Ielts-8 Flashcards
1
Q
Nostril
A
n. either of the two external openings of the nose
nos·tril /ˈnɔstrɪl US ˈnɑː-/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: nosthyrl ‘nose-hole’]
one of the two holes at the end of your nose, through which you breathe and smell things
The smell of gunpowder filled his nostrils.
the horse’s flaring nostrils (=widened nostrils)
سوراخ بینی، منخر.
n. burun deliği
n. narine
2
Q
despicable
A
adj. contemptible, nasty, abominable des·pic·a·ble /dɪˈspɪkəbəl, ˈdespɪ-/ adj [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: despicabilis, from Latin despicari 'to look down on'] extremely bad, immoral, or cruel It's despicable the way he treats those kids. a despicable act of terrorism a despicable crime >despicably adv پست، خوار، زبون ، نکوهش پذیر، مطرود. adj. adi; değersiz; küçümsenen adj. méprisable e; the most despicable human being
3
Q
fringe
A
n. ornamental border consisting of loose hanging threads; anything which resembles such a border; margin, periphery, edge; something considered marginal or extreme
v. decorate with a fringe, edge with a fringe; ring, surround, edge
fringe1 /frɪndʒ/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin fimbria ‘threads’]
BrE if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead
American Equivalent: bangs
a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe
a decorative edge of hanging threads on a curtain, piece of clothing etc
on the fringes (of sth)
a) not completely belonging to or accepted by a group of people who share the same job, activities etc
a small group on the fringes of the art world
b) also on the fringe
at the part of something that is farthest from the centre
= on the edge of something
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
→the lunatic fringe at lunatic fringe 2
fringe2 adj [only before noun]
fringe group/event/issue etc
a group, event etc that is less important or popular than the main group etc, or whose opinions are not accepted by most other people involved in the same activity
≠ mainstream
He used a party conference fringe meeting to defend terrorism.
The environment is no longer a fringe issue.
a fringe religious sect fringe 3
fringe3 v [T]
to be around the edge of something
A line of trees fringed the pool.
حاشیه ، سجاف، کناره ، حاشیه دار کردن ، ریشه گذاشتن به ، چتر زلف، چین ، لبه .
n. saçak, püskül, perçem, pervaz, saçak
v. saçak takmak, kenarını bastırmak
n. marges; bord, extrémité, lisière; touffe, frange
v. orner, décorer; orner de franges; servir de marge
e: jet fighter ascends on the fringes of the atmosphere
4
Q
scalpel
A
n. small straight surgical knife
scal·pel /ˈskælpəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: scalpellum, from scalprum ‘knife’]
a small, very sharp knife that is used by doctors in operations
چاقوی کالبد شکافی، چاقوی کوچک جراحی، باچاقوی جراحی بریدن ، پاره پاره کرد ن .
n. skalpel, cerrah bıçağı
n. scalpel, bistouri, petit couteau utilisé pendant les opérations chirurgicales
e: i dint know he had a scalpel
5
Q
spook
A
n. (Slang) ghost, specter; spy
v. (Slang) frighten, startle, scare; become frightened
spook1 /spuːk/ n [C] informal
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Dutc]
a ghost
especially AmE a spy spook 2
spook2 v [T] informal
to frighten someone
I’m not easily spooked.
روح، شبح، دیو، جن ، ترساندن .
n. hayalet, hortlak, ajan, casus
v. hayalet gibi görünmek
n. spectre; fantôme, démon
v. faire peur, effrayer
e: r u using spooks to look after ur family?!
6
Q
moron
A
n. person whose intelligence will never surpass that of an 8-12 year old child; idiot, half-wit, simpleton (Informal)
mo·ron /ˈmɔːrɔn US -rɑːn/ n [C]
[Date: 1900-2000; Language: Greek; Origin: moros ‘of low intelligence’]
informal not polite a very offensive word for someone who you think is very stupid
= idiot
Don’t leave it there, you moron!
technical old-fashioned someone whose intelligence has not developed to the normal level
>moronic /məˈrɔnɪk US -ˈrɑː-/ adj
a moronic grin
آدم سبک مغز وکم عقل، آدم احمق وابله .
n. moron, geri zekâlı
n. faible d’esprit; personne simple d’esprit, idiot, imbécile
e: u bloody moron!
