Chapter 11

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

-conceptual system-explanatory model (of human behavior and the change process)-allows to make predictions that can be tested

Question 2

qualities of a good theory

Answer 2

coherent (no contradictions)comprehensive (explains more than less)parsimony (simplest explanation of two)testablepragmatic/useful

Question 3

“the ultimate criterion for all counselling theories is how well they _________”

Answer 3

provide explanations of what occurs in counselling

Question 4

humanistic theories

Answer 4

broad term that encompasses counselling theories that believe:-people essentially good-people naturally strive for growth and development-helping people best achieved by facilitating self-understanding by exploration of emotions

Question 5

3 major humanistic theories

Answer 5

person-centered, existential, gestalt

Question 6

person-centered view of human nature

Answer 6

phenomenological perspective: person’s perception of reality is more important than event itself (client’s worldview is what is most important)-positive-self-actualization

Question 7

the self-concept (what we need for a healthy self…)

Answer 7

part of rogers’ person-centred-unconditional positive regard-CONGRUENCE between ideal self (person striving to be) and real self (what person is)-self-actualization

Question 8

person-centred role of counsellor

Answer 8

non-directive facilitator.safe and supportive environment for clients to explore feelings (no need to apply defense mechanisms)

Question 9

person-centered goals

Answer 9

.help clients identify, use/integrate personal resources TOWARD self actualization.so no need to apply defense mechanisms in ev. day life

Question 10

person-centered counselling techniques (3)

Answer 10

-empathic understanding.feel with clients and convey understanding back to them-unconditional positive regard.deep & genuine caring for client as a person (prizing person just for being)-congruence/genuineness.being “real”, giving up roles and facades

Question 11

person-centred strengths

Answer 11

-applicable to wide range of human problems, and to wide range of settings-short time to learn, used with paraprofessionals-positive view of human nature

Question 12

person-centred weaknesses

Answer 12

-too simplistic or relaxed for clients in crisis who might need more structure/direction-depends on hard-working clients for best results-overly optimistic-deals with only surface issues-more attitudinal than technique based

Question 13

exisential counselling founders

Answer 13

rollo may & viktor frankl

Question 14

existential counselling view of human nature

Answer 14

-free will of choice/action (we are authors of our lives)-emphasis of meaning of life thru action-experience & sufferingWE’RE GOING TO DIE, so what do we do with the time we have???

Question 15

TEXT according to existentialists, psychopathology is…

Answer 15

a failure to make meaningful decisions

Question 16

TEXT frankl: can discover life’s meaning in 3 ways

Answer 16

1) doing a deed (achieving/accomplishing)2) experiencing a value (work of nature, culture, love)3) suffering (attitude towards unalterable fate)frankl also believed hiearchy of meaning (ultimate, day-to-day, moment-to-moment)

Question 17

existential counselling: role of counsellor

Answer 17

-entering deep, personal, authentic rls with clients (not unusual for counsellor to share personal stories)-serve as MODEL of how to achieve individual potential and make decisions-focus on 4 “ultimate human concerns” (death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness)

Question 18

existential counselling: goals

Answer 18

-help clients realize importance of meaning, responsibility, awareness, freedom, & potential-client becomes shaper of meaningful personal activity, embrace values for meaningful life

Question 19

existential counselling: techniques

Answer 19

-very few, rl viewed as most important technique (authenticity, honesty, spontaneity, immediacy!)-can use whatever techniques they use, counsellors-CONFRONTATION-address 4 “ultimate concerns” (death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness)

Question 20

existential counselling: strengths

Answer 20

-anxiety not necessarily negative, part of life, can be empowering-emphasizes uniqueness of each individual-effective in multicultural settings (global view of human condition)-can be combined with other approaches-research efficacy

Question 21

existential counselling: limitations

Answer 21

-no fully developed model of counselling (that addresses developmental stages)-no formal training or education for it-no techniques to rely on-maybe not good for young counsellors w/ little life experience-difficult to implement beyond an individual level-too close to a philosophy than counselling theory

Question 22

founder of gestalt

Answer 22

fritz perls, client is more than the sum of their parts

Question 23

gestalt therapy: view of human nature

Answer 23

-phenomenological (phenomenological perspective: person’s perception of reality is more important than event itself (client’s worldview is what is most important)-experiential (here and now, don’t care about the client’s childhood)-anti-deterministic: free will yo, we gots it

Question 24

gestalt therapy: role of counsellor

Answer 24

create an atmosphere that promotes self-exploration of what is needed to grow-active & directive!!-use of experiments and exercises-lots of immediacy!

Question 25

gestalt therapy: goals

Answer 25

-integration of disowned parts of self, in tune-full experience of present (here & now)-help clients recognize patterns in their life (awareness)

Question 26

gestalt therapy: techniques, dream work & empty chair

Answer 26

.dream work (experience parts of their dreams).empty chair (client talks to part of themselves, or switches between two chairs, e.g. talking to self as if friend)

Question 27

gestalt therapy: techniques vs experiments

Answer 27

exercises - ready-made techniquesexperiments - activities that grow out of counsellor-client interaction (no planning, surprises!)

Question 28

gestalt therapy: techniques, reversal technique and making rounds

Answer 28

.reversal technique: act opposite of what you’re acting (acting timid? act brave for next 5m).making rounds: “i can’t trust anyone,” have to go around room and say that to each person and explain why

Question 29

gestalt therapy: may i feed you a sentence, i take responsibility

Answer 29

.”I take responsibility:” make statements about self, like i smoke, and TAKE responsibility for it.May I feed you a sentence? - counsellor takes a stab at client’s implicit feelings, and asks client to repeat it, see if accurate, playful

Question 30

gestalt therapy: techniques, exaggeration

Answer 30

.exaggeration: counsellor sees unconscious gesture (tapping foot?), asks client to exaggerate it for insight, awareness of it

Question 31

gestalt therapy: strengths

Answer 31

-incorporate the whole person-emphasis on resolving unfinished business (w/ parents for example)-emphasis on doing, rather than talking-appropriate for DSM affective disorders-flexible, lots of techniques

Question 32

gestalt therapy: limitations

Answer 32

-too gimicky, no strong theoretical base-only deals with here and now… makes it limited-no diagnosis or testing-too concerned with individual development, self-centred!

Question 33

Why apply theories in counselling?

Answer 33

-framework that directs attention and hypotheses-allows counsellors to organize information (what kind of questions you ask, what info you look for!)-guides choices of interventions (road map)-increases effectiveness, reduces risk of harm

Question 34

60-70% of counsellors identify as….

Answer 34

eclectic!average of 4.4 theories

Question 35

eclectism

Answer 35

using mastery of various theories and techniques to match clients’ needs.sensitivity to application of what approach, when, where, and how best for client