Blood

Question 1

Blood Composition

Answer 1

Plasma-Proteins, Water, Other Solutes

Formed Contents-Platelets, Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Macrocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Erthrocytes

Question 2

Blood Functions

Answer 2

Complex transport medium that performs vital pickup and delivery services
keystone of body’s heat-regulation (blood slightly warmer than rest of body)

Question 3

Volume of Blood

Answer 3

Young adult male - 5L

Varies by size of person

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

volume percentage of RBC in the blood

Question 5

Platlets

Answer 5

Also known as thrombocytes

Question 6

Red Blood Cells

Answer 6

Also known as erythrocytes
no nucleus
Biconcave disk
Do not contain ribosomes, mitochondria, etc
Primary component is hemoglobin
Most numerous formed element

Question 7

Function of Red Blood Cells

Answer 7

Critical role in O2 and CO2 transport

Question 8

Carbonic Anhydrase

Answer 8

Emzyme in RBC that catalyzes a reaction that joins CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid

Question 9

Carbonic Acid

Answer 9

Dissocaite and generates bicarbonate ion which diffuses out of RBC and transports CO2 into blood plasma

Question 10

Erthropoiesis

Answer 10

The formation of RBC
begins in red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and goes through stages of development to become RBC
Will take ~4 days

Question 11

RBC creation and destruction

Answer 11

~100 million per minute RBC are created and destroyed in an adult

Question 12

Destruction of RBC

Answer 12

Macrophage cells phagocytize the aged, abnormal, or fragmented RBCs
Hemoglobin is broken down and amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are released and/or recycled.

Question 13

Life Span of RBC

Answer 13

105-120 days

Question 14

Hemoglobin

Answer 14

Within each RBC are approximately 200 to 300 million molecules of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is able to unite with four oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin to allow RBCs to transport oxygen where it is needed
Males have a greater amount of hemoglobin than females
Anemia: a decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood

Question 15

Hemoglobin Composition

Answer 15

Hemoglobin is composed of four globin chains, each attached to a heme group

Question 16

Types of Granulocytes

Answer 16

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

approximately 65% of total WBC count in a normal blood sample
highly mobile and active phagocytic cells
capable of diapedesis
cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes

Question 18

Eosinophils

Answer 18

2% to 5% of circulating WBCs
Numerous in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
Weak phagocytes
Capable of ingesting inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes
Provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions

Question 19

Basophils

Answer 19

0.5% to 1% of circulating WBCs
Motile and capable of diapedesis
Cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin

Question 20

Types of Agranulocytes

Answer 20

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

Smallest of the WBCs
Second most numerous WBC Account for approximately 25% of circulating WBCs
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes have an important role in immunity:
T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, and B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens

Question 22

Monocytes

Answer 22

largest leukocytes;

Mobile and highly phagocytic cells

Question 23

White Blood Cells Numbers

Answer 23

1 mm^3 of normal blood usually contains 5000 to 9000 leukocytes, with different percentages for each type

WBC numbers have clinical significance because they change with certain abnormal conditions; infection etc.

Question 24

Formation of WBCs

Answer 24

Granular and agranular leukocytes mature from the undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow; most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue

Question 25

Platelet Structure

Answer 25

In circulating blood, platelets are small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks Three important properties are agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation Platelet counts in adults average 250,000/mm3 of blood; normal range is 150,000 to 400,000/mm3

Question 26

Function of Platelets

Answer 26

Important role in hemostasis and blood coagulation; secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks

Question 27

Hemostasis With Platelets

Answer 27

Stoppage of blood flow; however, if injury is extensive, the blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist retention of blood volume.

Question 28

Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 28

One to five seconds after injury to vessel wall, platelets adhere to damaged endothelial lining and to each other, forming a temporary platelet plug Normal platelets (positive charge) adhere to damaged capillary wall and underlying collagen fibers, both of which have a negative charge Sticky platlets will form Fibrin will accumulate Physical plug and secretion of several chemical involved in coagulation process

Question 29

Formation and Life Span of Platelets

Answer 29

Life span 7-10 days | Formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of magakaryocytes

Question 30

Blood Typing-ABO System

Answer 30

Type A: antigen A on RBCs Type B: antigen B on RBCs Type AB: both antigens A and B on RBCs; known as universal recipient. Type O: neither antigen A nor B on RBCs; known as universal donor.

Question 31

Blood Typing-Rh System

Answer 31

Rh-positive: Rh antigen is present on the RBCs Rh-negative: RBCs have no Rh antigen present Anti-Rh antibodies are not normally present in blood; anti-Rh antibodies can appear in Rh-negative blood if it has come in contact with Rh-positive RBCs

Question 32

Blood Plasma

Answer 32

Liquid part of blood; clear to straw-colored fluid; composed of 90% water and 10% solutes Plasma proteins have an essential role in maintaining normal blood circulation. (Osmosis)

Question 33

Blood Plasma Solutes

Answer 33

Solutes: 6% to 8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of three main compounds Albumins: help maintain osmotic balance of the blood Globulins: essential component of the immunity mechanism Fibrinogen: key role in blood clotting

Question 34

Coagulation

Answer 34

Blood clotting which goal is to stop bleeding to prevent loss of vital body fluid

Question 35

Components Critical to Coagulation

Answer 35

Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin

Question 36

Steps of Coagulation

Answer 36

Stage 1) Production of Thromboplastin activator Stage 2) Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Stage 3) Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot

Question 37

Thromboplastin activation

Answer 37

Will be activated through chemicals from damaged tissues (extrinsic pathway) Activated through present in blood (intrinsic pathway)

Question 38

Factors Opposing Clotting

Answer 38

Clot formation in intact vessel will be suppressed when no injury is present Perfectly smooth surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere. Antithrombins: substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevents thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin (e.g., theraputic heparin)

Question 39

Condition that Initiate or Speed Up Clotting

Answer 39

Rough spot in endothelium (plaque) | Abnormally slow blood (DVT)

Question 40

Fibrinolysis

Answer 40

physiological mechanism that dissolves clots Fibrinolysin: enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve. Additional factors are presumed to aid clot dissolution. (e.g., substances that activate profibrinolysin)