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Med School > IIIR2 > Flashcards

IIIR2 Flashcards

1
Q

What can Bradykinin, Platelet Activating Factor, Serotonin and Histamine all do?

A

Vasodilate

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2
Q

What do Selectins do?

A

Mediate rolling.

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3
Q

What are Weibel-Palade bodies?

A

They hold P-selectins and can put them on the PM very quickly.

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4
Q

What do Integrins do?

A

Mediate Cell/Cell and Cell/PM interactions.

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5
Q

ICAM 1-2 bind to what?

A

Bind to Integrins.

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6
Q

What are chemotaxis?

A

Chemical trails that tell the WBCs where the fight be at.

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7
Q

What in B cell maturation occurs on chromosome 14?

A

Heavy chain rearrangement.

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8
Q

In heavy chains, what two regions rearrange first, and what region rearranges last?

A

D and J rearrange first, and V joins the party later.

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9
Q

What do VpreB and Lambda 5 do?

A

They make a faux B protein. If the heavy chain can bind, then the B cell continues to mature.

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10
Q

What does IL-10 tell a B cell to become? IL-4

A

IL-10: be a plasma cell

IL-4: Be a memory cell

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11
Q

What is HEV?

A

High endothelial venules, a place where lymphocytes (T and B cells) can enter the lymph.

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12
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches and what do they do?

A

They are in the gut and catch pathogens.

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13
Q

What tissue does the spleen survey?

A

Blood.

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14
Q

What tissue do lymph nodes survey?

A

They are throughout the body and survey the local environments and tissue.

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15
Q

What are the stages of B-Cell development?

A

stem cell > early pro-b > late pro-b > large pre-b > small pre-b > immature b cell

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16
Q

When does the light chain rearrangement occur?

A

in the small pre-b cell.

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17
Q

Where is MHCI found?

A

On all nucleated cells.

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18
Q

Where is MHCII found?

A

In APC (B-cells, macs, DCs, epithelial cells of thymus)

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19
Q

What is transudate?

A

edema fluid with low protein concentration.

20
Q

What is exudate?

A

edema fluid with high protein concentration. Means higher vascular permeability.

21
Q

What does Phenobarbital and Lorazepam do?

A

Helps to prevent seizures.

22
Q

What does vancomycin do?

A

it’s a gram positive antibiotic focusing on cell wall.

23
Q

What does SMAC help facilitate?

A

It helps bring T-Cell and APC together. It has a central region with TLR and cytokines and a peripheral region with tall glue-like molecules.

24
Q

What does ifn-gamma do?

A

It hit receptors to make ROS and kill microbes.

25
Q

What receptor catches LPS?

A

Cd14

26
Q

What do cytokines do (TNF, IL-6, IL-1)?

A

Send adhesion molecules to the surface (locally). It can also cause hypotension and fever (systemically).

27
Q

How are thromboxane and prostacyclin different?

A

Thromboxane: vasoconstrictor, promotes platelet aggregation.

Prostacyclin: vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation.

28
Q

How do you get from phospholipase to arachidonic acid?

A

Cell membrane lipids (phospholipase) > arachidonic acid > cyxlooxygenase > prostaglandin and thromboxane.

29
Q

What causes the release of histamine?

A

(PICH) Physical injury, IgE binding to mast cells, Compliment (C3a and C5a), Heat/cold

30
Q

Where does histamine work?

A

It binds to the H1 receptor on the post capillary venule increasing permeability

31
Q

Why do E selectins take longer than P selectins?

A

They have to be translated.

32
Q

When is CD34 expressed? CD10? CD127? CD19?

A

CD34: pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
CD10: common lymphoid progenitor
CD127: B cell precursor
CD19: pro-B-cell

33
Q

What is the fxn of stromal cells?

A

They release chemokines that tell the B and T cells where to go, (CXCR5 receptor and CXCR13 bread crumbs for B cells) and (CCR7 receptors and CCL19 and CCL21 bread crumbs).

34
Q

What the order of events if a DC find an Ag in the spleen?

A
  1. DC take up Ag and presents on either MHCI or MHCII (depends on the pathogen)
  2. DC migrates to periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS) and present Ag to T cells.
  3. T cells go to B cell area and activate them
35
Q

What is MALT?

A

A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a secondary lymphatic tissue. Also GALT (Gut), NALT (Nose) and BALT (Bronchus)

36
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Smooth cells embedded in the small intestine and screen for pathogens. Ag enter Peyer’s patches through M cell, which takes them to DCs inside the PP. Then the DC exits via efferent lymphatics.

37
Q

Who does MHCI present to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells.

38
Q

Who does MHCII present to?

A

Helper T Cells.

39
Q

What are the four types of T cells?

A
  1. Th17: Extracellular bacteria and fungi
  2. Th1: Intracellular pathogens
  3. iTreg: Regulation of immune responses
  4. Th2: Extracellular parasites, allergies and asthma
40
Q

What protein cleaves fibrinogen to make fibrin?

A

Thrombin.

41
Q

What protein helps neutrophils to stop rolling?

A

ICAM and VCAM

42
Q

What protein helps neutrophils to exit?

A

PECAM on endothelial cells

43
Q

What are signs of liquifactive necrosis?

A

Cells have lost structure, purulent exudate.

44
Q

Where does liquifactive necrosis occur?

A

Brain, pancreas are common.

45
Q

What is the premade vasodilator in mast cells?

A

histamine

46
Q

What else releases premade histamine?

A

platelets and basophils.

47
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

vasoconstriction and make smooth muscles contract. Bronchoconstriction.

Med School (24 decks)

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