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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the foot ?

A

The region of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint.

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2
Q

Describe the divisions of the foot

A

It is subdivided into the:
- tarsus (ankle)
- metatarsus
- digits (toes)

OR

  • Hindfoot
  • Midfoot
  • Forefoot
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3
Q

Feature of the foot

A

The foot has a dorsal (superior surface of the foot), and a sole/plantar surface (inferior surface)

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4
Q

Distal tibiofibular joint function

A

No movement, helps to stabilise ankle and foot

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5
Q

Ankle joint

A

Hinge joint

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

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6
Q

Intertarsal joints

A

Plane joints

  • Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
  • Talo-navicular
  • Calcaneo-cuboid

Involved in inversion and eversion

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7
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint consist of ?

A

Talo-navicular joint
Calcaneo-cuboid joint

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8
Q

Intermetatarsal and Tarsometatarsal joints

A

Plane joints
Gliding movement

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9
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Condyloid joints

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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10
Q

Interphalangeal joints

A

Hinge joints

Flexion and extension

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11
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

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12
Q

Key feature of the hallux

A

Normally there is some angulation between the 1st metatarsal and proximal phalynx.

If the big toe is forced to adduct, the forces acting on the joint through the tendons tend to pull the toe more laterally.

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13
Q

Ways to describe positioning of the limb

A

Verus
Valgus

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14
Q

Hallus valgus

A

Means the distal end of the limb is directed laterally. (outwards)

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15
Q

Verus

A

The distal end of the limb is directed medially. (inwards)

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16
Q

Describe the plantar aspect of the foot

A

The sole has thick, highly sensitive skin, very firmly attached to the plantar aponeurosis.

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17
Q

Function of the plantar aponeurosis

A

For grip and weight bearing

Thickens as 5 longitudinal bands that continue with the fibrous flexor sheaths.

Sends septae to the metatarsals to create compartments and potential spaces.

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18
Q

How are the plantar muscles arranged ?

A

Plantar muscles are arranged in 4 layers.

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19
Q

General roles of the plantar muscles

A
  • Arch support
  • Adjustment of balance
  • GAIT, especially on uneven surfaces
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20
Q

Which nerves supply the plantar muscles ?

A

Medial plantar nerve (equivalent of median nerve)

Lateral plantar nerve (equivalent of ulnar nerve)

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21
Q

What are the medial and lateral plantar nerves continuations of ?

A

Continuations of the tibial nerve

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22
Q

Describe nerve supply to the plantar aspect of the foot

A

Lateral 1+1/2 digits : lateral plantar n

Medial 3 + 1/2 digits : medial plantar n

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23
Q

Layer 1 of the plantar muscles

A

Abductor digiti minimi - LPN

Flexor digitorum brevis -MPN
Abductor hallucis -MPN

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24
Q

Layer 2 of the plantar muscles

A

Lumbricals 1-4 : LPN
1st lumbrical: MPN

Quadratus plantae (aka flexor digitorium accessorius): LPN

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25
Q

Layer 3 of the plantar muscles

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis - LPN
Adductor hallucis - LPN

Flexor hallucis brevis - MPN

26
Q

Adductor hallucis feature

A

2 heads
- Transverse head
- Oblique head

27
Q

Layer 4 of the plantar muscles

A

Plantar interossei - LPN
Dorsal interossei - LPN

28
Q

Lumbricals function

A

Flex MCP joint
Extend IP joint

29
Q

Function of palmar interossei of the foot

A

Adduction of the digits

30
Q

Function of dorsal interossei of the foot

A

Abduction of the digits

  • axis for abduction is the 2nd toe
31
Q

Describe plantar arteries

A

The posterior tibial artery becomes the medial and lateral plantar arteries after running posterior to the medial malleolus.

32
Q

Where can the pulse of the tibial artery be felt ?

A

Can be felt behind the medial malleolus.

33
Q

Plantar arteries

A

Lateral plantar artery forms the deep plantar arch between 3rd and 4th layers.

Medial plantar artery sometimes forms a superficial plantar arch.

34
Q

What can interrupt blood supply to the talus ?

A

Fractures of the neck of the talus often interrupt the blood supply to the talus.

35
Q

Formation of the plantar nerves

A

The tibial nerve passes into the sole, behind the medial malleolus, deep to the flexor retinaculum.

It divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves.

36
Q

What is inside the tarsal tunnel ?

A

Tendon of tibialis posterior
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
POSTERIOR TIBIAL Artery, Vein, (tibial) Nerve
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus

37
Q

Describe the tarsal tunnel

A

Depression inferior to the medial malleolus.

Talus, Calcaneus
Inferior surface of sustentaculum tali
Flexor retinaculum

38
Q

Plantar arches

A

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches
Transverse arch

3 points of contact
- Arches between points of contact as a result of shapes and arrangements of the bones of the foot

39
Q

Function of plantar arches

A

Weight bearing / distribution
Shock absorption
Resilience
‘Spring in the stride’

40
Q

What structures make up the Medial longitudinal arch ?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular
3 cuneiform bones
3 medial metatarsals

41
Q

What structures make up the Lateral longitudinal arch ?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsals

42
Q

What structures make up the Transverse arch ?

A

Cuneiforms and cuboid

The transverse arch disappears near the head of the metatarsals.

43
Q

Feature of the transverse arch

A

Exists distally and proximally

44
Q

Passive supporters of the arches

A
  • Shape of bones
  • Strong ligaments
45
Q

Active supporters of the arches

A
  • Muscles (effective when contracting)
46
Q

State the strong ligaments that support the arches

A

Calcaneonavicular plantar ligament
Long plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis
Deltoid ligament
Calcaneocuboid ligament

47
Q

Calcaneonavicular plantar ligament

A

Spring ligament

48
Q

State the muscles supporting the arch

A

Medial side: flexor hallucis longus

Support from above: peroneus longus

49
Q

Supporters of the medial arch

A

Deltoid ligament
Plantar aponeurosis

Spring ligament

Tibialis anterior, posterior
Flexor hallucis longus

50
Q

Supporters of the lateral arch

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Plantar ligaments

Plantar aponeurosis

51
Q

Flat foot

A

Pes planus

52
Q

Excessively high arch

A

Pes cavus

53
Q

Muscles of the dorsum of the foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve supply

54
Q

Nerve supply to dorsum of foot

A

Deep fibular nerve which enters the dorsum of the foot passing under the extensor retinaculum.

55
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve give rise to ?

A

Gives rise to the dorsal digital nerve to toes 1-2

56
Q

Formation of dorsals pedis

A

Anterior tibial artery passes under the inferior extensor reticulum and becomes dorsalis pedis

57
Q

Where can the pulse of dorsalis pedis be felt ?

A

Can be felt in the 1st intermetatarsal space, between tendons of extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus.

58
Q

Rentinacula around the ankle

A

Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum

Superior fibular retinaculum
Inferior fibular retinaculum

59
Q

Lisfranc joint

A

Found between tarsals and metatarsals

60
Q

Lisfranc fracture

A

Fracture of 2nd metatarsal base

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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