II - Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
percentage of immigrants in canada of total population (2006)
20%, 23% by 2017
over ___% of minority-culture clients terminate after 1 session, compared with __% of majority-culture clients
50% of minority-culture, 30% of majority-culture-ethnic minorities under-utilize counselling services
culture
-group that identifies or associates with each other based on some common purpose, need or background-shares beliefs, values or learned experiences (language or customs)
multicultural counselling
counselling “in which the counselor and client differ”there is no real definition of multiculturalism, so it’s this-so all counselling rls are multicultural exchanges
etic vs emic counselling perspectives
etic.universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally generalizable, sameness.Criticism: Does not take into account cultural differences.to remember: only one letter different in etic and emic, the t, t stands for transcultural, across cultures!emic.counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific, differentness.Criticism: Relies too heavily on specific techniques
culturally encapsulate counsellor
“one who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistaken assumption that theories and techniques are equally applicable to all people”-ignores impacts of culture, sees therapy techniques as always cross-cultural, that they don’t affect therapy different for diff cultures
predominant beliefs of european/north american cultural values
-the individual-action oriented approach to problem solving-work ethic-scientific method-emphasis on rigid time schedules
In 2012, Canada was the 2nd highest receiving country of refugees with over __kIn 2012, Canada accepted over ___k immigrants
24k refugees255k immigrants
between 2006 and 2011, the largest share, 56.9% or about 661,600 individuals, came from ____ (including the ______ ____)
Asia, including the Middle East!
In 2011, __._% of Canada’s population was made up of immigrants with most living in urban centres
20.6%of people were born outside canada!
It is estimated that by 2030, ___________ will Canada’s only source of population growth
immigration!
elements of culture: ethnographic variables, demographic variables, status variables
Ethnographic variables: Ethnicity, nationality, religion, languageDemographic variables: Age, gender, place of residence, raceStatus variable: SES, education, other memberships PROF thinks these are ALL demographic variables
CPA states about multiculturalism:
-No practitioner or researcher shall partake in discriminatory practices-Need for the respect for diversity-Doesn’t specifically address MULTICULTURALISM, but a respect for diversity
Fischer et al., (proposed) 4 conditions common to any type of counselling treatment:
- Therapeutic relationship2. Shared worldview between client and counsellor3. Client expectations for positive change4. Interventions believed by both client and counsellor to a means of healingprof not sure about assumption that shared worldviews are better. maybe easier, but not necessary (#2 not supported by research)
3 forces in the development of canadian society, & when was first canadian multiculturalism policy? what did canada call itself?
Aboriginal people (~28,000 BC)“Charter groups” French, English (1600s)Racial & ethnic minorities (1900s)1st Canadian multiculturalism policy – 1971called ourselves a “Cultural Mosaic”
Acculturation & Acculturative stress
Changes that occur when members of one culture come into contact with another culture , give up old ways and adopt new onesacculturative stress: the stress that can result! often results in mental/physical maladaptation.difficult! trying to balance contrasts of 2 diff cultures, pulled between two places
Two questions/decisions made by cultural minorities in pluralistic societies
How much of their cultural heritage will they retain or give up?How much interaction with other cultural groups do they want?
the 4 ways cultural minorities acculturateby force?
Assimilation – give up & interact.give up cultural background and have hi contact.americanSeparation – retain & avoid.moving to little italy and not moving out of there!Marginalization – give up & avoid.giving up and avoiding the dominant cultureIntegration – retain & interact.this is the ideal for canada cultural mosaicsometimes these are forced! assimilation and marginalization, or segregation
what was the hottest topic in the counselling profession in late 1980s?
multicultural counselling!-considered the “fourth force” following psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanistic (rogers)
shifts in focus of the counselling rl, starting in 1950s
1950s - emphasis on client1960s - emphasis on counsellor (old white men shouldn’t have all this power!)1970s - emphasis on the counselling process
counsellors need to be sensitive to cultures in 3 areas: acronym
ASKself-(A)wareness.one’s personal worldview and own cultural conditioning(S)kills.the skills necessary for work with culturally different clients(K)nowledge.of the worldviews of culturally different clients
issues in multicultural counselling
-dominance of theories based on traditional euro-american values-lack of cultural sensitivity: ASK-lack of understanding how cultural systems operate and influence behavior-effective counselling services across cultures
General guidelines for working effectively across cultures// for emphasis (can’t underline)
//Recognize your values and beliefs//, particularly regarding human nature and acceptable and desirable human behavior-synonymous w/ self-awareness in ASK//Develop awareness// of the cultural and generic qualities in counselling theories-what values/beliefs underly counselling theories (western values)//Recognize the sociopolitical environment// that has influenced your clients-history of that culture, especially if marginalized//Share worldview of clients// and //do not question its legitimacy//-suspend judgment initially, look at code of ethics//Use a variety of counselling skills// and apply particular techniques to clients-all good counselling is multicultural, paying attention to sameness and differentness of clients
_____ _________ is a natural part of counselling
power imbalance!