7
Q
pageant
A
n. performance commemorating a historical or legendary event; ceremonial play or parade of any kind
pag·eant /ˈpædʒənt/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: pagina ‘scene of a play’, from Latin, ‘page’; PAGE1]
an organized public show, often performed outdoors, where people dress in decorated or unusual clothes
a colourful pageant of Scotland’s past
AmE a public competition for young women in which their appearance, and sometimes other qualities, are compared and judged
= beauty contest
the pageant of sth
literary a series of historical events that are interesting and important
the pageant of African history
صفحه نمایش، نمایش مجلل وتاریخی، مراسم مجلل، رژه .
n. gösteri alayı, geçit alayı, tantanalı ama önemsiz gösteri
n. cérémonie; phénomène; cortège; manifestation pompeuse
e: beauty pageant
8
Q
boggle
A
v. prevent; hesitate; be shocked, be awed; shock
bog·gle /ˈbɔgəl US ˈbɑː-/ v
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from bogle; BOGEY]
the/your mind boggles also sth makes the/your mind boggle
also sth boggles the/your mind
informal if your mind boggles when you think of something, it is difficult for you to imagine or accept it
The sheer amount of data makes the mind boggle.
the/your mind boggles at
My mind boggles at the amount of work still to do.
دراثر امری ناگهان وحشت زده وناراحت شدن ، رم کردن ، تامل کردن ( در اثر ترس وغیره )، کارسرهمبندی کردن .
v. çekinmek, ürkmek, yanaşmamak, yüzüne gözüne bulaştırmak; becerememek
v. empêcher, bloquer; hésiter; être choqué, être stupéfié; choquer
e: the mind-boggling scale of California’s wildfires
9
Q
mast
A
n. long pole above the hull of a ship which supports the rigging and sails (Nautical); flagpole; tall post which supports radio or television cables
mast /mɑːst US mæst/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: mAst]
a tall pole on which the sails or flags on a ship are hung
BrE a tall metal tower that sends out radio and television signals
a radio mast
a tall pole on which a flag is hung
→ half-mast
تیر، دکل یکپارچه ، دیرک ، بادکل مجهز کردن .
n. direk, gemi direği, palamut, kozalak
n. mât
10
Q
revoke
A
n. failure to play a card of the proper suit when it is possible to do so (Cards); cancellation, annulment, retraction, act of revoking
v. cancel, annul, repeal, retract; fail to play a card of proper suit when it is possible to do so (Cards)
re·voke /rɪˈvəuk US -ˈvouk/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revoquer, from Latin revocare ‘to call back’]
to officially state that a law, decision, or agreement is no longer effective
→revocation
Their work permits have been revoked.
لغو کردن ، مانع شدن ، الغا، فسخ، ابطال.
v. yürürlükten kaldırmak, geri almak, iptal etmek, yerdeki kâğıttan oynamamak, rönons yapmak
n. révocation, abrogation
v. révoquer, retirer; nier, priver, exclure
e: US revokes visas for 1000 Chinese students
11
Q
lade
A
v. load; burden, weigh down; fill full; raise or remove (a liquid) with a dipper
v. yüklemek, gemiye yüklemek
بار کردن ، بارگیری کردن ، خالی کردن ، با ملاقه خالی کردن .
v. load; burden, weigh down; fill full; raise or remove (a liquid) with a dipper
e: horse cart laden with oil drums on the street
12
Q
detritus
A
n. debris, rubbish, waste, disintegrated matter; (Geology) rock in small particles, fragments of rocks; (Ecology) organic debris created by disintegration of animals or plants
de·tri·tus /dɪˈtraɪtəs/ n [U] formal
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of deterere ‘to rub away’]
pieces of waste that remain after something has been broken up or used
چیزی که در نتیجه خرابی بدست آید، ریزه .
n. döküntü, taş döküntüsü
n. détritus, ordures, restes
e: feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves
13
Q
feces
A
n. bodily waste, excrement fe·ces /ˈfiːsiːz/ n [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , plural of faex 'waste material'] the American spelling of faeces >fecal /ˈfiːkəl/ adj faeces fae·ces also feces AmE /ˈfiːsiːz/ n [plural] formal solid waste material from the bowels >faecal /ˈfiːkəl/ adj مدفوع انسان وحیوان . n. dışkı, kaka, bok, pislik, atık, posa, tortu n. résidus
14
Q
propagate
A
v. procreate, generate, reproduce; scatter, disseminate; multiply, proliferate, increase; spread, extend
prop·a·gate /ˈprɔpəgeɪt US ˈprɑː-/ v formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of propagare ‘to breed plants from shoots’, from propago ‘shoot from which a new plant is produced’]
[T] formal
to spread an idea, belief etc to many people
The group launched a website to propagate its ideas .
