nerve

T12 - Aorta, Azygous vein, Thoracic duct

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29
Q

Mnemonic for the relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus at each lung hilum:

A

RALS

Right Angerior

Left Superior

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30
Q

Mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for eosinophilia

A

‘DNAAACP”

  • Drugs
  • Neoplasms
  • Atopic diseases ( allergy, asthma, Churg-Strauss)
  • Addison’s disease
  • Acute interstitial disease
  • Collagen vascular disease
  • Parasites (Ascaris Lumbricoides, Strongyloides, stercoralis, various hookworms)
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31
Q

Mnemonic for Sarcoidosis

A

” A GRUELING Disease”

ACE increase
Granulomas
Rhematoid Arthritis
Uveitis
Erythema nodosum (tibial)
Lymphadenopathy ( bilateral, hilar)
Idiopathic
Noncaseating granuloma
Gammaglobulinemia
Vitamin D increase -- increase in calcium (serum)

Gammaglobulinemia: increase in gamma globulin in the blood stream?

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32
Q

S sounding mneumonic for two types of lung cancer:

A 
Small Cell ( ATCH, ADH, Lambert-Eaton syndrome)
Squamous  (PTHrp)
Central
Smoking
Secreting
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33
Q

mnemonic for symptoms seen in Carcinoid syndrome

A

B- FDR

Bronchospasm and wheezing
Flushing
Diarrhea
Right-sided heart lesions
    - valve lesions
    - heart murmur
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34
Q

Mnemonic for causes of Restrictive/Infiltrative cardiomyopathy

A

“LEASH”

Loffler syndrome
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Hemochromatosis

FA 296

35
Q

Mnemonic for culture negative endocarditis:

A

“HACEK”

Haemophilus
Actinobacillus
Cardiobacterium,
Eikenella
Kingella

Most likely –> Coxiella brunette, Bartonella

36
Q

Mnemonic for symptoms seen with infectious endocarditis:

A

“FROM JANE”

Fever
Roth spots (retina -white lesions)
Osler nodes (painful raised lesions on finger& toe pads)
Mitral valve

Janeway lesions (painless red lesions on palms or soles)
Anemia
Nail-bed hemorrhage
Emboli

37
Q

Mnemonic for symptoms of Rheumatic Fever

A

“JONES”

migrating polyarthritis
Pancarditis
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginadum
syndell chorea
38
Q

Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kawasaki disease

A

CRASH and burn

  • Conjunctivitis
  • Rash (trunk)
  • Adenopathy (cervical – recall this is a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
  • Strawberry tongue (+ oral mucositis– inflammation of lips)
  • Hands and feet changes (edema, erythmia)

burn = FEVER (last at least 5 days)

39
Q

Mnemonic for the Right to Left shunts (congenital heart disease)

A

“5 T’s”

Truncus Arteriosis
Transposition of great vessels
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of fallot
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous return (TAPVR)

Early cyanosis – blue babies

40
Q

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

ABCCCD

Alcohol abuse
wet Beriberi (thiamin B1 deficiency) 
Coxsackie B virus
Chronic Cocaine use
Chugs disease
Doxorubicin + Daunorubicin toxicity

hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis

FA 296

41
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome clinical presentation

A

HGPRT (enzyme that is missing)

Hyperuricemia
Gout
Pissed off (aggression, self-mutulation)
Retardation (intellectual disability)
dysTonia

Tx. allopurinol or febuxostat (2nd line)

42
Q

Mnemonic for drugs that act on microtubules

A

“Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly”

Mebendazole (antihelminthic)
Griseoful.vin ( antifungal) – ring worm
Colchicine (anti-gout)
Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer)– block polymerization
Paclitaxel/ Docetaxel (anticancer) – stabilize

43
Q

Mnemoic for the cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

“TLC For Nobody”

Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1 thiamine, TPP)
Lipoid Acid
Co-enzyme A (B5, pantothenic acid)
FAD  (B2, riboflavin)
NAD (B3, Niacin)
44
Q

Which other enzyme has a mnemonic of “ TLC for nobody”

A

alpha- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
and
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
and alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase ( maple syrup – can’t degrade branched amino acids)

45
Q

Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kwashorkor

A

“FLAME”

Fatty liver disease
Anemia
Malnutrition (proteins)
Edema

Skin lesions and hair and skin depigmentation

46
Q

Mnemonic for essential amino acids

A

“Private (PVT) TIM HaLL”

Phenylalanine
Valine
THreonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

47
Q

What are the diagnostic requirements for a manic episode?

A

“Manics DIG FAST”

  • Distractibility
  • Irresopnsibility (seeks pleasure without regard to consequences)
  • Grandiosity – inflated self-esteem
  • Flight of ideas
  • increase goal directed Activity/ psychomotor Agitation
  • Decrease need for sleep
  • Talkativeness or pressured speech
48
Q

Mnemonic for risk factors for suicide

A

SAD PERSONS

Sex
Age (teenager or elderly)
Depression
Previous attempt
Ethanol/ drug use
Rational thinking loss
Sickness (medical illness >3 meds)
Organized plan
No spouse/No social support
Stated future event
49
Q

What drugs should be avoided in patients with allergy to sulfa?

