Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 > Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

State the bones of the pelvic girdle

A

Hip bone
Sacrum
Coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the bones of the lower limbs

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia (medially)
Fibula (laterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the bones of the foot

A

Tarsal bones (x7)
Metatarsal bones (x5)
Phalanges (x14)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 7 Tarsal bones

A

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State the location of the tibia and fibula

A

Located in the leg

Tibia - medially
Fibula - laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of the pelvic girdle

A

Transfers the body weight to the lower limbs.

Provides an almost rigid, complete ring for weight bearing and child birth.

Supports the pelvic organs

Provides muscle attachment for limb movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Key function of the pelvic girdle

A

Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State the bones which fuse to form the hip bone

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give a brief description of the hip bone

A

Tri-radiate cartilage between the 3 parts of the hip bone.

Cartilage is visible radiologically, but ossifies by LATE TEENS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate ?

A

Pubic Symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State the highest point of the iliac crest

A

At the level of L4 spinous process OR L4/5 disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the orientation of the pelvic girdle

A

Anterior superior iliac spine is on the same coronal plane as the pubic tubercle and pubic crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State the pelvic joints

A

Pubic Symphysis
Sacro-iliac joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the pubic symphysis

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Supported by superior and arcuate ligaments

Disc between articular surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the sacroiliac joint

A

Synovial anteriorly
Fibrous posteriorly

Supported by anterior and posterior sacroiliac and interosseous ligaments

Iliolumbar ligament

Extremely limited movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pubic symphyses supported by ?

A

Supported by superior and arcuate ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint supported by ?

A

Supported by anterior and posterior sacroiliac and interosseous ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

State the ligaments that prevent the sacrum from tilting forwards

A

Sacro-spinous ligament
Sacro-tuberous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

A

Prevent the sacrum from tilting forwards

Support the sacroiliac joint

Convert the sciatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina for the passage of nerves and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe tilting of the sacrum forwards

A

S1 rotated downwards
S4 rotated upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of gateways (i.e. sciatic foramen)

A

Transmit neurovascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is found in the greater sciatic foramen ?

A

Sciatic
Gluteal
Pudendal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is found in the lesser sciatic foramen ?

A

Pudendal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is found in the obturator foramen (canal) ?

A

Obturator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is found in the femoral ring ?

A

Femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the hip joint

A

Ball and Socket joint
Synovial joint

Very Stable
Limited mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of the acetabulum

A

Deep socket, weight bearing, stable

Cartilage over lunate surface

The rim is raised by the acetabular labrum

The labrum bridges across the acetabular notch as the transverse acetabular ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe a tear to the acetabular labrum

A

The acetabular labrum may tear and cause pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the transverse acetabular ligament ?

A

The labrum bridges across the acetabular notch as the transverse acetabular ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the head of the femur

A

Covered by hyaline cartilage all except for the fovea of the head of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Another name for the hip joint

A

Acetabular Femoral Joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the joint capsule of the hip joint

A

Synovial membrane covers everything except the articular cartilage

It forms a sleeve around the ligament of the head of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

State the attachments of the joint capsule of the hip joint

A

Acetabular rim
Transverse acetabular ligament
Intertrochanteric line
Neck of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of the synovial layers of the joint capsule

A

Sends retinacular fibres medially along the femoral line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Function of capsular ligaments of the hip joint

A

Prevent hyper-extension
Stabilise the joint
Save energy during standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Zona orbicularis

A

Some deep fibres of the fibrous capsule wind circularly around the neck and form the zona orbicularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the ligament of the head of the femur called ?

A

Ligamentum teres caput femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

State the hip joint ligaments

A

Ligamentum teres cuput femoris
Zona orbicularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

State the capsular ligaments of the hip

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Iliofemoral ligament function

A

Strongest capsular ligament of hip

Prevents hyper-extension of the hip joint during standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pubofemoral ligament function

A

Prevents hyper-abduction of hip joint; tightens during abduction and extension of the hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament function

A

Weakest capsular ligament of the hip

Prevents excessive internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Shenton’s line

A

Line drawn along the superior pubic ramus continuing along the head and neck of the femur.

If this line is jaded, it is indicative of a fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe the knee joint

State the 2 joints

A

2 JOINTS

Joint between the femur and the tibia

AND

Joint between the patella and the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Function of the knee joint

A

Free movement in one plane only

Jonit stability

Weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint ?

