immunisation + prophylaxis Flashcards
types of adaptive immuity
natural: passive (maternal), active (infection)
artificial: passive (antibody transfer), active (immunisation)
types of vaccines
live attenuated
inactivated (killed)
detoxified toxin
subunit of micro-organism (purified microbial products or recombinant)
ex. of live attenuated vaccines
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) BCG varicella-zoster virus smallpox yellow fever
ex. of inactivated (killed) vaccines
polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/hib) hep A cholera rabies japanese encephalitis influenza
how are toxins detoxified
toxin treated with formalin –> toxoid
e.g. diptheria, tetanus
ex. of subunit vaccines
pertussis heamophilus influenzae b meningococcus (group c) pneumococcus typhoid
recombinant vaccines
e.g. hepatitis B
DNA segment coding for HBsAg –> removed, purified + mixed w plasmids –> inserted into yeasts –> fermented –> HBsAg produced
‘6 in 1’ vaccine: infanrix hexa
D T aP IPV Hib HBV
D: purified ditheria toxoid T: purified tetanus toxoid aP: purified Bordetella pertussis IPV: inactivated polio virus Hib: purified component of haemophilus influenzae b HBV: hepatitis B rDNA
target for herd immunity
90-95% coverage
immunisations for special patient and occupational groups
BCG influenza pneumococcal hepatitis B varicella zoster (chickenpox) herpes-zozster (shingles)
who gets BCG
- some infants (areas UK higher incidence and if parents/grandparents from country higher incidence)
- children at school who have risk factors
- immigrants from high prevalence country
- contacts of resp TB pts
- healthcare workers
indications to receive influenza vaccine
age >65yrs nursing home residents some healthcare workers immunodeficient immunosuppression asplenia/hypopslenism chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease DM coeliac preg women
indications for pneumococcal vaccine
immunodeficient immunosuppressed sickle cell chronic liver, renal, cardiac, lung disease DM coeliac
human normal immunoglobulins
contains antibodies against hepatitis A, rubella, measles
used in immunoglobulin deficiencies
used in some autoimmune disorders e.g. myasthenia gravis
disease specific immunoglobulin and examples
post-exposure
- hepatitis B Ig
- tetanus anti-toxin Ig
- varicella zoster Ig
- diphtheria anti-toxin Ig
- botulinum anti-toxin Ig
risk assessment for traveller immunisation + prophylaxis
health of traveller prev immunisation + prophylaxis area visiting duration of visit accomodation activities remote areas recent outbreak
general measures travellers can take
care w food/water hand washing suburn/sunstroke altitude road traffic accidents safer sex mosquitos: bed nets, sprays, cover up
common immunisations for travellers
tetanus polio typhoid hep A yellow fever cholera
immunisations for travellers in specific circumstances
meningococcal A, C, W, Y rabies diphtheria japanese B encephalitis tick borne encephalitis
ABCD of malaria prevention
Aware of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment
type of vaccine: MMR
live attenuated
type of vaccine: BCG
live attenuated
type of vaccine: polio
inactivated
type of vaccine: hep a
inactivated
type of vaccine: Hib
subunit
type of vaccine: diptheria
detoxified
type of vaccine: tetanus
detoxified
type of vaccine: hep b
recombinant