who are the research participants most often for therapeutic practices derived from research that are taught in grad programs? problem?
1st year undergrads! they don’t often generalize to all parts of population!!
Over-culturalizing
mistaking people’s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern-important to distinguish differences that arise from cultural backgrounds, and not result of poverty or deprived status (african americans!! christ)
Racism
is prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways due to perceived differences in physical and psychological backgrounds of people
Multicultural Competency (also basically culture-infused counselling competence from text)
“…extent to which counselors possess appropriate levels of self-awareness, knowledge, and skills in working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds” basically ASK!
Indigenous Canadians differ based on…
-Language group-Nation (such as Cree, Déné, Mohawk)-Band-Degree of acculturation-History of oppression – residential schools
Considerations in working with inuit clients
.Develop Self-understanding – white privilege.Understand Aboriginal Realities – history & worldview.Be Flexible in Structure.Build Connections with Clients.Aboriginal Humor (self-deprecating as with most minorities).Venting AngerSources of help: get to know their fucking culture, sharing circles, ceremonies, elders, traditional healers
McFadden’s model
the cultural-historicalthe psychosocialthe scientific-ideological
1st and 2nd largest percentage of canadiansdifferences between these two ethnic groups in counselling?
british ancestry, 21%french ancestry, 10%french plan for the future more than british canadians
europeans do best with what kind of counselling?
cognitive or cognitive-behavioral, as are rational/logicalhowever other approaches like existential, person-centered are also appropriate
what does it mean to have a sense of “realness” when working with aboriginal clients?
being willing to be a learner and to admit one’s mistakes can help a counsellor and an aboriginal canadian bond
south asian values (sikh, hindu, muslim)
a) high value on familyb) maintain social networks within their ethnic groupsc) value religion within their distinct culturesd) preserve their customs/traditions/language
recommended approaches with south asian population
especially prone to acculturation stress (esp. women), so discussing values of both cultures, what fits/doesn’t, what have ambivalence about.CBT, gestalt, reframing, solution-focused.also working thru differences in parenting between two cultures
southeast asian values (japanese, chinese, indonesian, korean)
successful, hardworking, not prone to mental or emotional disturbances.family bonds important, fulfilling family obligations and being able to help family long term.respect for roles/status.exert control over strong emotions
approaches that work with southeast asians
.religious traditions play a strong role in their understanding of mental health.more likely to somatize psychological problems.counsellors may promote self-disclosure thru educational/career counselling than more direct psychotherapeutic approaches
approaches that work with african canadians
.focusing on pragmatics, skills, they often want practical steps to solve their problems.don’t overemphasize the client’s feelings.they are majorly opressed by racism.be aware of their history of opression
approaches that work with latino canadians
.reluctant to use counselling services (pride, reliance on family).want active, concrete, goal-directed solutions (see mental similiar to physical problems).involve families b/c family loyalty is huge.deal with poverty, low SES, racism
approaches that work with arab canadians
.most lebanese, morocco, yemen, egypt, palestine (NOT the same as south asian).emphasize social stability, and the collective over individual, like group therapy solutions with other people.value education and family, honor, seeking help with counsellors often as a last resort.sharp gender roles!!!
international counselling
not all countries have counselling bodies/organizations. lots differ in the education required, the techniques taught, and the jobs. career counselling for example is prized in poland as it is a developing country..in lots of countries, assigned to school settings where they must teach as well
international students at universities and counselling
.often only attend one session.experience stress usually beyond native counterparts, have no network of family/friends around, and fear of failure or being sent home.stress often reaches a crisis level in 1st 6 months of study.in counselling, should educate them on what can expect, work on acculturation stress, academics/support networks
