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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > B & T Cells and Cytokines > Flashcards

B & T Cells and Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells of the immune system communicate between themselves, and with other non-immune cells ?

A

Cell-cell contact, signalling through receptor-ligand interactions between membranes of different cells. (e.g. MHC and TcR)

Secretion of soluble factors
Cytokines
Chemokines

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2
Q

Function of secretion of soluble factors

A

Initiate responses and signals by binding to specific receptors.

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3
Q

Function of cytokines

A

Drive forward the inflammatory response
- released by cells in response to an activating stimulus

Can act in an autocrine / paracrine / endocrine manner

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4
Q

Autocrine manner of cytokines

A

Effects on the cell that secretes it

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5
Q

Paracrine manner of cytokines

A

Effects on adjacents

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6
Q

Endocrine manner of cytokines

A

Effects on distant cells (limited by ability to enter circulation and half-life)

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7
Q

Function of chemokines

A

A class of cytokines that has chemoattractant properties.

i.e. induces cells to migrate towards the source

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8
Q

Interleukines

A

Cytokines secreted by leukocytes

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9
Q

What is the ‘gold standard’ treatment for a range of conditions ?

EXAM Q

A

Inhibiting the action of many pro-inflammatory cytokines (typically through monoclonal antibody therapy)

  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Arthritis
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10
Q

Tocilizumab

A

Anti-IL6 receptor
Used in Covid-19

Intervention with monoclonal antibody therapies, to take out pro-inflammatory cytokines can transform a disease.

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11
Q

State the 2 main groups of chemokine

A

CC - bind to receptors CCR1 - CCR9
CXC - Bind to CXCR1 - CXCR5

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12
Q

IL-8

A

Part of the CXC class
Chemotactic factor

Recruits neutrophils and T cells to site of infection

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13
Q

Source of (what releases) IL-8

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Keratinocytes
Endothelial cells

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14
Q

Receptors of IL-8

A

CXCR1
CXCR2

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15
Q

Target cells of IL-8

A

Neutrophils
Naive T cells

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16
Q

Major effects of IL-8

A

Mobilises, activates and degranulates neutrophils

Angiogenesis

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17
Q

IL-2

A

Activator of T cells: T cell growth (proliferation)

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18
Q

IL-4

A

Activates B cells, switches them to produce IgE, therefore important in allergy.

Class switching cytokine

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19
Q

Key function of IL-4

A

Allows B cells to swap the antibody we secrete.

Class switching cytokine

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20
Q

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)

A

Strong activator of a huge number of different types of cells.

Activates strong cell mediated responses e.g. CTL

Upregulates a lot of immune gene expression in cells.

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21
Q

TNF alpha

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability.

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22
Q

Source of TNF alpha

A

Secreted by T cells and macrophages

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23
Q

Function of TNF alpha

A

Activator of pro-inflammatory cytokines

  • Arthritis
  • IBD
    (driven by TNF alpha)
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24
Q

IL-12

A

Differentiates CD4 cells

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25
Q

IL-6

A

Pro-inflammatory

Antibody inhibitor therapy (of IL-6), useful in covid 19 infections.

26
Q

Key function of interleukins, interferons and TNF

A

Pro-inflammatory
Drive forward other immune responses

27
Q

What secretes cytokines ?

A

Cytokines secreted by phagocytes recruit cells to sites of infection.

28
Q

Symptoms caused by IL-6

A

Lymphocyte activation increased antibody production.

Causes fever and induces acute phase protein production. (can be responsible for severe respiratory response)

29
Q

Symptoms of IL-1

A

Fever
Production of IL-6

30
Q

How do neutrophils access infection sites ?

A

Diapedesis

31
Q

Diapedesis

A

Cells that are normally floating in the bloodstream, bind to vessels walls through the gaps between them, and then go to a site of inflammation.

32
Q

TNF-alpha function

A

Release triggers local protection, but can induce a systemic shock.

33
Q

What do T cells secrete ? (interleukin)

A

T cells secrete IL-2, that induces self-proliferation

34
Q

Describe the IL2- receptors on T cells

A

Naive T cells express the low-affinity IL-2 receptor.

Activated T cels express the high-affinity IL-2 receptor and secrete IL-2.

Binding of IL-2 to high-affinity receptor sends a signal to the T cell.

The signal sent from IL-2 receptor induces T-cell proliferation.

35
Q

CD4

A

Helper T cell

36
Q

State the 2 types of CD4 T cell

A

TH1 cell
TH2 cell

37
Q

Describe the TH1 T cell

A

Macrophage activation
B cell activation
Production of opsonising antibodies (e.g. IgG1)

38
Q

What do TH1 cells secrete ?

A

Secrete cytokines which activate things like macrophages.

39
Q

Describe the TH2 T cell

A

General activation of B cells to make antibodies

40
Q

What do TH2 cells secrete ?

A

Secrete cytokines that activates B cells.

41
Q

Function of Th1 cytokines

A

Produce cell mediated immunity

42
Q

Function of Th2 cytokines

A

Produce antibody responses

43
Q

What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete ?

EXAM Q

A

TNF alpha
Interferon gamma

(helps macrophage activation)

44
Q

What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete ?

EXAM Q

A

IL-4
IL-10

(helps B cell activation)

45
Q

IL-10 function

A

Dampens down immune response
- Immunosuppressive cytokine

Turns of immune response once its done its job.

46
Q

How do you get a specific B cell antibody response ?

A

By the B cell taking up the pathogen and driving forward antigen presentation pathways.

47
Q

What are dendritic cells ?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells that sit at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune response.

48
Q

Where are dendritic cells found ?

A

Found in most surface epithelia, waiting to detect problems with infections

49
Q

Action of dendritic cells

A

Highly phagocytic
Sampling their external environment, to see normal vs abnormal

Upon stimulation, cease phagocytosis and migrate to lymph nodes to start immune response

50
Q

What do dendritic cells do in lymph nodes ?

A

Activate T cells, and also influence B cells.

51
Q

What do dendritic cells express ?

A

Pattern Recognition receptors, which are members of the toll-like receptor family (TLR).

Several PMN cells also express PRR, hence linked to innate immunity.

52
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors members of ?

A

The Toll-like receptor family (TLR)

53
Q

TLR receptors function

A

Sit on dendritic cells and looking for signs of an infection.

Things that would not normally be present in you unless an infection was present.
(e.g. bacterial/viral)

They move that fragment of the pathogen to the lymph node, chop it up, present it to MHC molecules and you have an immune response.

54
Q

What is the membrane attack complex ?

A

Component of the final stage of the complement pathway.

Barrel shaped structure that punches holes in bacteria and their contents leak out and bacteria dies.

55
Q

What innate cells kill virally infected cells ?

A

Natural Killer cells

56
Q

How do virally infected cells respond ?

A

Secretion of interferon alpha and beta.

This makes the other infected cells around a bit more retractile to virus infections, and dampens down their protein production.

Helps protects from viruses spreading to nearby cells.

57
Q

Which Ig molecules are dimers and pentamers ?

A

IgA - dimer
IgM - pentamer

58
Q

What does the Fab and the Fc bit of an Ab do ?

A

Fab - antigen binding site (pathogen recognition site)
Fc - activates complement

59
Q

What does a CD8 and CD4 T cell do ?

A

CD8- killer T cells
CD4 - helper T cells, secrete cytokines

60
Q

What key cytokines distinguish a Th1 and a Th2 cell ?

A

Th1 - interferon gamma, TNF alpha

Th2 - interleukin 4

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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