A

Hinge joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Features of the knee joint

A

Articular surfaces are reciprocally shaped

Strong collateral ligaments

Muscles are grouped at the sides of the joint where they do not interfere with movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

State some features of the distal femur

A

Medial condyle + epicondyle
Lateral condyle + epicondyle

Patellar surface
Popliteal surface
Intercondylar fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

State some features of the distal patella

A

Base of patella
Lateral articular surface
Apex of patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

State some features of the proximal tibia

A

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle

Intercondylar tubercles
Tibial tuberosity

51
Q

State some features of the proximal fibula

A

Anterior intercondylar region
Posterior intercondylar region

Medial and lateral tibial plateaus

Intercondylar eminence

52
Q

Describe the knee capsule (fibrous capsule)

A

Attaches to the articular margins
Incomplete anteriorly
Lined by synovial membrane

53
Q

Describe anterior to the knee capsule

A

Anteriorly, the fibrous capsule is replaced by the quadriceps tendon (patellar ligament)

The patella and fat pads on either side of the patellar ligament.

54
Q

What is the knee capsule reinforced by ?

Tract and Retinacula

A

Reinforced by the iliotibial tract and patellar retinacula from quadriceps.

55
Q

What is the posterior knee capsule reinforced by ?

A

Reinforced by the :

  • Oblique popliteal ligament
  • Arcuate popliteal ligament
56
Q

What is the oblique popliteal ligament ?

A

Expansion of the semimembranous muscle.

57
Q

What is found in the posterior capsule ?

A

There is an opening in the capsule for the tendon of popliteus.

58
Q

What is found around the knee joint ?

59
Q

What are bursae ?

A

Synovial fluid filled sacs, helping prevent tendons rubbing on bone

OR

Bone and tendons rubbing against superficial structures in the skin.

60
Q

State the bursae found in the knee joint that communicate directly with the articular cavity of the knee joint

A

Suprapatellar bursa (continuous with the joint capsule, found deep to quadriceps)

Popliteal bursa (continuous with the joint capsule, found underneath popliteus tendon)

61
Q

Location of supra patellar bursa

A

Continuous with the joint capsule, found deep to quadriceps

62
Q

Location of the popliteal bursa

A

Continuous with the joint capsule, found underneath popliteus tendon

63
Q

What is a downfall of bursae communicating directly with the articular cavity of the knee joint ?

A

Potential spread of infection
Spread of inflammation

64
Q

State the other bursae found in the knee joint

A

Anserine bursa
Gastrocnemius bursa
Infra patellar bursa (deep and superficial)

65
Q

State the collateral ligaments of the knee joint

A

Lateral (fibular)
Medial (tibial)

66
Q

What is the lateral (fibular) ligament ?

A

A strong cord from lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of fibula.

Separate from the joint capsule, so is an extrinsic ligament.

67
Q

What is the medial (tibial) ligament ?

A

A broad, flat band from the medial femoral epicondyle to the tibial condyle.

An intrinsic ligament, as it is fused to the joint capsule and medial meniscus.

68
Q

Function of the lateral (fibular) ligament

A

Prevents adduction of the leg

69
Q

Function of the medial (tibial) ligament

A

Prevents abduction of the leg

70
Q

Location of the lateral (fibular) ligament

A

Tendon of popliteus is between this ligament and capsule

71
Q

Location of the medial (tibial) ligament

A

Fused to the joint capsule and medial meniscus

72
Q

What happens when you damage the medial collateral ligament ?

A

You are likely to damage the medial meniscus.

73
Q

Why are injuries to the medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus more common than the lateral equivalents ?

A

The lateral ligament meniscus isn’t anchored.
It is a bit more free to more.

74
Q

Lateral meniscus attachments

A

The lateral meniscus is attached to the joint capsule but NOT to the lateral collateral ligament.

Tendon of the popliteus muscle attaches to the lateral meniscus

75
Q

What does the tendon of the popliteus muscle attach to ?

A

Tendon of the popliteus muscle attaches to the lateral meniscus

76
Q

Functions of menisci

A

Absorb shock
Decrease friction
Participate in locking of knees
Proprioception

Dissipate the forces/stress on articular cartilage

Increases the congruence of articular surfaces

77
Q

What are menisci ?

A

Crescent shaped fibrocartilage

78
Q

Movement of menisci

A

Move antero-posteriorly during flexion/extension of the knee

79
Q

How are menisci connected ?

A

Interconnected anteriorly by the transverse ligament of the knee

80
Q

Describe the blood supply to the menisci

A

Inner 2/3rds avascualr

Outer 1/3rd partially vascular

81
Q

Problem with menisci

A

As they are made of cartilage, they are mostly a-vascular.

82
Q

Location of the meniscofemoral ligament

A

Extends from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the medial condyle of femur.

