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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Coping > Flashcards

Coping Flashcards

1
Q

What is coping ?

A

The process by which people manage the perceived discrepancy between demands of the situation and the resources of the person they appraise in a stressful situation.

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2
Q

What is coping linked to ?

A

Health status

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3
Q

Significance of coping

A

Failure to cope may have significant health consequences.

Important to understand how people cope with stress and illness.

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4
Q

‘Stress-coping’ paradigm

A

LAZARUS 1980
Emphasises cognitive appraisal:

  • Primary appraisal: danger
  • Secondary appraisal: coping
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5
Q

Primary appraisal

A

A person determines whether a stimulus is dangerous or not.

If not dangerous, may be benign, irrelevant or +ve.

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6
Q

Describe the relationship between coping and secondary appraisal

A

Coping relates to secondary appraisal

Coping decreases the effects of stressors

Not necessarily associated with good outcomes

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7
Q

Cognitive and Behavioural transactions

A

Coping may change over time: it is dynamic

Many different coping styles, strategies

Individual/situational differences

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8
Q

Should coping be considered a ‘trait’ or ‘state’

A

Trait: focus on style

State: focus on a Process/Strategy

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9
Q

Trait

A

Personality
Style
Consistency

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10
Q

State

A

Response to time and situation
Process or strategy
Different ways of coping

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11
Q

State the types of coping

A

Problem focused
Emotion focused

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12
Q

Function of coping

A

Alter the problem

OR

Regulate the emotional response to the problem

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13
Q

Problem focused

A

Reduce demands of the situation OR expand resources to deal with it.

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14
Q

Emotion focused

A

Control emotional response to the situation

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15
Q

When is problem focused coping used ?

A

Used when people believe their resources or demands of the situation are changeable.

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16
Q

Give examples of problem-focused coping

A

Change form a high to low stress job

Change from an unhealthy to healthy diet

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17
Q

When is emotion focused coping used ?

A

Used when people feel that they can do nothing to change the situation.

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18
Q

Give examples of emotion-focused coping

A

Using alcohol or drugs
Seek emotional support from friends
Use distraction

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19
Q

Stress in medical students (relation to coping)

A

Levels of stress are high in medical students
Stress can lead to burnout
A variety of coping strategies are used (+ve / -ve)

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20
Q

Burnout

A

Emotional exhaustion
Cynicism

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21
Q

State a coping strategy of medical students
(negative)

A

Alcohol - Stress
(emotion-focused coping)

21% of students reported drinking due to stress

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22
Q

What are some reasons for differences in coping styles ?

A

Gender ?
Social class

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23
Q

Gender - causing differences in coping styles

A

Women use more emotion focused coping

Men use more problem focused coping

24
Q

Social class - causing differences in coping styles

A

High income, high education > problem focused

Disadvantaged individuals:
> stress
less control
ineffective coping

25
Q

Coping mechanism for disadvantaged individuals

A

Increased stress
Decreased control over events
Ineffective coping

26
Q

State some problem-focused coping strategies

A

Planning
Active coping

Seeking social support
Positive reappraisal

27
Q

State some emotion-focused coping strategies

A

Distancing
Escape-avoidance
Denial
Distraction

Substance use
Self-control
Accepting responsibility

28
Q

State some coping strategies which are both problem and emotion focused

A

Seeking social support
Positive re-appraisal

29
Q

Examples of ways people cope with illness

A

Normalising
Denial
Resignation
Accommodation

30
Q

Normalising

A

Interpret symptom as normal experience

i.e. neutralising the threat

31
Q

Denial

A

Denies existence of symptom

32
Q

Resignation

A

Become consumed by illness

33
Q

Accommodation

A

Acknowledges, deals with problem

34
Q

State some coping resources

EXAM Q

A

Money
Health
Sense of control

Personality

Beliefs and attitudes
Become informed
Exercise

Social support

35
Q

How is coping assessed ?

A

Questionnaires, Rating Scales

  • Ways of coping checklist
  • COPE
36
Q

What is COPE ?

A

COPE inventory is a widely used scale for assessment of coping.

Carver et al., 1989

37
Q

What does the COPE scale measure ?

A

What individuals do and feel when they experience stressful events.

Measures situational / dispositional coping

The values of responses reflect coping style/strategy.

38
Q

Describe the COPE scale

A

Coping strategies / responses incorporated into 13 scales :

e.g.

  • Active coping
  • Seeking instrumental social support
  • Seeking emotional social support
  • Positive reinterpretation
39
Q

Example of seeking instrumental support

A

‘I try to get advice from someone about what to do’

‘I ask people who have had similar experiences what they did’

40
Q

Example of seeking emotional social support

A

‘I discuss my feelings with someone’

‘I try to get emotional support from friends or relatives’

41
Q

State the COPE rating types

A

I usually:

  1. Don’t do this at all
  2. Do this a little bit
  3. Do this a medium amount
  4. Do this a lot
42
Q

Does coping moderate the association between stress and health ?

Post-op example

A

Decreased anxiety
Decreased hospital stay
Increased recovery
Decreased medication

43
Q

Monitors

A

Seek information
-high information

44
Q

Blunters

A

Avoidance
-low information

45
Q

Key points regarding information and coping

A

Preparing the patient

  • Dr-patient discussion
  • Pamphlet
  • Video
  • Family involvement
46
Q

State some information which could be provided for stressful medical procedures e.g. surgery

A

Procedural information
Sensation information
Behavioural information

47
Q

RCT study : information and coping

A

Family-centered preparation for surgery improves peri-operative outcomes in children.

48
Q

Social Support and Coping

A

Networks
Types
Quantity
Quality / satisfaction

49
Q

Social Support definition

A

The perceived comfort, caring, esteem or health a person receives from other people/groups.

50
Q

Main types of social support

EXAM TYPE Q

A

Emotional / Esteem
Informational
Tangible (lend money, give time)
Companionship

51
Q

How does social support influence health ?

A

Buffering effect
Direct effect

52
Q

Buffering effect

A

Protects individuals against negative effects on health

  • stressor is strong
  • enhances resources, enables re-appraisal, distraction
53
Q

Direct effect

A

Beneficial to health and well-being

  • Regardless of degree of stress
  • e.g. belonging, self-esteem
  • e.g. positive outlook, increased resistance to infection, healthier lifestyle
54
Q

When is social support not beneficial ?

A

When not perceived as supportive

Reduces self-esteem

Type of social support may not match needs

Encourages damaging lifestyle:
- poor role model
- not engaging in healthy behaviours
- overprotective

55
Q

Implications of coping

A

How patients cope with their symptoms/illness can markedly affect health outcomes.

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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