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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Disability > Flashcards

Disability Flashcards

1
Q

What defines a disability ?

A

You are considered disabled under the Equality Act 2010 if:

  • you have a physical or mental impairment
  • that has a ‘substantial’ AND ‘long-term’ negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities
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2
Q

Disability

A

Disability is the functional consequence of impairment

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2
Q

Impairment

A

Impairment is an abnormality or limitation of structure or function

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3
Q

Handicap

A

Handicap is the social consequence of impairment

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4
Q

What is multi-morbidity ?

A

A person has >= chronic condition occurring at the same time

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5
Q

What are the leading causes of multi morbidity ?

A

Age and Deprivation

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6
Q

DALY

A

Disability Adjusted Life Years

One DALY = the loss of 1 full year of full health

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7
Q

How is the global burden of disease calculated ?

A

Calculated using the disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

One DALY = the loss of 1 full year of full health

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8
Q

Describe the Global Burden of disease study

A

Worldwide observational epidemiological study

Describes morbidity and mortality and impacts on disability

Global, national and regional analysis

Covers 1990-present

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9
Q

What can disability be ?

A

Temporary or life-long
Relapsing / Remitting

Progressive or Static
Variable or Unexpected

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10
Q

State some medical professionals involved in care for people with disabilities

A

Doctors
Specialist Nurses

OT
Physiotherapists

Speech and Language therapists

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11
Q

Function of the model of disability

A

Understand the patient’s social and cultural environments, values, stereotypes and prejudices.

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11
Q

What is the model of disability affected by ?

A

Demographic changes
Medical changes
Economic changes
Cultural changes

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12
Q

Describe cultural changes

A

Social changes affect disease spread, e.g. TB
Historical changes over time (e.g. left-handedness)

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12
Q

What is the Medical model ?

What causes disability ?

A

Disability is caused by disease or impairment

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13
Q

What is the Social model ?

What causes disability ?

A

Disability is caused by the way society is organised, and not just by impairment or disease.

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14
Q

Downfalls of the medical model

A

Does not:

  • Explain the hugely variable lived experience of people with disabilities
  • Acknowledge the interface of society with medical problems in generating disability.
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14
Q

Key feature of the social model

A

A person does not ‘have’ a disability - they ‘experience’ a disability

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15
Q

State some barriers of the social model

A

Prejudice and stereotypes restrict independence, options and life choices for people with disabilities and create inequality.

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16
Q

What does the social model focus on ?

A

Focuses on what the person needs

The person is the most important part of the medical team.

Each person is individual

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17
Q

What does the medical model focus on ?

A

Focuses on what is ‘wrong’

18
Q

What does the social model consider ?

A

Evidence based medicine VS patient preference

Compliance VS Accordance

Medical expertise VS the ‘expert patient’

18
Q

What does the medical model consider for each disability ?

A
  • Causation
  • Age affected
  • Clinical Picture
  • Course and Progression
  • Prognosis
  • Evidence-based care
  • Aiming for ‘cure’ OR resolution
19
Q

For a wheelchair user wanting to access a building with stairs:

  • Social model
A

Social model

  • Add a ramp to the building
  • Ensure doors are wide enough for the chair
  • Ensure there are lifts/ramps inside the building
  • Ensure accessible parking, public transport etc.
20
Q

For a wheelchair user wanting to access a building with stairs:

  • Medical model
A

Medical model:

Use medical and allied health professionals to improve patient’s ability to mobilise.

Invest in technology research and medical/surgical advances to try correct the medical condition preventing them walking.

21
Q

A deaf child wants to attend mainstream school:

  • Social model
A

Education is made accessible to all students
- Sign language interpretation
- Speech to text technology
- Learning support staff

Support for teaching other children BSL

22
Q

A deaf child wants to attend mainstream school

  • Medical model
A

Medical/surgical devices or advances for ‘curing’ or ‘improving’ deafness

  • Hearing aids
  • Cochlear implants
  • Grommets
  • Speech and Language therapy
23
Q

What do negative attitudes based on prejudice or stereotype lead to ?