A

“Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms”

Sulfasalazine
Probenecid
Furosemide (loop diuretics)
Celecoxib
Thiazides/ TMP-SMX
Acetazolamide
Sulfonylureas
50
Q

what causes VDRL false positives

A

VDRL detects nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin
- available for the detection of syphilis (quantitative but not sensitive or specific)

"VDLR"
Vira infection (mono/hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy

Confirm diagnosis with FTA-ABS

51
Q

What is the mnemonic for the clinical presentation of potter’s sequence/syndrome?

A

“POTTER”

Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios (trigger)
Twisted face (wrinkled)
Twisted skin (wrinkled)
Extremity deformities ( clubbed foot)
Renal failure (in utero)
52
Q

What pathology fits Psammoma bodies?

aka who shows these

A

“PSoMM”

Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

53
Q

Toxicity of Loop diuretics

A

“OH DANG”

Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Dehydration
Allergy (sulfa)
Nephritis (interstitial)
Gout
54
Q

What are some causes of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

A

“MUDPILES”

Methanol (formic acid)
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol
Iron tablets/ Isoniazide
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid) --antifreeze
Salicylates ( aspirin)
55
Q

What are some causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis ( lose of bicarb)?

A

“HARD- ASS”

Hyperalimentatoin
Addison's disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
56
Q

Mnemonic for renal tubular defects

A

‘FABulous Glittering LiquidS”

  • Fanconi syndrome (PCT)
  • Bartter syndrome (Thick ascending loop)
  • Gitelman syndrome (DCT)
  • Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
57
Q

Pnemonic for what Apgar score looks for:

> or = 7 ??
4-6 ??

A

” APGAR”

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

> = 7 : good
4-6 : assist and stimulate

58
Q

Mnemonic for the findings of Cushing syndrome?

A

“BAM CUSHINGOID”

  • Buffalo Hump
  • Amenorrhea
  • Moon Face
  • Crazy (psychosis, insomnia)
  • Ulcer (peptic)
  • Skin changes (acne, striae, easy bleeding, thin skin)
  • Hypertension
  • Infection
  • Necrosis of femoral head
  • Glucose intolerance/ Glaucoma
  • Immunosuppression
  • Diabetes
59
Q

Mnemonic or signs and symptoms of Primary Hyperparathryoidism?

A

“Stones, Bones, Groans, and psuchiatric overtones”

Stones:

  • renal stones
  • nephrocalcinosis
  • polyuria polydipsia
  • uremia

Bones:

  • osteitis fibrosa cystica
  • osteoporosis
  • osteomalacia
  • osteoarthritis

Groans: Abdominal

  • constipation
  • indigestion with N/V
  • peptic ulcers
  • pancreatitis

Psychiatric Overtones

  • lethargy/ fatigue
  • depression
  • psychosis
  • confusion, stupor, coma

Other:

  • proximal muscle weakness
  • keratitis and conjunctivitis
  • hypertension
  • itching
60
Q

Mnemonic for the functions of T3 (thyroid hormone)

A

4 B’s

Brain
Bone growth
Beta- adrenergic effects
Basal metabolic rate (increase)

61
Q

Mnemonic for findings seen with congenital hypothyroidism?

A

6 P’s

Pot-belly
Pale
Puffy-faced child
Protruding umbilicus
Protuberant tongue
Poor brain development
Poor physical growth
62
Q

Mnemonic for diseases in which you see target cells

A

“HALT” says the hunger to its TARGET

HbC (hemoglobin) disease
Asplania
Liver disease
Thalassemia

63
Q

Mnemonic for tumors that cause polycythemia vera:

A

“Potentially Really High Hematocrite”

Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma

64
Q

Mnemonic for causes of DIC?

A

STOP Making New Thrombi!!

Sepsis (usually gram negative)
Trauma
Obstetric complications
Pancreatits (acute)
Malignancy
Nephrotic syndrome
Transfusion
65
Q

Mnemonic for feature of TTP/ HUS

A

Nasty Fever Torched His Kidneys

  • Neurologic problems ( confusion/headache seizure/coma)
  • Fever
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Kidney failure
66
Q

Mnemonic for drugs that inhibit Cyp 450

A

“CRACK AMIGOS”

Cimetidine
Ritonarvir
Amiodarone
Ciprofloxacin
Ketoconazole  (azoles)
Acute alcohol use
Macrolides
Isoniazid/ Itraconazole
Grapefruit juice
Omeprazole
Sulfonamides
67
Q

Mnemonic for drugs that induce Cyp450

A

“Guiness, Corona, PBR induce Chronic alcoholism:

Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Barbituates (phenobarbitol)
Rifampin
St. John's Wort
Chronic alcoholism
68
Q