83
Q

State the cruciate ligaments

A

Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligaments

84
Q

Function of the cruciate ligaments

A

Named according to their tibial attachment

Act as a pivot for rotatory movements between the bones.

85
Q

Function of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents anterior movement of tibia and hyperextension

86
Q

Function of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents posterior movement of the tibia

(as in walking downhill)

87
Q

What is the anterior drawer test ?

A

Sign showing damage to the anterior cruciate ligament

(tibia moves anteriorly too much)

88
Q

What is the posterior drawer test ?

A

Sign showing damage to the posterior cruciate ligament

(tibia moves posteriorly)

89
Q

State the angles of the lower limbs

A

Collodiaphysial angle
Q angle

90
Q

Collodiaphysial angle

A

The angle between the long axes of the neck and shaft of the femur.

  • wider in children
91
Q

Q angle

A

The angle between the anatomical axis of the femur and that of the tibia

  • females have a larger Q
92
Q

Greater Q angle results

A

Lead to a greater risk of knee injury

93
Q

State some features of the distal tibia

A

Fibular notch
Medial malleolus
Inferior articular facet

Groove for flexor hallucis longus
Groove for tibialis posterior

94
Q

State some features of the distal fibula

A

Lateral malleolus
Malleolar fossa
Articular surface

95
Q

What does the ankle joint attach to ?

A

The talus bone of the foot

96
Q

Describe the talus bone

Trochlea - superior articular surface

A

Broad anteriorly: more stable in dorsiflexion

Narrow posteriorly: less stable in plantar flexion

97
Q

What supports the ankle joint ?

A

Capsule and Ligaments

  • Medial (deltoid) ligament
  • Lateral ligament
  • Loos fibrous capsule
98
Q

Describe the location of the ligaments of the ankle

A

(collateral) Ligaments of ankle all originate at malleoli and fan out to tarsal bones

99
Q

Function of the medial (deltoid) ligament

A

Resists dislocation during eversion of the foot

100
Q

Function of the lateral ligament

A

Resists over-inversion, 3 bands:

  • Anterior talofibular
  • Posterior talofibular
  • Fibulocalcaneal
101
Q

State the 3 parts of the lateral collateral ligaments

A
  • Anterior talofibular
  • Posterior talofibular
  • Fibulocalcaneal
102
Q

Sprained ankle

A

Inversion injury of the foot

Land on the lateral border of the foot and foot twists into an inversion position.

103
Q

Why are inversion injuries of the foot more common than eversion injuries ?

A

You’re much more likely to land on the lateral (outside of the foot)

The lateral malleolus sticks down a bit further than the medial malleolus, preventing eversion.

104
Q

Type of joint at the ankle

A

Hinge joint

Weight bearing

105
Q

Describe movement at the ankle joint

A

Extension - dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

106
Q

Malleolar fossa

A

Recess between the 2 malleoli, supporting the top of the talus.

107
Q

State the order of the tarsal bones of the foot

A

PROXIMAL ROW:

Talus
Calcaneus

Navicular
Cuboid

DISTAL ROW (medial to lateral):

Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

108
Q

Hindfoot

A

Talus
Calcaneus

109
Q

Midfoot

A

Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms

110
Q

Forefoot

A

Metatarsals
Phalanges

111
Q

State the joints of the foot

A

Transverse tarsal joint
(between head of talus+calcaneus and tails of navicular+cuboid)

Tarsometatarsal joint
(between cuboid+cuneiforms and metatarsals )

112
Q

Movement of distal tibiofibular : syndesmosis

A

NO movement

helps to stabilise the ankle and foot

113
Q

Movement of ankle: hinge joint

A

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

114
Q

Movement of intertarsal: plane joints

A

INVERSION AND EVERSION
Subtalar
Talo-navicular
Calcaneo-cuboid

115
Q

State the components of the transverse tarsal joint

A

Talo-navicular
Calcaneo-cuboid

116
Q

Movement of inter metatarsal and tarsometatarsal: plane joints

A

Gliding movements

117
Q

Movement of metatarsophalangeal: condyloid joints

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

118
Q

Movement of interphalangeal: hinge joints

A

Flexion
Extension

119
Q

Describe the transverse tarsal joint

A

Talo-navicular part of the TCN + CC

Enclosed by joint capsule

120
Q

What are the 2 important ligaments that support the joints and plantar arches ?

A

Long plantar ligament
Spring ligament

121
Q

Function of the spring ligament

(IMPORTANT)

A

Supports the head of the talus and much of the body weight.

aka calcaneonavicular ligament

122
Q

Function of the transverse tarsal joint

A

Assists in inversion / eversion

123
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint the site for ?

A

Surgical amputation of the foot

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 2 (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions