II - Chapter 4/5

Question 1

percentage of immigrants in canada of total population (2006)

Answer 1

20%, 23% by 2017

Question 2

over ___% of minority-culture clients terminate after 1 session, compared with __% of majority-culture clients

Answer 2

50% of minority-culture, 30% of majority-culture-ethnic minorities under-utilize counselling services

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

-group that identifies or associates with each other based on some common purpose, need or background-shares beliefs, values or learned experiences (language or customs)

Question 4

multicultural counselling

Answer 4

counselling “in which the counselor and client differ”there is no real definition of multiculturalism, so it’s this-so all counselling rls are multicultural exchanges

Question 5

etic vs emic counselling perspectives

Answer 5

etic.universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally generalizable, sameness.Criticism: Does not take into account cultural differences.to remember: only one letter different in etic and emic, the t, t stands for transcultural, across cultures!emic.counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific, differentness.Criticism: Relies too heavily on specific techniques

Question 6

culturally encapsulate counsellor

Answer 6

“one who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistaken assumption that theories and techniques are equally applicable to all people”-ignores impacts of culture, sees therapy techniques as always cross-cultural, that they don’t affect therapy different for diff cultures

Question 7

predominant beliefs of european/north american cultural values

Answer 7

-the individual-action oriented approach to problem solving-work ethic-scientific method-emphasis on rigid time schedules

Question 8

In 2012, Canada was the 2nd highest receiving country of refugees with over __kIn 2012, Canada accepted over ___k immigrants

Answer 8

24k refugees255k immigrants

Question 9

between 2006 and 2011, the largest share, 56.9% or about 661,600 individuals, came from ____ (including the ______ ____)

Answer 9

Asia, including the Middle East!

Question 10

In 2011, __._% of Canada’s population was made up of immigrants with most living in urban centres

Answer 10

20.6%of people were born outside canada!

Question 11

It is estimated that by 2030, ___________ will Canada’s only source of population growth

Answer 11

immigration!

Question 12

elements of culture: ethnographic variables, demographic variables, status variables

Answer 12

Ethnographic variables: Ethnicity, nationality, religion, languageDemographic variables: Age, gender, place of residence, raceStatus variable: SES, education, other memberships PROF thinks these are ALL demographic variables

Question 13

CPA states about multiculturalism:

Answer 13

-No practitioner or researcher shall partake in discriminatory practices-Need for the respect for diversity-Doesn’t specifically address MULTICULTURALISM, but a respect for diversity

Question 14

Fischer et al., (proposed) 4 conditions common to any type of counselling treatment:

Answer 14

1. Therapeutic relationship2. Shared worldview between client and counsellor3. Client expectations for positive change4. Interventions believed by both client and counsellor to a means of healingprof not sure about assumption that shared worldviews are better. maybe easier, but not necessary (#2 not supported by research)

Question 15

3 forces in the development of canadian society, & when was first canadian multiculturalism policy? what did canada call itself?

Answer 15

Aboriginal people (~28,000 BC)“Charter groups” French, English (1600s)Racial & ethnic minorities (1900s)1st Canadian multiculturalism policy – 1971called ourselves a “Cultural Mosaic”

Question 16

Acculturation & Acculturative stress

Answer 16

Changes that occur when members of one culture come into contact with another culture , give up old ways and adopt new onesacculturative stress: the stress that can result! often results in mental/physical maladaptation.difficult! trying to balance contrasts of 2 diff cultures, pulled between two places

Question 17

Two questions/decisions made by cultural minorities in pluralistic societies

Answer 17

How much of their cultural heritage will they retain or give up?How much interaction with other cultural groups do they want?

Question 18

the 4 ways cultural minorities acculturateby force?

Answer 18

Assimilation – give up & interact.give up cultural background and have hi contact.americanSeparation – retain & avoid.moving to little italy and not moving out of there!Marginalization – give up & avoid.giving up and avoiding the dominant cultureIntegration – retain & interact.this is the ideal for canada cultural mosaicsometimes these are forced! assimilation and marginalization, or segregation

Question 19

what was the hottest topic in the counselling profession in late 1980s?

Answer 19

multicultural counselling!-considered the “fourth force” following psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanistic (rogers)

Question 20

shifts in focus of the counselling rl, starting in 1950s

Answer 20

1950s - emphasis on client1960s - emphasis on counsellor (old white men shouldn’t have all this power!)1970s - emphasis on the counselling process

Question 21

counsellors need to be sensitive to cultures in 3 areas: acronym

Answer 21

ASKself-(A)wareness.one’s personal worldview and own cultural conditioning(S)kills.the skills necessary for work with culturally different clients(K)nowledge.of the worldviews of culturally different clients

Question 22

issues in multicultural counselling

Answer 22

-dominance of theories based on traditional euro-american values-lack of cultural sensitivity: ASK-lack of understanding how cultural systems operate and influence behavior-effective counselling services across cultures