[I and T]
if you propagate plants, or if they propagate, they start to grow from a parent plant to produce new plants
Propagate your plants in fresh soil.
[T]
if an animal, insect, etc propagates itself or is propagated, it increases in number
= reproduce
>propagation /ˌprɔpəˈgeɪʃən US ˌprɑː-/ n [U]
گستردن ، ( بوسیله تولید مثل ) تکثیر کردن ، زیاد کردن ، پروردن ، قلمه زدن ، منتشرکردن ، انتشار دادن .پخش کردن ، پخش شدن ، رواج دادن .
v. üretmek, çoğaltmak, propaganda yapmak, yaymak, bulaştırmak, üremek, yavrulamak
v. propager, diffuser; se propager
e;’ The leaf-cutters’ fungus propagated clonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years
15
Q
blight
A
n. disease, plague, scourge; affliction, destruction
v. destroy, ruin; cause to wither and die (of a plant)
blight1 /blaɪt/ n
[singular,U]
an unhealthy condition of plants in which parts of them dry up and die
[singular]
something that makes people unhappy or that spoils their lives or the environment they live in
blight on
Her guilty secret was a blight on her happiness.
the blight of poverty blight 2
blight2 v [T]
to spoil or damage something, especially by preventing people from doing what they want to do
a disease which, though not fatal, can blight the lives of its victims
a country blighted by poverty
>blight·ed adj
blighted hopes
باد زدگی یا زنگ زدگی، زنگار، آفت، پژمردن .
n. mantar, küf; afet, felâket, yıkım; karmaşa; keşmekeş (Argo)
v. kötü izlenim bırakmak; suya düşürmek; boşa çıkarmak, kırmak (umut)
n. maladie, infection; affliction, douleur; fléau, calamité; rouille; destruction, ruine
v. détruire; ruiner; brouir, flétrir, ternir; rouiller
16
Q
virulent
A
adj. infectious, causing infection; poisonous; hateful; obnoxious
vir·u·lent /ˈvɪrʊlənt/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: virulentus, from virus; VIRUS]
a poison, disease etc that is virulent is very dangerous and affects people very quickly
≠ mild
a particularly virulent form of influenza
formal full of hatred for something, or expressing this in a strong way - used to show disapproval
virulent anti-Semitism
>virulence n [U]
>virulently adv
زهرآگین ، سم دار، تلخ، تند، کینه جو، بدخیم.
adj. kuvvetli, öldürücü, düşmanca, kin dolu, şiddetli, çabuk ilerleyen
adj. virulent
e: Escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen
17
Q
lapse
A
n. error, mistake, failure; temporary deviation; passage of time, pause; gradual sinking to a lower degree, decline; expiration, termination
v. fail to reach an accepted standard; gradually slip into or out of a state or condition; elapse, expire, come to an end; become void; fall out of general use
lapse1 /læps/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: lapsus, from labi ‘to slip’]
a short period of time during which you fail to do something well or properly, often caused by not being careful
momentary/temporary/occasional etc lapse
Despite the occasional lapse, this was a fine performance by the young saxophonist.
A defensive lapse by Keown allowed Tottenham to score.
lapse in
lapses in security
lapse of
A single lapse of concentration cost Sampras the game.
a lapse of judgement
After taking the drug, several patients suffered memory lapses (=when you cannot remember something for a short time) .
a failure to do something you should do, especially to behave correctly
He forgot to offer Darren a drink, but Marie did not appear to notice the lapse.
[usually singular]
a period of time between two events
The usual time lapse between request and delivery is two days.
lapse of
a lapse of about ten seconds lapse 2
lapse2 v [I]
to gradually come to an end or to stop for a period of time
The conversation lapsed.
if a contract, agreement etc lapses, it comes to an end, usually because an agreed time limit has passed
Your booking will automatically lapse unless you confirm it.
to stop believing in or following a religion
those people who have lapsed from the practice of their religion
formal if a period of time lapses, it passes
Many years had lapsed since her first visit to Wexford.
lapse into [lapse into sth] phr v
lapse into unconsciousness/silence/sleep etc
to go into a quiet or less active state
He lapsed into a coma and died two days later.
