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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Impact of Life events of patient well-being > Flashcards

Impact of Life events of patient well-being Flashcards

1
Q

What are life events ?

A

Major happenings that can occur in a persons life that require some degree of psychological adjustment.

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2
Q

Why and how are life events significant ?

A

Major life events can pose an important impact on health status.

  • challenge
  • create stress/ be stressful
  • consequences (link stress to illness)
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3
Q

What are life events linked to ?

A

Intricately linked to stress

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4
Q

What are the main sources of life event stressors ?

A

Individual
Family
Society

Daily Hassles

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5
Q

Describe individual sources of life event stressors

A

Illness
Conflict
Personal relationships
Lacking control

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6
Q

Explain conflict (causing stress)

A

Internal conflict
Increased anxiety
Increased depression
Headaches
Nausea

(EMMONS & KING, 1988)

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7
Q

State the 3 types of internal conflict

A

Approach-Approach
Approach-Avoidance
Avoidance-Avoidance

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8
Q

Describe family sources of life event stressors

A

Divorce
Marriage
Illness
Disability
Death
Addition to the Family

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9
Q

Explain disability (causing stress)

A

Caring for a person with a chronic illness
Financial Burdens
Depression
Anxiety
Sadness

(KIECOLT-GLASER et al. 1987)

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10
Q

Describe society sources of life event stressors

A

Job
Environment

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11
Q

Explain job (causing stress)

A

Deadlines
Workload
Responsibility
Relationships
Physical Environment

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12
Q

What do life events (stressors) impact ?

A

Have an impact on different systems

  • Physiological system
  • Psychological system
  • Social aspect
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13
Q

Physiological system

What nervous system does this involve ?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Fight or Flight response
General Adaptation Syndrome

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14
Q

Psychological aspect

A

Cognitive functioning
Emotion

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15
Q

Social aspect

A

Social behaviour
Gender
Socio-cultural differences

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16
Q

Methods of assessment of life events

A

Stress can be measured by :

  • Self-report
  • Physiological testing
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17
Q

Self-report method of assessing stress

A

Interview
Questionnaire
Rating scales

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18
Q

Physiological method of assessing stress

A

Galvanic skin response (electrical conductance of skin)
Changes in BP, Heart Rate
Biochemical Markers

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19
Q

SRRS

A

Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale

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20
Q

Function of SRRS

A

Developed to measure life events (stress).

Also the likelihood that a person will develop a stress-related illness.

[HOLMES & RAHE 1967]

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21
Q

Describe the SRRS

A

List of life events rated on a scale of 0-100

Scoring: adults indicate which life-events have occurred to them (past 12 months)

Values of all experienced life events are added –> total stress score

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22
Q

Death of spouse
(mean value on SRRS scale)

A

100

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23
Q

Personal injury or illness
(mean value on SRRS scale)

A

53

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24
Q

Change in health of a family member
(mean value on SRRS scale)

A

44

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25
Change in financial state (mean value on SRRS scale)
38
26
Low stress range
<149
27
Mild stress range
150-200
28
Moderate stress range
200-299
29
Major stress range
>300
30
Strengths of the SRRS scale (EXAM type Q)
Wide range of events that people find stressful Values assigned to the listed life events based on broad sample of adults Easy, quick to complete
31
What is the SRRS useful for ?
Useful tool for assessment of stress and illness Positive correlation between life-events and illness
32
Limitations of the SRRS scale (EXAM type Q)
Items vague / ambiguous Failure to consider impact of event for each individual Failure to distinguish between desirable and undesirable Accuracy of memory of life-events Casuality
33
Example of where items are vague/ambiguous in the SRRS
Personal injury / illness (53) Change in financial status (38)
34
Example of failure to consider the impact of event for individual in the SRRS
Retirement (45)
35
Example of failure to distinguish between desirable and undesirable events in the SRRS
Change in financial state (38)
36
State some life-event scales
SRRS LES PERI UES
37
LES
Life Experiences Survey - 57 events stated relatively precisely
38
PERI
PERI life-events scale - 102 items involving a gain, loss, ambiguous outcome
39
UES
The unpleasant events scale - 302 events stated relatively precisely
40
Limitations of physiological measures to assess stress
Measure itself may induce stress Influenced by variables other than stress Expensive, Labour intensive, Time-consuming
41
Describe the correlation between life-events and illness
Illness and accident rates tend to increase following changes in adverse life events/stress.
42
Case study on life events and breast cancer
Kruk, J. 2012 SRRS scale used
43
Case study on life-events and immune function
Jiang, 2020
44
Case study on life events and asthma
Sandberg et al. 2000
45
What are 'daily hassles' ?
Minor stressors that occur regularly
46
How can hassles become bearable ?
Experiencing desirable events makes hassles more bearable.
47
Methods of assessment of daily hassles
- HASSLES SCALE - UPLIFTS SCALE
48
Describe the hassles scale
Day to Day unpleasant or potentially harmful events
49
Describe the uplifts scale
Positive events that bring peace, satisfaction or joy e.g. completing a task
50
State the ranges of stress according to the Hassles scale
Low <75 Average: 105 High >135
51
HASS/Col
Hassles Assessment Scale for Students in college SARAFINO & EWING 1990
52
Describe the HASS/Col scale
0 - never 1 - rarely 2 - occasionally 3 - often 4 - very often 5 - extremely often
53
Give 3 examples of hassles from the HASS/Col scale
Annoying social behaviour of others Athletic activities of self Exams (Dating)
54
Do hassles and uplift scores influence health ?
Hassles scores are associated with health status Uplift scores have little association with health status
55
Function of the HASSLES score
Strong predictor of psychological and physical wellbeing Experiencing hassles also leads to symptoms for those already suffering from an illness.
56
State the 2 types of stress
Distress Eustress SELYE 1985
57
Distress
Harmful Damaging
58
Eustress
Beneficial Constructive
59
Positive effects of stress
Certain levels of stress may be helpful (McGuigan 1999) - optimal level of arousal Degree of arousal/motivation enhances performance - e.g. athletic, exam...
60
Minor stressor
Daily Hassles

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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