Question 23

General guidelines for working effectively across cultures// for emphasis (can’t underline)

Answer 23

//Recognize your values and beliefs//, particularly regarding human nature and acceptable and desirable human behavior-synonymous w/ self-awareness in ASK//Develop awareness// of the cultural and generic qualities in counselling theories-what values/beliefs underly counselling theories (western values)//Recognize the sociopolitical environment// that has influenced your clients-history of that culture, especially if marginalized//Share worldview of clients// and //do not question its legitimacy//-suspend judgment initially, look at code of ethics//Use a variety of counselling skills// and apply particular techniques to clients-all good counselling is multicultural, paying attention to sameness and differentness of clients

Question 24

_____ _________ is a natural part of counselling

Answer 24

power imbalance!

Question 25

who are the research participants most often for therapeutic practices derived from research that are taught in grad programs? problem?

Answer 25

1st year undergrads! they don’t often generalize to all parts of population!!

Question 26

Over-culturalizing

Answer 26

mistaking people’s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern-important to distinguish differences that arise from cultural backgrounds, and not result of poverty or deprived status (african americans!! christ)

Question 27

Racism

Answer 27

is prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways due to perceived differences in physical and psychological backgrounds of people

Question 28

Multicultural Competency (also basically culture-infused counselling competence from text)

Answer 28

“…extent to which counselors possess appropriate levels of self-awareness, knowledge, and skills in working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds” basically ASK!

Question 29

Indigenous Canadians differ based on…

Answer 29

-Language group-Nation (such as Cree, Déné, Mohawk)-Band-Degree of acculturation-History of oppression – residential schools

Question 30

Considerations in working with inuit clients

Answer 30

.Develop Self-understanding – white privilege.Understand Aboriginal Realities – history & worldview.Be Flexible in Structure.Build Connections with Clients.Aboriginal Humor (self-deprecating as with most minorities).Venting AngerSources of help: get to know their fucking culture, sharing circles, ceremonies, elders, traditional healers

Question 31

McFadden’s model

Answer 31

the cultural-historicalthe psychosocialthe scientific-ideological

Question 32

1st and 2nd largest percentage of canadiansdifferences between these two ethnic groups in counselling?

Answer 32

british ancestry, 21%french ancestry, 10%french plan for the future more than british canadians

Question 33

europeans do best with what kind of counselling?

Answer 33

cognitive or cognitive-behavioral, as are rational/logicalhowever other approaches like existential, person-centered are also appropriate

Question 34

what does it mean to have a sense of “realness” when working with aboriginal clients?

Answer 34

being willing to be a learner and to admit one’s mistakes can help a counsellor and an aboriginal canadian bond

Question 35

south asian values (sikh, hindu, muslim)

Answer 35

a) high value on familyb) maintain social networks within their ethnic groupsc) value religion within their distinct culturesd) preserve their customs/traditions/language

Question 36

recommended approaches with south asian population

Answer 36

especially prone to acculturation stress (esp. women), so discussing values of both cultures, what fits/doesn’t, what have ambivalence about.CBT, gestalt, reframing, solution-focused.also working thru differences in parenting between two cultures

Question 37

southeast asian values (japanese, chinese, indonesian, korean)

Answer 37

successful, hardworking, not prone to mental or emotional disturbances.family bonds important, fulfilling family obligations and being able to help family long term.respect for roles/status.exert control over strong emotions

Question 38

approaches that work with southeast asians

Answer 38

.religious traditions play a strong role in their understanding of mental health.more likely to somatize psychological problems.counsellors may promote self-disclosure thru educational/career counselling than more direct psychotherapeutic approaches

Question 39

approaches that work with african canadians

Answer 39

.focusing on pragmatics, skills, they often want practical steps to solve their problems.don’t overemphasize the client’s feelings.they are majorly opressed by racism.be aware of their history of opression

Question 40

approaches that work with latino canadians

Answer 40

.reluctant to use counselling services (pride, reliance on family).want active, concrete, goal-directed solutions (see mental similiar to physical problems).involve families b/c family loyalty is huge.deal with poverty, low SES, racism

Question 41

approaches that work with arab canadians

Answer 41

.most lebanese, morocco, yemen, egypt, palestine (NOT the same as south asian).emphasize social stability, and the collective over individual, like group therapy solutions with other people.value education and family, honor, seeking help with counsellors often as a last resort.sharp gender roles!!!

Question 42

international counselling

Answer 42

not all countries have counselling bodies/organizations. lots differ in the education required, the techniques taught, and the jobs. career counselling for example is prized in poland as it is a developing country..in lots of countries, assigned to school settings where they must teach as well

Question 43

international students at universities and counselling

Answer 43

.often only attend one session.experience stress usually beyond native counterparts, have no network of family/friends around, and fear of failure or being sent home.stress often reaches a crisis level in 1st 6 months of study.in counselling, should educate them on what can expect, work on acculturation stress, academics/support networks