Impact of training on lifestyle diseases

Question 1

Atherosclerosis

Definition?

What this means to an individual? (2)

Answer 1

Fatty plaque development in the arterial walls, progressively narrowing the lumen and hardening the walls

• This increases the likelihood that blood clots will form
• The walls of the arteries become thick and hard which reduces their ability to vasodilate and vasoconstrict. Thus preventing the bodies ability to regulate blood pressure

Question 2

Coronary heart disease

What is this as result of? (2)

Angina definition?

Answer 2

• This is a result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries (these are ones that supply the heart with oxygenated blood)
• Reduction in blood flow and oxygen supply limits the cardiac muscles ability to respire and an angina attack or heart attack may occur.

Angina is:

• Pain associated with the restriction of oxygen to the cardiac muscle.

Question 3

Heart attack

Definition?
What this means to an individual? (3)

Answer 3

A blockage in a coronary artery cutting off oxygenated blood flow to an area of cardiac muscle.

• This cutting off the flow of oxygenated blood can lead to the death of cells and permanent damage
• There is a heart attack in the UK every 3 minutes
• 30% of which are fatal – approximately 190 people lose their life this way every day

Question 4

Types of Stroke

Definition and how what % of strokes to they account for?

Answer 4

Ischaemic stroke

   - This is a blockage in a cerebral artery cutting all of the blood supply off to the brain
   - Accounts for 85% of all strokes

Haemorrhagic stroke

   - This is where a blood vessel bursts within or on the surface of the brain
   - Accounts for 15% of all strokes

Question 5

Effects of training

What is the major risk factors of CD?

What can exercise do?

Answer 5

• An inactive sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. It almost doubles the risk of a fatal heart attack.
• Exercise can reduce the overall risk of developing some form of cardiovascular disease by approximately 30%

Question 6

What exercise does (7) and the effect on the cardiovascular system

Answer 6

• Reduce the levels of blood lipids (fats) and overall cholesterol and increase the proportion of HDL to LDL cholesterol:

  - This slows the development of atherosclerosis

• Prevent the hardening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls due to regular vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

  - slows the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension

• Decrease blood viscosity and the resistance to blood flow.

  - This helps in the prevention of blood clots forming and reduce blood pressure

• Increase coronary circulation as the diameter of the arterioles gets larger and become denser.

  - This helps to reduce the incidence of heart attacks

• Cardiac hypertrophy occurs, increased ventricular contractility and stroke volume.

  - This leads to an increase in the efficiency of the heart, resting heart rate can lower leading to a reduction in the strain on the heart. Eventually leading to a reduction in blood pressure and the incidence of heart attacks

• Decrease body fat and maintain weight.

   - Causing a reduction on the strain on the heart

• Increase in blood flow and oxygen transportation to the muscle cells.

   - This means that it is easier to perform exercise and reduce the onset of fatigue. Again leading to a reduction in the strain put on the heart and lower blood pressure.

Question 7

Respiratory system

This is characterised by one or several diseases of the airways or alveoli. These include: (3)

All of which can cause…

Answer 7

• Asthma
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema

All of which can cause breathing difficulties leading to a reduction in their quality of life

Question 8

Asthma

What is it?
Symptoms? (2)

All of which are a response to the _________ of the ________ ___________ and presence of allergens such as dust, pollen etc.
It is important to note that asthma can be exercised induced when the air is cold and dry I.e. winter sports, and swimming due to the pollutants in the water.

Answer 8

This is characterised by constriction of the bronchial airways and inflammation of the mucous membranes which restricts the airways and limit breathing

Symptoms:

     - of shortness of breath,
     - wheezing and coughing

All of which are a response to the drying of the airway membranes and presence of allergens such as dust, pollen etc.
It is important to note that asthma can be exercised induced when the air is cold and dry I.e. winter sports, and swimming due to the pollutants in the water.

Question 9

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What is it?

Over a period of time the inflammation leads to permanent changes such as: (4 things)

Chronic conditions include: (3)

Symptoms include: (4)

Answer 9

• several conditions associated with the lungs where the airways become inflamed and narrow.

Over a period of time the inflammation leads to permanent changes such as:

 - The thickening of the bronchiole walls
 - Increased mucus production
 - Damage to the alveoli
 - Decrease in lung tissue elasticity

Chronic conditions include:

      - Severe asthma
      - Chronic bronchitis
      - Emphysema

Symptoms include:

      - Persistent coughing
      - Breathing difficulties
      - Regular chest infections
      - Reduced lung capacities

Question 10

What exercise does (4) and the effect on respiratory system

Answer 10

• Increase respiratory muscle strength:

  - causing a decrease in respiratory effort and limiting the symptoms of asthma

• Decrease resting and sub-maximal frequency of breathing.

  - Reducing the onset of fatigue

• Maintain full use of lung tissue and elasticity.

  - Therefore decreasing the risk of infection associated with COPD

• Increase the surface area of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries:

  - Leading to maximising the efficiency of gaseous exchange and the health of the respiratory membranes