IIIR2 Flashcards
What can Bradykinin, Platelet Activating Factor, Serotonin and Histamine all do?
Vasodilate
What do Selectins do?
Mediate rolling.
What are Weibel-Palade bodies?
They hold P-selectins and can put them on the PM very quickly.
What do Integrins do?
Mediate Cell/Cell and Cell/PM interactions.
ICAM 1-2 bind to what?
Bind to Integrins.
What are chemotaxis?
Chemical trails that tell the WBCs where the fight be at.
What in B cell maturation occurs on chromosome 14?
Heavy chain rearrangement.
In heavy chains, what two regions rearrange first, and what region rearranges last?
D and J rearrange first, and V joins the party later.
What do VpreB and Lambda 5 do?
They make a faux B protein. If the heavy chain can bind, then the B cell continues to mature.
What does IL-10 tell a B cell to become? IL-4
IL-10: be a plasma cell
IL-4: Be a memory cell
What is HEV?
High endothelial venules, a place where lymphocytes (T and B cells) can enter the lymph.
Where are Peyer’s patches and what do they do?
They are in the gut and catch pathogens.
What tissue does the spleen survey?
Blood.
What tissue do lymph nodes survey?
They are throughout the body and survey the local environments and tissue.
What are the stages of B-Cell development?
stem cell > early pro-b > late pro-b > large pre-b > small pre-b > immature b cell
When does the light chain rearrangement occur?
in the small pre-b cell.
Where is MHCI found?
On all nucleated cells.
Where is MHCII found?
In APC (B-cells, macs, DCs, epithelial cells of thymus)
What is transudate?
edema fluid with low protein concentration.
What is exudate?
edema fluid with high protein concentration. Means higher vascular permeability.
What does Phenobarbital and Lorazepam do?
Helps to prevent seizures.
What does vancomycin do?
it’s a gram positive antibiotic focusing on cell wall.
What does SMAC help facilitate?
It helps bring T-Cell and APC together. It has a central region with TLR and cytokines and a peripheral region with tall glue-like molecules.
What does ifn-gamma do?
It hit receptors to make ROS and kill microbes.
What receptor catches LPS?
Cd14
What do cytokines do (TNF, IL-6, IL-1)?
Send adhesion molecules to the surface (locally). It can also cause hypotension and fever (systemically).
How are thromboxane and prostacyclin different?
Thromboxane: vasoconstrictor, promotes platelet aggregation.
Prostacyclin: vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation.
How do you get from phospholipase to arachidonic acid?
Cell membrane lipids (phospholipase) > arachidonic acid > cyxlooxygenase > prostaglandin and thromboxane.
What causes the release of histamine?
(PICH) Physical injury, IgE binding to mast cells, Compliment (C3a and C5a), Heat/cold
Where does histamine work?
It binds to the H1 receptor on the post capillary venule increasing permeability
Why do E selectins take longer than P selectins?
They have to be translated.
When is CD34 expressed? CD10? CD127? CD19?
CD34: pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
CD10: common lymphoid progenitor
CD127: B cell precursor
CD19: pro-B-cell
What is the fxn of stromal cells?
They release chemokines that tell the B and T cells where to go, (CXCR5 receptor and CXCR13 bread crumbs for B cells) and (CCR7 receptors and CCL19 and CCL21 bread crumbs).
What the order of events if a DC find an Ag in the spleen?
- DC take up Ag and presents on either MHCI or MHCII (depends on the pathogen)
- DC migrates to periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS) and present Ag to T cells.
- T cells go to B cell area and activate them
What is MALT?
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a secondary lymphatic tissue. Also GALT (Gut), NALT (Nose) and BALT (Bronchus)
What are Peyer’s patches?
Smooth cells embedded in the small intestine and screen for pathogens. Ag enter Peyer’s patches through M cell, which takes them to DCs inside the PP. Then the DC exits via efferent lymphatics.
Who does MHCI present to?
Cytotoxic T cells.
Who does MHCII present to?
Helper T Cells.
What are the four types of T cells?
- Th17: Extracellular bacteria and fungi
- Th1: Intracellular pathogens
- iTreg: Regulation of immune responses
- Th2: Extracellular parasites, allergies and asthma
What protein cleaves fibrinogen to make fibrin?
Thrombin.
What protein helps neutrophils to stop rolling?
ICAM and VCAM
What protein helps neutrophils to exit?
PECAM on endothelial cells
What are signs of liquifactive necrosis?
Cells have lost structure, purulent exudate.
Where does liquifactive necrosis occur?
Brain, pancreas are common.
What is the premade vasodilator in mast cells?
histamine
What else releases premade histamine?
platelets and basophils.
What do leukotrienes do?
vasoconstriction and make smooth muscles contract. Bronchoconstriction.
