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SBB > Immunology and Complement > Flashcards

Immunology and Complement Flashcards

1
Q

CD5

A

found on B-1 cells, predominant cells present in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

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2
Q

CD27

A

found on memory B cells

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3
Q

Bcell corecepter

A

made up of CD21 CD81(TAPA1) and CD19, helps to encourage activation.

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4
Q

CD1

A

molecules that present lipids and glycolipids expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells . Similar to MHC1 molecule. structure with deep grooves that lipid tails are kept in and polar head faces outside. separate molecule and b-2-microglobulin added onto the structure

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5
Q

CD22

A

negatively regulates Coreceptor for B cell (CD21, CD81, CD19)

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6
Q

CD32

A

low affinity receptor for the Fc portion of IgG, expressed on virtually all mature Bcells, feedback loop when bound to IgG- halts production of antibody

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7
Q

CLL

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia- CD5 is the primary cell marker in this type of leukemia

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8
Q

TAP-1 and TAP-2 genes

A

gene makes protein products that help transport peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for binding to the MHC class 1 molecule

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9
Q

B cell receptor

A

The total structure is made up of an antibody on the cell surface (either IgM monomer or IgD) and the IgAlpha (CD79alpha) and IgBeta (CD79Beta)

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10
Q

ITAM

A

immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs

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11
Q

CD40

A

on Bcell binds to CD40L (CD154) on Tcell, involces the isotype switching of antibodies class of B cells

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12
Q

CD28

A

on T cell surface, reacts with B7 on Bcells surface, important for Tcell synthesis of IL-2 a T cell growth factor, needed for T cell proliferation

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13
Q

CTLA-4

A

CD152 has a similar structure to CD28 so it binds to B7, however it is a negative feeback loop that then terminates the response

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14
Q

CD4:CD8 ratio

A

2:1

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15
Q

Tcell receptor

A

made from a structure similar to an Ig molecule, within the Ig superfamily. it has variable and constant regions. Its a noncovalently associated with another structure that contains two domains (CD3) and this is paired with two identical zeta units (CD247) that are ITAMs. CD3 and CD247 come together to initiate signal transduction

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16
Q

Digeorge Syndrome

A

Deletion of a small segment of chromosome number 22. Autosommal dominant. Among other things, thymic aplasia- lack of mature T cells affecting ability to amount appropriate immune response

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17
Q

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

A

lack of bruton’s tyrosine kinase. enzyme involved in intracellular signaling for pre-B cell transition. With lack of BTK cells are susupended in the pre-B cells stage.

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18
Q

NK cells

A

CD16 CD56

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19
Q

NK T cells

A

CD161c. REACTS TO c1d as opposed to MHC molecules

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20
Q

T reg cells

A

type of CD4 cell that regulates the actions of other T cells, CD25

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21
Q

TH17

A

proinflammatory cytokine

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22
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome

A

Dysfunctional CD154 (CD40L) which binds to CD40 on B cell and stimulates the isotype or class switching of antibodies from the B cell

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23
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cells, interact with MHC class I molecules, along with Fas-Fas ligand binding induces apoptosis of infected cell.

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24
Q

IFN-Gamma

A

interferon gamma- activates macrophages and regulates cells

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25
Q

GM-CSF

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. activates macrophages

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26
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Tumor necrosis factor alpha activates macrophages

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27
Q

IL-3

A

interleuken 3 involved in hematopoiesis

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28
Q

TNF-beta

A

Tumor necrosis factor-Beta involved in imflammatory responses

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29
Q

IL-4 IL-5

A

activates B cells

30
Q

IL-10

A

involved in hematopoiesis

31
Q

TGF-beta

A

Transforming growth factor-beta, inhibits monocyte activation

32
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Promotes synthesis of IgG3

33
Q

Antibodies that are the best activators of compliment

A

IgG3 and IgM: In order IgM>IgG3>IgG1>IgG2

34
Q

Where and when does C1 bind

A

It binds to the Fc portion of the antibody when bound to corresponding antigen. Binds to one IgM molecule and 2 IgG molecules

35
Q

Where is MBL found

A

in circulation in conjuction with proteases (MASPs) Manose associates serine proteases

36
Q

In MBL pathway what cleaves C2 and C4

A

MASP-2

37
Q

Explain C3b process in alternative pathway

A

C3b binds to the cell surface accompanied by Factor B, Factor D cleaves Factor B into Bb. C3bBb form complex together, increases opsonization of pathogen

