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JazRespiratory > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmarks of immune deficiency

A

SPUR infections

Serious Persistent Unusual Recurrent

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2
Q

Phagocyte deficiences cause

A

recurrent infections, in unusual sites, can be unusual bac (Burkholderia -this and CF only) or fungi infections

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3
Q

Reticular dysgenesis

A

no neutro, baso or eosinos or platelets
fatal unless bone marrow transplant
sufferers have a small thymus

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4
Q

Cyclic neutropaenia

A

neutropenia every 4-6wks

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5
Q

Kostmann syndrome

A

rare autosomal recessive severe chronic neutropaenia

presents w recurrent infections within 2 wks of birth

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6
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency characterisitics

A 
rare - CD18 leukocyte integrin deficiency
recurrent bac and fungal infections
v high neutro count
deep tissue infections NO PUS
mouth infections
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7
Q

Failure in this causes mild disorders

A

pathogen recognition - as receptors functions overlap

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8
Q

Failure of oxidative killing mechanisms =

A

chronic granulomatous disease

no O2 respiratory burst can’t clear org.s -> chronic inflam

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9
Q

Test to diagnose chronic granulomatous disease

A

NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) - give E. coli and dye sensitive to H2O2 and there will be no colour change

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10
Q

Commonest for of chronic granulomatous disease

A

X linked p47phox component of NADPH oxidase deficiency

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11
Q

defects in immune components activating others =>

A

tb reactivation, atypical mycobacterium infection, salmonella

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12
Q

SCID (defects in lymphoid precursors) characteristics:

A

unwell by 3 months, graft v host skin disease,

FtT, diarrhoea

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13
Q

commonest form of SCID

A

X-linked - mutation of component of IL-2 receptor
Can’t respond to cytokines NK and T dont develop and B cells immature
low/no T, normal/raised B

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14
Q

Defect in Thymus development

A

DiGeorge 22q11

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15
Q

DiGeorge characteristics:

A

FLK, cleft palate, cardiac problems, hypocalcaemia (seizures)
recurrent viral fungal and bac infections
T lymphopaenia, normal of increased B but decreased Igs

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16
Q

Antibody deficiencies cause ___ infections

A

recurrent bac infections and AI diseases

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17
Q

T cell deficiencies characteristics

A 
BCG infection after vaccination
tb and atypical pneumonia
deep fungal infections
recurrent infections
Malignancy in youth
AI
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18
Q

Bruton’s X-linked hypogammaimmunoglobulinaemia

A

no B cells in blood, no plasma cells, no circulating Ig after 6 months

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19
Q

Selective IgA deficiency

A

recurrent RTIs

Can cause false negative of coeliacs test

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20
Q

CVID

A

low IgE/A/G, AI often, granulomatous disease, recurrent bac infections, often persistent sinusitis, GI infections, bronchiectasis

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21
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions =

A

Allergic/Immediate/IgE mediated response to external antigen

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22
Q

Type 2 hypersentitivity reactions =

A

Direct cell killing

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23
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions =

A

Immune complex mediated

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24
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions =

A

Delayed/ Tcell mediated

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25
Eg.s of Type 1 hypersensitivity
asthma, hayfever, angioedma, eczema, anaphylaxis
26
Clinical features of Type 1 hypersensitivity
response occur quickly >=1 organ system effected stereotyped response
27
Mediators and cells involved in type 1 hypersensitivity
T>B>IgE>mast cells>histamine and tryptase> cytokines> leukotrienes
28
Samter's triad =
asthma nasal polyps salicylate sensitivity
29
Eg.s of Type 2 hypersensitivity
``` transfusion reactions AI haemolytic anaemia Goodpasture's syndrome myasthenia gravis Grave's disease idiopathic thromboctopaenic purpura ```
30
Stages in a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
IgG/M bind to antigens > act. complement > membrane attack complex > osmotic cell lysis > chemotaxin > opsonisation > solubilisation - turn them off
31
Characteristics of transfusion reaction (type 2)
immediate haemolytic reaction | pyrexia, rigor, tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypotension, dizzy, headaches
32
Management of Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions
plasmaphoresis and immunosuppression
33
Eg.s of type 3 hypersensitivity
Farmer's/Bird Fancier's Lung | SLE
34
Stages in a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
Ig binds to antigen > immune complex > deposited in small vessels > complement macro and neutro invade
35
Pneumonitis (type 3) reaction symptoms and signs
wheeze, SOB, malaise, pyrexia, dry cough | normal exam usually
36
SLE characteristics (Type 3)
arthralgia, renal dysfunction, fever, vasculitis purpura
37
Diagnose type 3 sensitivity by ___
specific IgG
38
Eg.s of type 4 hypersensitivity
AI - TID, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis | non-AI - nickel sensitivity, tb, leprosy, organ transplant rejection, Sarcoidosis, dust diseases, chronic stage of EAA
39
Stages in type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Initial sensitisation to antigen = Ts primed | Subsequent exposure> CD4-> cytokines->macros>CD8>cell mediated direct killing > granuloma
40
Sarcoidosis characteristics | Management
multisystem non-casseating granulomatous disease | careful monitoring, NSAIDS and systemic corticosteroids
41
All nucleated cells express ____ receptors to present antigens to T cells
HLA- A/B/C
42
Specialised APCs express ___ receptors to present to T cells
HLA-DR/DQ/DP
43
HLA matching (A/B/C) not done in ___ transplants
lung heart (limited donor pool) liver
44
Acute cellular rejection of transplant occurs within __ | Treat with ___
5-30 days | immunosuppression
45
Acute cellular rejection of transplant stages
Ts> IL2> T proliferation>CD4> macros>CD8>phago.s>B cells
46
Hyperacute rejection of transplant occurs within ___ When ___ Treatment ___
minutes to hours; when already have pre-formed antibodies pre-existing anti-donor HLA antibodies; no treatment
47
Acute vascular rejection is ___ mediated Onset within ___ Treatment ___
Ig mediated (Type 2) = vasculitis 5-30 days immunosuppressants
48
Chronic allograft failure risk factors
hbp, hyperlipidaemia, HLA mismatch, recipient infection, non-compliance with immunosuppressants
49
Active vaccination examples
``` Live attenuated Whole cell vaccine Fractional vaccine Toxoid Pure polysaccharide vaccine ```
50
`Killed/attenuated vaccine basis
Ig based not T based
51
Whole cell vaccine eg.s
polio, Hep A, rabies, cholera
52
Fractional vaccines eg.s
Hep B, influenza, HPV, acellular pertussis
53
Toxoid vaccine eg.s
diphteria, tetanus
54
Pure polysaccharide vaccine eg.s
pneumococcus, Meningitis C | Conjugated with toxin - H. influenzae type B, pneumococcus
55
Live attenuated vaccine (immunity in 1 dose) eg.s
MMR, chickenpox, rotavirus, BCG, oral typhoid
56
No vaccines against _____ (5)
influenza (rapidly evolving) | HIV, tb, herpes, Hep C (chronic/latent)
57
Immune parts involved in mycobacterium tb
T cells and phagocytes
58
Immune parts involved in bacterial infection
``` phagocytes complement T B Ig ```
59
Immune parts involved in viral infection
T B Ig
60
Immune parts involved in fungal infection
phagocytes eosinophils T
61
Immune parts involved in protozoal infections
T | eosinophils
62
immune parts involved in helminth infections
Mast cells | Eosinophils

JazRespiratory (18 decks)

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