Chapter 1 Flashcards
what movement did counselling grow out of, and what does it now focus on?
-grew out of guidance movement, in opposition to traditional psychotherapy-now counsellor a focus on wellness and mental disorders though
what is the guidance? vs counselling?
-guidance is helping people make important choices that affect their lives-guidance focuses on what they value most vs counselling, focuses on helping them make changes-guidance is now just a small part of overall counselling
what was psychotherapy originally?
-originally focused on serious problems, “recovery of adequacy”-originally emphasized–past more than present–insight more than change–detachment of therapist–therapist role as expert–psychotherapy usually 20-40 sessions–originally more in mental hospitals
what is counselling, in a singular definition?
skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources
what aspects define counselling psychology, according to the CPA?
-broad practice and research focus-promoting wellness-collaborative research and practice-prevention-overlap with other specialties-advocacy-multicultural approach-adherence to core values–including belief in a) a clients’ strengths and their own ability to make personal changes b) a holistic and client-centred focus c) a sensitivity to diversity and multiculturalism
what is counselling psych “about” as opposed to other things like clinical psych or social work
-counselling deals with wellness, growth, career, and pathogical concerns-counselling for both well functioning and those with serious problems-counselling is theory based-counselling is a process may be developmental or intervening
history of counselling - before 1900
-most counselling in form of advice/info-developed out of concern for lives affected by industrial revolution-also inspired by growing social welfare/justice movmt, spread of public education, and changes in population makeup (influx of immigrants), asylum system reform-also French moral therapy movement migrated to Canada, promoted humane approach to solving psychological problems-no mention of counselling in literature until 1931-initially counselling took form of people working in child welfare, educational/vocational guidance, legal reform
history of counselling - what 2 movements were important between 1900-1909?
two movements: mental health movement and vocational guidance movement
history of counselling - 1900-1909, frank parsons
frank parsons.focused on growth/prevention.worked in multiple disciplines, ending up a social reformer and working with youth in the process of making career decisions.founded Boston’s Vocational Bureau.theory of vocation was: ..Choosing a vocation was relating 3 factors:…a knowledge of work…a knowledge of self…a matching of the two through “true reasoning”
history of counselling - 1900-1909, clifford beers
clifford beers.hospitalized for mental illness (depression).wrote “a mind that found itself” about conditions in mental institutions.responsible for mental health movement in canada/US.founded CMHA
history of counselling - 1910-1920s
.Smith-Hughes act (1917( gave funding to schools to support vocational education.counseling used during WW1 for testing and military personnel placement, embraced psychometrics.1920s, vocational guidance grew in senior/junior high schools.new tests, like Strong Vocational Interest Inventory
history of counselling - 1930s
.great depression influenced researchers/practitioners to emphasize counselling related to employment.development of first theory of counselling by E.G. Williamson..known as Minessota point of view, counsellor-centred approach (aka trait-factor counselling), .WW2 created even more of a role for psychologists for testing and personnel placement.1939, creation of CPA by Bott, Humphrey, Liddy..created a newsletter, called CPA Bulletin, now known as Canadian Journal of Psychology.counselling began to broaden it’s applications beyond occupational concerns, thanks to Edward Thorndike. J Brewer then published Education as Guidance, asserting that every teacher be a counsellor and that vocational decisions just one part of a counsellor’s responsibilities
history of counselling - 1930s, Minnesota point of view aka trait-factor counselling
.emphasized counsellors teaching/mentoring/influencing skills.individuals had traits (aptitudes/interests/personalities…) that could be integrated to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics)..scientific, problem-solving, empircal method.task of counsellor to ascertain a deficiency in client, then prescribe procedure to fix problem
history of counselling - 1940s
carl rogers, baby.published Counselling & Psychotherapy.challenged counsellor-centred approach of Williamson and major tenets of psychoanalysis.helper as mirror.client-centred approach, widely accepted & criticized.this changed emphasis of counselling to the relationship and refinement of counselling technique
history of counselling - 1950s
.before 1950, four main theories drove counsellor work..psychoanalysis, trait-factor (williamson), humanistic/client-centred (Rogers), lesser extent Behaviourism (Skinner).1950s/60s, vocational guidance work decreased, personal counselling increased as per Rogers.new therapies emerge..Wolfe’s systematic desensitization..cognitive theories like Ellis’ rational-emotive, Berne’s transactional analysis, Beck’s CT
