IIIR 1

Question 1

What are four reversible things that can happen to a cell during ischemia?

Answer 1

1. Low amplitude swelling
2. Loss of glycogen
3. RER fragmented
4. Fatty change

Question 2

What is low amplitude swelling?

Answer 2

Mito’s innermembrane gets full of fluid.

Question 3

What causes glycolysis in ischemia?

Answer 3

Glycogen is broken down bc there is no OxPhos. Lots of lactic acid is produced bc none of the glucose can go towards OxPhos.

Question 4

Why does the RER fragment?

Answer 4

No protein, can’t make proteins. Ribosomes detach.

Question 5

What are some fatty changes brought on by ischemia?

Answer 5

Apolipoprotein isn’t being made anymore, TAGs accumulate in the cells creating large vacuoles.

Question 6

What is pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis?

Answer 6

1. Pyknosis: condensing of nucleus
2. Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of nucleus
3. Karyolysis: degradation of nucleus

Question 7

What are four histological characteristics of necrosis?

Answer 7

1. Nucleus degradation (pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis).
2. Increased acidophilia
3. Glassy or moth eaten cytoplasm
4. Calcification

Question 8

What’s the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 8

Apoptosis: programmed cell death, cell shrinkage, apoptotic buds are released which are quickly phagocytosed, does not illicit an inflammatory response.

Necrosis:

Question 9

What are 6 fxns of the skin?

Answer 9

1. barrier to loss of water and invasion to microorganisms
2. protection from mechanical trauma
3. protection for UV rays
4. thermoregulation
5. sensation
6. behavioral influences

Question 10

Where is thick skin found? What are some characteristics?

Answer 10

Palms of feet and hand. No hair. 800-1400microns thick. This refers to epidermis only.

Question 11

What is thin skin? Where is it found?

Answer 11

Skin not on palms of feet/hands. Can have hair. 70-120microns. This refers to epidermis only.

Question 12

What are the six strata of the epidermis?

Answer 12

1. Disjunctum
2. Corneum
3. Lucidum
4. Granulosum
5. Spinosum
6. Basale

Question 13

What are four ways that the epidermis and dermis stay attached?

Answer 13

1. basal plasma is plicated (has microprojections)
2. hemidesmosomes
3. basal keratinocytes have integrin proteins which being to ECM of dermis cells
4. anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen

Question 14

What are the three types of antimicrobial peptides produced by humans on their skin?

Answer 14

1. Cathelicidin
2. Defensins
3. Dermcidin

Question 15

Eccrine Glands

Answer 15

• help with thermoregulation via sweat.

- highest concentration in palms, soles, armpits and forehead

Question 16

Apocrine Glands

Answer 16

• scent glands in mammals other than humans.
• found in anogenital region, armpits, eyelinds, external auditory meatus
• bigger than eccrine glands (tubes are thicker)

Question 17

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 17

• like apocrine, remain associated with hair follicles
• duct opens into neck of hair follicles
• respond to androgenic stimuli and inhibited by estrogen
• secretes waxy esters, glycerides and FAs
• holocrine mode of secretion