Mnemonic for cholinergic stimulation: (parasympathetic- Ach)

A

DUMBBELSS

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasms
Bradycardia
Excitation of muscle& CNS
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweat

Uterus contracts and penis/ cliterus erection/enlargement

69
Q

Mnemonic for anticholinergic symptoms due to parasympathetic inhibition

A 
Hot as a hare (fever)
Dry as a bone (no sweating/secretions)
Red as a beet (flushed)
Blind as a bat (mydriasis)
Mad as a hatter 
Bloated as a toad (constipation and urinary incontinence)
70
Q

Mnemonic for Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

FA: 461

A

Bilateral lesion to Amygdala

“HIP HIP”

Hyperhpasgia
Increase oral exploration
Placidity (no agression)

Hypersexuality
Impaired memory ( anterograde amnesia)
Psychic blindness: unable to recognize familiar objects or people

71
Q

Sturge- Weber syndrome

– FA 491

A

Congenital (non inherited)
Developmental anomaly of Neural crest derivatives

Activating mutation in GNAQ gene – affects small vessels and causes a port-wine stain on the face

” STURGE”

Sporadic, port wine Stain
Tram track calcifications
Unilateral
Retardation
Glaucoma, GNAQ gene
Epilepsy
72
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

A

AD –
“HAMARTOMAS”

Triad: seizures, intellectual disability, angiofibromas

Haratomas (CNS and skin)
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurgitation
Ash-leaf
Rhabdomyoma (cardiac)
Tuberus sclerosis
autosomal dOminant
Mental retardation
Angiomolipoma (renal)
Seizures
Shagreen patches
73
Q

Neuroeleptic malignant syndrome

A

Occurs with the typical antipsychotics

“FEVER”

Fever
Encephalopathy
Vitals unstable-- autonomic instability
Enzymes high-- myoglobinuria
Rigidity of muscles
74
Q

Mnemonic for things that increase myocardial demand

A

myoCARDial

increased Contractility
increased Afterload
increased hear Rate
increased Diameter of ventricle (wall tension)

75
Q

Mnemonic for drugs that cause a prolongued QT

A

ABCDE

AntiArrhythmics (IA, III)
antiBiotics (macrolides)
anti "C"otics (haloperidol
antiDepressants (RCAs)
antiEmetics (ondansetron)
76
Q

Mnemonic for what you see in Wilson disease

A

“Copper is Hella BAD”

Copper, low ceruloplasmin, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposit (kayser-Fleischer rings), Carcinoma (hepatocellular)

Hemolytic anemia

Basal ganglia degeneration (parkinsonian)
Asterixis
Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria (motor)

77
Q

Mnemonic for wrist bones:

A

“So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb”
Thumb –> pinky –> thumb

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
78
Q

Mnemonic for things seen in systemic lupus erythematous

A

RASH or PAIN

  • Rash (malar or discoid)
  • Arthritis
  • Soft tissue/serositis
  • Hematologic disorder (anemia, thrombocytopenia, Libman-sacs endocarditis)
  • Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
  • Renal disease/ Raynaud phenomena
  • Photosensitivity/ Positive VDRL/RPR (false +)
  • Antinuclear antibodies
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Neurologic disorders (seizures, psycosis)

Libman-sacs endocarditis – nonbacterial wart like vegetations on both sides of the valve ( mitral valve)

All tissue damage is mediated via type 3 hypersensitivity. Blood disorders is a type II sensitivity

79
Q

Mnemonic for drugs that induce lupus:

A

Q CHIMPPPS

Quinidine
chlorpromazine
Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Methyldopa
Penicillamine
Phenytoin
Procainamide
Sulfa drugs
80
Q

Who causes rashes on palms and soles of feet? (bacteria and viruses)

A

Drive with hands and feet –> CARS

Coxsackievirus A infection
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Syphilis (secondary)

81
Q

Who are the killed vaccines?

A

RIP Always

Rabies
Influenza (injected)
Polio (stalk) ( stalK = Killed)
HAV vaccines

82
Q

the 4 R’s of Rifampin

A

RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal cytochrome P-450
Red/orange bodily fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone

83
Q

the 6 P’s of Congenital hypothyroidism

A

(Cretinism)

Potbelly
Pale
Puffy-faced child
Protruding umbilicus
Protuberant tongue
Poor brain development
84
Q

mnemonic for things associated with PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa

A

PSEEUDDOmonas

  • pneumonia (cystic fibrosis)
  • Sepsis
  • External ear infection – swimmers ear aka otitis externa
  • ecthyma gangrenosum (necrotic cutaneous lesions) – usually seen in immunocompromised patients
  • UTIs (nocosomial)
  • Drug use (IV drug users)
  • Diabetes
  • Osteomyelitis ( puncture wounds)

grape-like odor
exotoxin A which ribosylates elongation factor 2 (aka inactivates EF-2)

USMLE (43 decks)

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