38
Q

Factor P

A

properdin, stabilizes C3bBb

39
Q

C1 esterase inhibitor

A

Binds to C1r and C1s, causes them to unbind from C1q, also inhibits MASP-1 and 2 in MBL

40
Q

CD55 role

A

DAF- dissociates C4bC2a complex as well as (MCP and CR1) also disrupts the C3bBb complex

41
Q

CD59 role

A

prevents C9 binding and formation of MAC by binding to C5b-C8 complex

42
Q

Opsonins

A

Makes something more likely for pathogen removal by tagging it, C3b, C4b, iC3b

43
Q

C-reactive protein

A

an acute phase reactant, binds to polysaccharide phosphocoline express on surface of many bacteria (strep pneumoniae) and also activates the complement pathway

44
Q

complement anaphylatoxins

A

C3a C5a

45
Q

Half life of IgG

A

25 days

46
Q

GM

A

genetic marker only present on IgG antibodies that is specific to the person the IgG came from (think mitochondrial DNA) think of this as an ‘antigen’ that is present on the antibody. antibodies against these specific GM’s can be made.

47
Q

Function of antibodies 2 fold

A
  1. opsonization making the antibody more easily digestible for phagocytosis 2. neutralization for example Ig binds to Viruses blocking the virus from attachment to target cell.
48
Q

Heavy chains

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon

49
Q

Light chains

A

kappa, lambda

50
Q

Which antibodies have J chains

A

IgM and IgA, only secreted polymers

51
Q

enzyme affect on antibodies

A

papain- splits into three parts, two Fab portions and one Fc portion. pepsin, splits into two parts (peppy le pu makes two) one connectd Fab unit +Fc fragments

52
Q

Ig supergene family

A

makes up IgG, MHC, CD4 and Tcell receptor

53
Q

In electrophoresis of immunoglobulin what moves fastes towards the anode?

A

albumin

54
Q

what move slowest towards anode in IG electrophoresis

A

IgG

55
Q

Polyclonal gammopathy

A

chronic infection or inflammation, immune mediated disease, liver disease, occult hearworm disease, manifests with stead and gradual increase in gamma (right most quadrant of graph)

56
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy

A

narrow spike of alpha2, beta, or gamma, light chains-bence jones proteins. 1. multiple myeloma 2. waldenstrom’s macroglobinlinemia, 3. lymphoma 4. CLL

57
Q

Half life of IgG antibody

A

23 days

58
Q

Half life of IgM antibody

A

5 days

59
Q

Staph protein A

A

has very high affinity for IgG except IgG3 (test read and performed similar to solid phase- positive is monolayer of red cells, negative is a cell button)

60
Q

IgG antibody subclasses, not bound to macrophages

A

IgG2 and weakly IgG4, do not bind to Fc receptors on phagocytes therefore if antibody is on cell it will not be phagocytosed by macrophages.

61
Q

How can it be used clinically to know subclass if IGg

A

If IgG2 anti-yta will bind transfused red cells but will not be destroyed because phagocytes cannot ingest without being able to bind Fc receptor on antibody. RBCs will circulate normally with antibody bound.

62
Q

Kappa gene chromosome

A

2

63
Q

Lambda gene chromosome

A

22

64
Q

Heavy chain gene chromosome

A

14

65
Q

How do we get multiple antibodies with different specificities

A

gene rearrangement. Genes for antibodies are present in pieces that can be combined into many different combinations to form a large number of unique antibodies

66
Q

Ig Diversity what type of recombination

A

V(D)J recombination, one gene segment recombines with other gene segments to form a single unique gene, this occurs at birth.

67
Q

best IgG at activating complement biding c1q

A

IgG 3

68
Q

best IgG at activating alternate pathway binding C1q

A

IgG2

69
Q

GM and AM

A

genetic marker on IgG, AM marker on IgA. this are allotypes or parts of antibody that are common to host

70
Q

Isotype

A

Heavy chain classification, A, M, G D, E

71
Q

idiotype

A

specific to the antigen stimulating the response, all antibodies that react with same antigen have same idiotype, regardless of class!

72
Q

GM applications

A
  1. monitoring Bone Marrow grafts (monitor allotype of the graft) 2. forensic medicine, detectable in blood and semen 3. parentage testing (previously)

SBB (31 decks)

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