Alison lapsed into puzzled silence.
to begin to behave or speak in a way that you did before
She lapsed back into her old ways.
Occasionally he lapsed into his native German.
to get into a worse state or become worse
Following his death, the Empire lapsed into chaos.
His poetry often lapses into sentimentality.
نسیان ، لغزش، خطا، برگشت، انحراف موقت، انصراف، مرور، گذشت زمان ، زوال، سپری شدن ، انقضائ، استفاده از مرور زمان ، ترک اولی، الحاد، خرف شدن ، سهو و نسیان کردن ، از مدافتادن ، مشمول مرور زمان شدن .
n. yanılma, sapma, hata, yanlış, sürçme, kaytarma, kaçma, geçme, sona erme
v. geçmek, akıp gitmek, bitmek, dolmak, kaymak, sapmak, hata yapmak, kaçmak, zaman aşımına uğramak, düşmek
n. erreur, faute; défaillance, faux pas; lapsus; déviation; cours, marche (du temps); déchéance; manquement
v. déchoir, faillir; faire un faux pas; périmer; devenir caduc; s’abroger; cesser d’être en vigueur
e: parasites under control. But with any lapse in control
18
Q
cuticle
A
n. skin which surrounds the fingernails and toenails; epidermis, outer layer of skin; cuticula, hard outer shell of some insects (Entomology)
cu·ti·cle /ˈkjuːtɪkəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: cuticula, from cutis ‘skin’]
the area of hard skin around the base of your nails
پوست، بشره ، پوشش مو، پوشش شاخی.
n. epiderm, üst deri, tırnak çevresindeki ölü deri, kütikül; yaprak üst zarı
n. cuticule; peau cornée (de l’ongle)
e: People have known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle
19
Q
prerogative
A
n. right, privilege; preferential privilege of a particular group; special individual advantage or privilege; preemptive privilege or right
pre·rog·a·tive /prɪˈrɔgətɪv US -ˈrɑː-/ n [C usually singular]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: prérogative, from Latin praerogativus ‘voting first in a Roman election’, from rogare ‘to ask’]
a right that someone has, especially because of their importance or social position
prerogative of
Education was once the prerogative of the elite.
Arriving late is a woman’s prerogative .
the royal prerogative (=the rights of kings and queens)
حق ویژه ، امتیاز مخصوص، حق ارثی، امتیاز.
adj. ayrıcalıklı, imtiyazlı prerogative 2 [pre·rog·a·tive || prɪ’rɑgətɪv /-‘rɒg-]
n. ayrıcalık, imtiyaz, kabiliyet, yetenek
n. prérogative; privilège; apanage; avantage
20
Q
budge
A
v. move; be moved
budge /bʌdʒ/ v [I,T usually in negatives]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: bouger, from Latin bullire; BOIL1]
to move, or to make someone or something move
She leaned on the door, but it wouldn’t budge.
budge from
Will hasn’t budged from his room all day.
The horse refused to budge an inch.
to change your opinion, or to make someone change their opinion
The government has refused to budge.
budge on
He won’t budge on the issue.
budge from
Treacy refuses to budge from his principles.
تکان جزئی خوردن ، تکان دادن ، جم خوردن .
v. yerinden oynatmak, kımıldamak, hareket etmek, oynamak, kımıldatmak, hareket ettirmek, oynatmak
v. bouger, céder, reculer; remuer
e: but that may not do much to budge the needle on the scale
21
Q
whittle
A
n. knife, pocket-knife (Archaic)
v. cut; peel; cut away, shape; cut down
whit·tle /ˈwɪtl/ v
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: whittle ‘large knife’ (15-19 centuries), from thwittle (14-19 centuries), from thwite ‘to whittle’ (11-19 centuries), from Old English thwitan]
also whittle down [T]
to gradually make something smaller by taking parts away
We need to whittle down the list of guests for the party.
[I and T]
to cut a piece of wood into a particular shape by cutting off small pieces with a knife
→carve
whittle away phr v
to gradually reduce the amount or effectiveness of something, especially something that you think should not be reduced
whittle sth⇔away
The museum is worried that government funding will be whittled away.
whittle away at
Congress is whittling away at our freedom of speech.
