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Clin Med 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

specific, humoral/cell mediated

A

adaptive immunity

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1
Q

neutral, non-specific immunity

cell and barrier mediated

A

innate immune system

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2
Q

immunogenicity

A

capacity to induce an immune response by foreign compounds

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3
Q

epitope

A

site on an antigen where a specific antibody becomes attached

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4
Q

a partial antigen, that elicits immune response when coupled w/ carrier proteins

A

hapten

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5
Q

phagocytic & cytotoxic cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells belong to?

A

innate immunity

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6
Q

components of innate immunity (6)

A

barriers- mucous membranes, saliva, etc

mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells

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7
Q

inflammation goal

A

vasodilate, increase blood flow to injured/affected area

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8
Q

neutrophils could be compared to

A

first responders

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9
Q

basophils participate in response to? (2)

A

allergic

helminth

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10
Q

eosinophils kill microbes via?

A

releasing oxygen radicals- oxidations

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11
Q

leukotrienes are released from?

A

eosinophils

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12
Q

leukotrienes result in? (3)

A

airway smooth mm. contraction
allergic rxns
asthma

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13
Q

eosinophils functions? (3)

A

release oxygen radicals to kill microbes- oxidation
release leukotrienes
stimulate T-lymphocytes

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14
Q

most abundant of the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

strongly phagocytic cells, that make NETs to “catch” bacteria

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

mast cells release? (2)

A

histamine

heparin

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17
Q

where are mast cells highly present

A

mucosa

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18
Q

when mast cells release excess histamine, what is the result?

A

anaphylaxis

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19
Q

antigen-presenting cell that also stimulates lymphocytes

A

dendritic cells

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20
Q

monocytes differentiate into? (2)

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

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21
Q

monocyte differentiation is stimulated by

A

pathogens

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22
Q

monocytes develop in ____ and 50% migrate to?

A

marrow

spleen

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23
Q

where are macrophages present (3)

A

under the skin
lungs
GI tract

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24
Q

3 stages of macrophages?

A

resting
primed
hyperactive

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25
Q

resting macrophage stage

A

cleaning up cellular debris

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26
Q

primed macrophage stage

A

increased active engulfing of bacteria, act as APCs

27
Q

hyperactive macrophages

A

inflammatory cytokines

28
Q

specialized macrophages w/in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

29
Q

kupffer cells function

A

destroy bacteria, old RBCs

30
Q

cytotoxic lymphocytes

31
Q

NK cells method of killing (2)

A

release perforins or proteases

or induce apoptosis by surface contact

32
Q

how are NK cells activated

A

by cytokines secreted by macrophages

33
Q

increased phagocytosis of antigens by marking them for destruction

A

opsonization

34
Q

attracting and activating macrophages and neutrophils; inducing mast cells & basophils to degranulate

A

chemotaxis

35
Q

forming membrane attack complex (MAC) to rupture pathogen cell membranes

36
Q

slower, using B cells and T cells as primary actors

A

adaptive immunity

37
Q

what does Complement do? how is it activated?

A

signals immune cells that the attack is on

by bound IgG, IgM, or other antigens

38
Q

elevated basophil count could indicate? (2)

A

helminth infection

allergic rxn

39
Q

elevated eosinophils could indicate (3)

A

allergy
asthma
parasite infection

40
Q

elevated neutrophils could indicate (2)

A

acute stress/infection

Rheumatoid arthritis

41
Q

decreased neutrophils could indicate

A

viral infection

42
Q

elevated monocytes could indicate (4)

A

viral infection
chronic inflammation
leukemia
parasites

43
Q

Humoral Immunity cell type

44
Q

Cell-mediated immunity primary cell type

45
Q

humoral immunity responds to?

A

pathogens outside of cells

46
Q

cell mediated immunity responds to?

A

pathogens inside cells

47
Q

immunoglobulin that detects past infection, immunity

48
Q

Immunoglobulin that neutralizes bacteria & viruses, causes opsonization, mediates complement and MAC

49
Q

immunoglobulin that binds to basophils in blood and mast cells in tissues to release histamine

50
Q

immunoglobulin found in the serum and on the surface of B cells
Strong stimulator of agglutination, complement, and MAC

51
Q

immunoglobulin found in mucosal areas

52
Q

immunoglobulin involved in allergic responses to drugs, pollens, foods

53
Q

immunoglobulins involved in primary response?

A

IgM, then IgG

B memory cells persist

54
Q

Secondary response immunoglobulins

A

IgM, then IgG

55
Q

which is faster: primary or secondary response?

56
Q

what is agglutination

A

microbe clumping

57
Q

antigen-antibody rxn that doesn’t destroy the toxin-producing organism, needs antibiotics

A

neutralization

58
Q

the 4 antigen-antibody reactions are?

A

Agglutination
Neutralization
Opsonizations
Activation of complement

59
Q

tagging microbes to be phagocytosed

A

opsonization

60
Q

what happens after the activation of complement proteins? (2 steps)

A

creation of MAC

lysis of microbe

61
Q

how is complement activated

A

antibodies bind antigens

62
Q

what do B cells differentiate into?

A

plasma cells

memory cells

63
Q

steps of clonal proliferation? (4)

A

bind, engulf, process, display antigen

64
Q

how are antigen fragments displayed on B cells?

65
Q

how do T helper cells help B cells?

A

B cells differentiate into plasma cells & memory cells after contacting T-helper cells

Clin Med 1 (18 decks)

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