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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the foot ?

A

The region of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint.

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2
Q

Describe the divisions of the foot

A

It is subdivided into the:
- tarsus (ankle)
- metatarsus
- digits (toes)

OR

  • Hindfoot
  • Midfoot
  • Forefoot
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3
Q

Feature of the foot

A

The foot has a dorsal (superior surface of the foot), and a sole/plantar surface (inferior surface)

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4
Q

Distal tibiofibular joint function

A

No movement, helps to stabilise ankle and foot

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5
Q

Ankle joint

A

Hinge joint

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

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6
Q

Intertarsal joints

A

Plane joints

  • Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
  • Talo-navicular
  • Calcaneo-cuboid

Involved in inversion and eversion

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7
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint consist of ?

A

Talo-navicular joint
Calcaneo-cuboid joint

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8
Q

Intermetatarsal and Tarsometatarsal joints

A

Plane joints
Gliding movement

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9
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Condyloid joints

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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10
Q

Interphalangeal joints

A

Hinge joints

Flexion and extension

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11
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

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12
Q

Key feature of the hallux

A

Normally there is some angulation between the 1st metatarsal and proximal phalynx.

If the big toe is forced to adduct, the forces acting on the joint through the tendons tend to pull the toe more laterally.

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13
Q

Ways to describe positioning of the limb

A

Verus
Valgus

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14
Q

Hallus valgus

A

Means the distal end of the limb is directed laterally. (outwards)

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15
Q

Verus

A

The distal end of the limb is directed medially. (inwards)

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16
Q

Describe the plantar aspect of the foot

A

The sole has thick, highly sensitive skin, very firmly attached to the plantar aponeurosis.

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17
Q

Function of the plantar aponeurosis

A

For grip and weight bearing

Thickens as 5 longitudinal bands that continue with the fibrous flexor sheaths.

Sends septae to the metatarsals to create compartments and potential spaces.

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18
Q

How are the plantar muscles arranged ?

A

Plantar muscles are arranged in 4 layers.

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19
Q

General roles of the plantar muscles

A
  • Arch support
  • Adjustment of balance
  • GAIT, especially on uneven surfaces
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20
Q

Which nerves supply the plantar muscles ?

A

Medial plantar nerve (equivalent of median nerve)

Lateral plantar nerve (equivalent of ulnar nerve)

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21
Q

What are the medial and lateral plantar nerves continuations of ?

A

Continuations of the tibial nerve

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22
Q

Describe nerve supply to the plantar aspect of the foot

A

Lateral 1+1/2 digits : lateral plantar n

Medial 3 + 1/2 digits : medial plantar n

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23
Q

Layer 1 of the plantar muscles

A

Abductor digiti minimi - LPN

Flexor digitorum brevis -MPN
Abductor hallucis -MPN

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24
Q

Layer 2 of the plantar muscles

A

Lumbricals 1-4 : LPN
1st lumbrical: MPN

Quadratus plantae (aka flexor digitorium accessorius): LPN

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25
Layer 3 of the plantar muscles
Flexor digiti minimi brevis - LPN Adductor hallucis - LPN Flexor hallucis brevis - MPN
26
Adductor hallucis feature
2 heads - Transverse head - Oblique head
27
Layer 4 of the plantar muscles
Plantar interossei - LPN Dorsal interossei - LPN
28
Lumbricals function
Flex MCP joint Extend IP joint
29
Function of palmar interossei of the foot
Adduction of the digits
30
Function of dorsal interossei of the foot
Abduction of the digits - axis for abduction is the 2nd toe
31
Describe plantar arteries
The posterior tibial artery becomes the medial and lateral plantar arteries after running posterior to the medial malleolus.
32
Where can the pulse of the tibial artery be felt ?
Can be felt behind the medial malleolus.
33
Plantar arteries
Lateral plantar artery forms the deep plantar arch between 3rd and 4th layers. Medial plantar artery sometimes forms a superficial plantar arch.
34
What can interrupt blood supply to the talus ?
Fractures of the neck of the talus often interrupt the blood supply to the talus.
35
Formation of the plantar nerves
The tibial nerve passes into the sole, behind the medial malleolus, deep to the flexor retinaculum. It divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves.
36
What is inside the tarsal tunnel ?
Tendon of tibialis posterior Tendon of flexor digitorum longus POSTERIOR TIBIAL Artery, Vein, (tibial) Nerve Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
37
Describe the tarsal tunnel
Depression inferior to the medial malleolus. Talus, Calcaneus Inferior surface of sustentaculum tali Flexor retinaculum
38
Plantar arches
Medial and lateral longitudinal arches Transverse arch 3 points of contact - Arches between points of contact as a result of shapes and arrangements of the bones of the foot
39
Function of plantar arches
Weight bearing / distribution Shock absorption Resilience 'Spring in the stride'
40
What structures make up the Medial longitudinal arch ?
Calcaneus, talus, navicular 3 cuneiform bones 3 medial metatarsals
41
What structures make up the Lateral longitudinal arch ?
Calcaneus, cuboid 4th and 5th metatarsals
42
What structures make up the Transverse arch ?
Cuneiforms and cuboid The transverse arch disappears near the head of the metatarsals.
43
Feature of the transverse arch
Exists distally and proximally
44
Passive supporters of the arches
- Shape of bones - Strong ligaments
45
Active supporters of the arches
- Muscles (effective when contracting)
46
State the strong ligaments that support the arches
Calcaneonavicular plantar ligament Long plantar ligament Plantar aponeurosis Deltoid ligament Calcaneocuboid ligament
47
Calcaneonavicular plantar ligament
Spring ligament
48
State the muscles supporting the arch
Medial side: flexor hallucis longus Support from above: peroneus longus
49
Supporters of the medial arch
Deltoid ligament Plantar aponeurosis Spring ligament Tibialis anterior, posterior Flexor hallucis longus
50
Supporters of the lateral arch
Flexor digitorum longus Peroneus (fibularis) longus Plantar ligaments Plantar aponeurosis
51
Flat foot
Pes planus
52
Excessively high arch
Pes cavus
53
Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve supply
54
Nerve supply to dorsum of foot
Deep fibular nerve which enters the dorsum of the foot passing under the extensor retinaculum.
55
What does the deep fibular nerve give rise to ?
Gives rise to the dorsal digital nerve to toes 1-2
56
Formation of dorsals pedis
Anterior tibial artery passes under the inferior extensor reticulum and becomes dorsalis pedis
57
Where can the pulse of dorsalis pedis be felt ?
Can be felt in the 1st intermetatarsal space, between tendons of extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus.
58
Rentinacula around the ankle
Superior extensor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinaculum Superior fibular retinaculum Inferior fibular retinaculum
59
Lisfranc joint
Found between tarsals and metatarsals
60
Lisfranc fracture
Fracture of 2nd metatarsal base

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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