Chapter 10 Flashcards
Founders of Behavioural Therapy
John Watson & BF Skinner-psychology as a natural science (empirical)
Behavioural Therapy: View of Human Nature
-all behavior learned (operant conditioning)-here & now of behavior-rejection of personality composed of traits-learning > remove maladaptive behavior-well defined goals with clients-big on needing empirical support for techniques
Behavioural Therapy: Role of Counsellor
-Active in sessions-teacher, advisor, reinforcer, consultant, facilitator
Behavioural Therapy: Goals
-replacing maladaptive behaviors with adaptive behaviors (behaviour modification)-achieve mutually agreed upon goals
Behavioural Therapy: Techniques
Reinforcer/Punishment: increases/decreases probability of behavior repeating, positive or negativeSystematic desensitization: graduated exposureFlooding: BAM all at once triggering situationEnvironmental planning: setting up environment to promote or limit certain behaviorsContingency contracts: contracts for behavior manipulation, with rewards and conditionsOvercorrection: client restores environment to natural state, then told to make “better than normal”Covert sensitization: undesired behavior assoc. with unpleasantness
Reinforcement Punishment
4 quadrantsalong top (add to environment, remove from environment)along side (increase behavior, decrease behavior) add rem.ib +R -Rdb +P -P
schedules of reinforcement
variable ratio (slot machine)fixed ratio (ev. 10 times)variable interval (rand. int)fixed interval (ev. 10m)
Behavioural Therapy: Limitations
-only deals w/ behaviors, not whole person-sometimes too systematic, simplistic, experimental, mechanical-ignores past, and unconscious-best used under controlled experimental conditions-ignores higher needs: worth, self-actualization, fulfillment-ignores developmental stages
TEXT Behavioural Therapy: strengths
-deals direct w/ symptoms-focuses here and now-empirically supported-objective approach
cognitive & cognitive-behavioral counselling
-focuses on mental processes and their influence on mental health and behavior-basic premise “how you think determines how you feel”-REBT, CT, RT (reality therapy)
best clients for cognitive & cognitive-behavioral counselling
-average to above average intelligence-can identify thoughts/feelings-frequent inhibited mental functioning like depression, moderate to high levels of distress-willing to do homework-process info on visual/auditory levels
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): view of human nature
-people are both rational/irrational, sensible/crazy-people are by nature gullible, highly suggestible, and easily disturbed-people have means to control thoughts/feelings/actions, but must first become aware of their self-talk
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): role of counsellor
-teacher, active and direct!-they correct cognitions and challenge irrational beliefs-consistent repetition!
REBT vs CT
REBT: focuses on core beliefsCT: focus on maladaptive or automatic thoughts
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): goals
-restructuring CORE BELIEFS to live more productive and rational lives through practice-avoid having a more emotional response to situation than is warranted
ABCDE model of REBT MEMORIZE
-reconize emotional anatomy (how feelings attached to thoughts)● A (Activating experience)● B (Belief)● C (Emotional Consequences)● D (Disputing irrational thought)● E (Effective thoughts, new personal philosophy) ● F (New feelings)?