A

They can stop disabled people from having equal opportunities:

  • Work
  • Live independently
  • Relationships and sex
  • Families and children
24
Q

Features of physical disabilities

A

May not be immediately apparent

Can be hugely variable

Impact of disability is activity dependent

25
Q

How can physical disabilities be hugely variable ?

A

People may have different levels of (dis)ability

Variable levels of ability depending on:
- time of day
- recent activity levels
- concurrent injuries
- exacerbations of relapsing/ remitting conditions

26
Q

Results of visible difference or disfigurement

A

May confer a huge impact on societal interaction without causing a loss of function

Often associated with psychological distress

Changing faces

27
Q

May confer a huge impact on societal interaction without causing a loss of function

A

People with facial disfigurement are less likely to be in high-paying jobs or in relationships than those without disfigurement.

28
Q

What is a visual impairment ?

A

Sight loss that cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

29
Q

State the 2 main categories of visual impairment

A

Registered partially sighted

Registered blind

30
Q

Registered partially sighted

A

Moderate sight impairment

31
Q

Registered blind

A

Severe sight impairment – where activities that rely on eyesight become impossible

32
Q

Deaf - disabled ?

A

Many people with a functional impairment do not consider themselves disabled.

33
Q

Describe deaf people who are part of a deaf community

A

They may consider themselves to be part of a linguistic minority rather than ‘disabled’

  • They may experience a significant handicap or disability in a hearing culture
34
Q

State some hidden disabilities

A

Chronic Pain
Neurological Disorders

Relapsing / Remitting disorders

Cognitive impairment
Sensory impairment

Chronic medical conditions
Mental health
Neurotypical

35
Q

Neurotypical disabilities

A

ASD
ADHD
Dyslexia
Dyspraxia

36
Q

Describe cognitive impairment

A

Can be congenital / acquired
Can be fixed / variable

Ranges from mild to severe

37
Q

How can cognitive impairment cause disability ?

A

Through difficulties with memory and concentration, learning new skills, or difficulty making decisions.

38
Q

What is a learning disability ?

A

A significantly reduced ability to understand complex information or learn new skills. (impaired intelligence)

A reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning)

A condition which started before adulthood and has a lasting effect.

39
Q

Causes of neuroatypical disabilities ?

A

Lifelong conditions

Due to differences in neural pathways and processing.

Can have more than 1 cause of neuropathy, and can co-exist with learning disabilities and mental health problems.

Impact can be mild to severe

40
Q

What do disabilities affect ?

A

They can affect how patients access healthcare, which can affect their health outcomes.

This leads to preventable health inequalities.

41
Q

State some adjustments which medical professionals can make to help people with disabilities access healthcare

A

Leaflets in simple language / pictorial
Translators

Physical access (ramps)
Equipment - accessible examination couch
Buzzers

42
Q

What causes transitions in healthcare ?

A

Age
Geography
Funding / service availability
Progressive / evolving medical needs
Advances or changes in medical science, therapeutics

43
Q

Transitions in care can be:

A

Stressful and distressing to patients and families

Lead to gaps in care, missed follow-ups, interrupted care plans

Smooth and supported, positive times to ‘right side’ care

Opportunities for growth and development for patients and their families, friends or carers.

44
Q

What is the best way for doctors to care for patients with disabilities ?

A

BE prepared to:

  • listen to patients
  • admit the patient may know a lot about their condition

Be willing to support and engage with:

  • a wide variety of therapies
  • emerging evidence
  • novel treatments
  • other care providers and specialties
45
Q

Key act for doctors to care for patients with disabilities

A

Examine your own feelings about disability and chronic medical problems.

  • Learn how to HELP the patient without ‘curing them’
46
Q

Doctors with disabilities

A

They face additional challenges but bring additional skills and experience

It is important for the medical workforce to reflect the population it serves.

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

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