چاقو، ساطور، تراشیدن ، بریدن ، پیوسته کمکردن ، با چاقو تیزکردن و تراشیدن .
v. bıçakla kesmek, yontmak
n. canif, couteau
v. tailler (au couteau); couper; réduire; éplucher
e: It’s enough to whittle your weight down to the low
22
Q
abdomen
A
n. (in vertebrates) section of the body between the thorax and the pelvis in which most of the digestive organs are located, belly; section of the body behind the thorax (Entomology)
ab·do·men /ˈæbdəmən, æbˈdəu- US -ˈdou-/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Lati]
the part of your body between your chest and legs which contains your stomach, bowels etc
the end part of an insect’s body, joined to the thorax
>abdominal /æbˈdɔmɪnəl US -ˈdɑː-/ adj
acute abdominal pains
شکم، بطن .
n. karın
n. abdomen
23
Q
svelte
A
adj. slender, having a slim and graceful figure
svelte /svelt/ adj literary
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Italian svelto ‘stretched’, from svellere ‘to pull out’]
thin and graceful
= lithe
She was slim, svelte, and sophisticated.
adj. ince yapılı, fidan gibi
adj. svelte, élancé, mince
e: svelte legs
24
Q
stealth
A
n. furtive or clandestine movement, sneakiness
stealth /stelθ/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: From an unrecorded Old English stAlth ‘stealing’]
when you do something very quietly, slowly, or secretly, so that no one notices you
Cats rely on stealth to catch their prey.
also Stealth
a system of making military aircraft that cannot be discovered by radar instruments
stealth bomber/aircraft/fighter etc
(=a plane made using this system)
نهان ، خفا، خفیه ، خفیه کاری، حرکت دزدکی.
n. gizlilik, gizli hareket, gizli iş
n. furtif, caché
e: Stealth Forces in weight Loss
25
tusk
n. long protruding tooth often found in pairs (in the walrus, elephant, etc.); something resembling an animal tusk
دندان دراز وتیز، دندان نیش اسب، عاج، دندان عاج فیل، دندان گراز حیوانات، ( بادندان ) سوراخ کردن یا کندن .
n. fildişi, uzun diş
n. défense
26
incarcerate
v. imprison, jail, confine, detain
in·car·ce·rate /ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt US -ɑːr-/ v [T usually passive] formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of incarcerare, from carcer 'prison']
to put or keep someone in prison
= imprison
He spent nearly half his life incarcerated in prison.
>incarceration /ɪnˌkɑːsəˈreɪʃən US -ˌkɑːr-/ n [U]
در زندان نهادن ، زندانی کردن ، حبس کردن .
v. hapsetmek, kapatmak, sıkıştırmak
v. incarcérer, emprisonner, enchaîner, arrêter
e: my sister has been incarcerated from an early age
27
tranquilizer
```
n. sedative drug
مسکن (mosakken)، داروی تسکین دهنده .
n. sakinleştirici, yatıştırıcı
n. tranquillisant, remède, apaiseur
e: shot me with tranquilizer
```
28
asylum
n. shelter, refuge; hospital for the mentally ill
a·sy·lum /əˈsaɪləm/ n
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek asylon, from asylos 'not able to be seized']
[U]
protection given to someone by a government because they have escaped from fighting or political trouble in their own country
apply for/seek/be granted asylum
He has been granted asylum in France.
→ political asylum
[C] old use a mental hospital
پناهگاه ، بستگاه ، گریزگاه ، نوانخانه ، یتیم خانه ، تیمارستان .
n. sığınak, barınak, himaye, koruma; akıl hastanesi; iltica, sığınma
n. refuge; asile; hospice
e: Sherinford is more than an asylum
29
grenade
n. small missile containing an explosive (thrown by hand or fired from a mounted launcher)
نارنجک .
n. el bombası, yangın söndürücü madde dolu cam tüp
n. grenade, petite bombe pouvant être lancée à la main ou avec un fusil, explosif
e: colloquially is known as patience grenade
30
cannibal
n. human being that eats human flesh, any animal that eats its own kind
آدمخوار، جانوری که همجنس خود را میخورد.
n. yamyam
n. cannibale, personne qui mange la chair humaine, anthropophage; animal qui se nourrit de sa propre espèce
e:do u have cannibals here in this island?
31
agony
n. torment; struggle before death
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: agonia, from Greek, 'trouble, great anxiety', from agon 'competition for a prize']
very severe pain
the agony of arthritis
in agony
I was in agony.