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): techniques
Cognitive disputation: dispute beliefs thoughtsImaginal disputation: imagining sit. differently, disputing irrational thoughtsBehavioral disputation: role playing, behave oppositely than client would, as if it weren’t true you’re nervousConfrontation/encouragement: irrational thoughtsBibliotherapy/homework
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): strengths
▫ Easily learned▫ Can be combined with other techniques ▫ Can be short term (AHA moment, then good)▫ Empirical evidence
REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy): limitations
▫ Not effective with severe cognitive challenges▫ Mechanical (lose person with method)▫ Does not emphasize working alliance (directive and argumentative/adversarial)▫ may not be simplest way of changing emotions (lotta monitoring/work)▫ Can be overly focused on deficit/symptom reduction (medical model), always focusing one what’s wrong, not what’s right
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): view of human nature
-by William Glasser-focuses human beings on conscious level, says NOT driven by unconscious-driven by physical (hunger) and psychological needs-human learning a life-long process
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): 4 psychological needs
- love & belonging2. power (self-esteem, recognition)3. freedom (autonomy)4. fun
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): role of counsellor
-teacher and model-use -ing verbs like angering, bullying to describe client thoughts/actions-relationship-building, establish trust
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): goals
- make clients realize they have choices in ways of treating self and others2. clarify what clients want in life, life goals3. form realistic plan to achieve personal needs and wishes
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): techniques
-contracts/plans/goals!-WDEP system-Wants (what client/counsellor both want at beginning)-Direction in life-Evaluate present behaviors, do they fit-P, plan for changing behaviors
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): strengths
-concrete, versatile, short-term-challenges medical model, positive-stresses present
TEXT Reality therapy (RT): limitations
-ignores unconscious and personal history-clients viewed as causing own mental illness thru irresponsibility-ignores developmental stages-overly moralistic-depends on therapeutic rl-not good for multi-cultural
Cognitive Therapy (CT): founder?
Aaron Beck-psychiatrist, developed after researching psychoanalytic techniques which were found ineffective
Cognitive Therapy (CT): view of human nature
-dysfunctional behavior caused by dysfunctional thinking-beliefs don’t change, behavior don’t change, and vice versa
Cognitive Therapy (CT): role of counsellor
-Active, very teacher like-make covert thoughts overt (awareness of automatic thoughts)-test evidence for thoughts thru behavioral experiments
Cognitive Therapy (CT): techniques
-challenge way info processed-counter mistaken beliefs-self-monitoring exercises for ATs-improve communication skills-increase positive self-statements-homewok homework!!
Cognitive Therapy (CT): strengths
▫ Applicable in a number of cultural settings ▫ Evidence-based (empirical evidence)▫ Lead to useful assessment tools (i.e., BDI)
Cognitive Therapy (CT): limitations
▫ Clients need to be active - Homework▫ Highly structured▫ Not useful for low cognitive functioning individuals▫ Can be overly focused on deficit/symptom reduction (medical model)
Stress Inoculation Traning (SIT)
-Donald Meichenbaum-theory: ppl experience stress when perceive demands of situation outweigh their perceived ability to cope,” focus on creating new empowering narratives about self-flexible, can be used w/ other treatments-3 phases: education, skills acquisition, application & follow-thru-effective in acute time-limited stress (trauma, major loss) and chronic stress-some support for anxiety
MBSR: strengths
-used in hospital clinics and community settings-effective in reducing stress in healthy people-no negative side effects!-chronic pain and cancer patients
MBCT: rationale, strengths/limitations
-depression is association b/t negative cognitions w/ low mood states-half relapse rate for ppl w/ 3+ depressive episodes-don’t know how it actually works, some people find hard to grasp
TEXT DBT:
-for BPD, ppl w/ predisposition to emotional dysregulation-all about balancing paradoxes, acceptance and change (thesis/antithesis bullshit)-validates client all time-mixed evidence, maybe only effective for BPD
TEXT ACT: basics
-Steven Hayes-mixes mindfulness and commitment/behavior change strats-counsellor is ACTIVE-promotes congruence w/ values-based action, -flexibility to overcome discomfort & avoidance behavior (thru mindfulness, acceptance)-uses metaphors/paradoxes/experiential exercises
TEXT ACT: strengths/limitations
-mixed evidence-good for a number of things-maybe not so new
LECTURE solution-focused counselling: basics
-Steve deShazer, Insoo Kim Berg-focus on client health & strengths, resources already have,-don’t need to examine probs to find solutions-counselor is facilitator, CLIENT is expert
LECTURE solution-focused counselling: techniques
Scaling: how feel on scale 1-10, how bring that 4.5 to a 6?Written compliments/praise: 45m session, then counsellor writes down all strengths and recites backMiracle question: problem disappears overnight, what would life be likeLooking for exceptions: are there times when the problem ISN’T there? let’s use that to find solutions
