Immune System

Question 1

External Assaults

Answer 1

Microorganisms, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses

Question 2

Internal Assaults

Answer 2

Abnormal cells that reproduce and form tumors that can become cancerous and spread
Self Markers
Non-Self Markers

Question 3

Self Markers

Answer 3

Molecules on the surface of cells that will be unique to each individual
Identify cell as “self” to the immune system

Question 4

Non-Self Markers

Answer 4

Molecules that are on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells

Question 5

Self Tolerance

Answer 5

Ability of immune system to attack abnormal/foreign cells and spare the normal cells

Question 6

Innate Immunity

Answer 6

Provide general nonspecific defense against anything that is not identified as self
Will be built in at birth

Question 7

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 7

acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents.

Question 8

Primary Cells for Innate Immunity

Answer 8

Epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells) and natural killer cells
Chemicals used in innate immunity: complement and interferon etc.

Question 9

Primary Cells for Adaptive Immunity

Answer 9

Lymphocytes (T and B cells)

Question 10

Cytokines

Answer 10

Any of several kinds of chemicals that are released by the cells in order to promote innate and adaptive immune responses
Ex. Interleukin, interferon, leukotriene

Question 11

Cells in regulatory role in immunity

Answer 11

complement, other enzymes, histamine

Question 12

Innate Immunity-First Line of Defence

Answer 12

Mechanical and Chemical Barriers
The internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier composed of the skin and mucous membrane
The skin and mucous membrane will provide additional immune mechanisms: sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 13

Innate Immunity-Second Line of Defence

Answer 13

Inflammation and fever

Question 14

Inflammation Mediators

Answer 14

histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds.

Question 15

Chemotactic Factors

Answer 15

substances that attract white blood cells to the area of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis.

Question 16

Characteristic of Inflammation

Answer 16

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

Question 17

Systemic Inflammation

Answer 17

Body wide inflammatory response

Question 18

Pyrogen

Answer 18

Pyrogens are released from damaged tissues (endogenous) or introduced into the body (exogenous) to promote prostaglandin (PG) production
PG will reset the hypothalamic “thermostat” to a higher temperature
Aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors will interfere with PG production

Question 19

Fever

Answer 19

Fever is believed to increase immune function and inhibit pathogens
Fever is common in systemic inflammation

Question 20

Inflammation Response

Answer 20

Tissue damage cause by bacteria will trigger a series of events that produces an inflammation response and promotes phagocytosis at the injury site
These responses tend to either inhibit or destroy bacteria in order to bring the tissue back into a healthy state
Similar reactions will occur in the presence of other abnormal or injurious particles or conditions