He groaned in agony.
a very sad, difficult, or unpleasant experience
It was agony not knowing if she would live.
agony of
He was in agonies of remorse.
→pile on the pressure/agony at pile on(2), prolong the agony at prolong
درد، رنج، تقلا، سکرات مرگ ، جانکندن .
n. can çekişme, acı çekme, kıvranma, ızdırap, agoni; İsa'nın son ıstırapları
n. supplice; agonie
e: make it swift, no need to prolong his agony
32
liable
n. published material which slanders or maliciously defames (Law); publishing of slanderous material (Law); material which intentionally slanders or maliciously defames
v. slander, defame, malign, insult, make false and malicious accusations against; publish a libel against (Law)
li·bel1 /ˈlaɪbəl/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin libellus, from liber; LIBRARY]
when someone writes or prints untrue statements about someone so that other people could have a bad opinion of them
→slander for libel
Holt sued the newspaper for libel .
a libel action/case/trial
(=a court case against someone for libel)
restrictions on press freedom, such as libel laws libel 2
libel2 past tense and past participle libelled present participle libelling BrE past tense and past participle libeled present participle libeling AmE
v [T]
to write or print a libel against someone
→slander
افترا، تهمت، توهین ، هجو، افترا زدن .
n. iftiralı yazı, karalama, davacı dilekçesi
v. yazılarıyla iftira etmek, onurunu lekelemek
n. calomnie, médisance; fausse accusation; diffamation; injustice
v. diffamer, calomnier; insulter, injurier; faire de fausses accusations contre (Droit)
33
slander
n. false and injurious statements made about another, defamation, calumny
v. make false and injurious statements about another, defame, vilify, malign
slan·der1 /ˈslɑːndə US ˈslændər/ n
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: esclandre, from Late Latin scandalum; SCANDAL]
[U and C]
a false spoken statement about someone, intended to damage the good opinion that people have of that person
→libel
[U]
the crime of making false spoken statements about someone
→libel
He is being sued for slander . slander 2
slander2 v [T]
to say false things about someone in order to damage other people's good opinion of them
→libel
سعایت، تهمت یا افترا، تهمت زدن .
n. iftira, kara çalma, kötüleme, yerme
v. iftira etmek, çamur atmak, kötülemek, kara çalmak, yermek
n. calomnie, diffamation
v. calomnier; diffamer
34
despise
v. hate, loathe, have contempt for
de·spise /dɪˈspaɪz/ v [T not in progressive]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: despire, from Latin despicere 'to look down on', from specere 'to look']
to dislike and have a low opinion of someone or something
She despised her neighbours.
خوار شمردن ، حقیر شمردن ، تحقیر کردن ، نفرت داشتن .
v. hor görmek, küçümsemek; tenezzül etmemek
v. mépriser, dédaigner
e: that is why we always despised you
35
faggot
fag·got /ˈfægət/ n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: fagot, from Italian faggotto]
BrE a ball made of meat mixed with bread, which is cooked
AmE taboo informal a very offensive word for a homosexual man. Do not use this word.
old-fashioned small sticks that are tied together, used for burning on a fire
دسته هیزم، دسته ، دسته کردن ، بهم بستن ، ریشه کردن حاشیه پارچه ، بخیه زینتی.
n. çalı çırpı demeti, sakatat yemeği, ibne [arg.], homoseksüel, top
n. homosexuel (argot), fagot, faisceau
e: well u can dress up like a faggot
36
whiff
n. scent; puff of air (often carrying smoke); hint or trace of; strikeout (Baseball); flatfish, British flounder
v. blow; exhale; inhale; emit smoke; smoke (a cigarette); swing and miss a ball (Sports); strikeout (Baseball)
whiff /wɪf/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: From the sound of a light movement of air carrying a smell]
a very slight smell of something
whiff of
a whiff of tobacco
get/catch a whiff of sth
As she walked past, I caught a whiff of her perfume.
a whiff of danger/adventure/freedom etc
a slight sign that something dangerous, exciting etc might happen
The whiff of danger filled her with excitement.
دروغ گفتن ، دروغ در چیزی گفتن ، چاخان ، باد، نفخه ، بو، دود، وزش، پف، پرچم، با صدای پف حرکت دادن ، وزیدن ، وزاندن .
n. esinti, nefes, koku, koku dalgası, ima
v. üflemek, kötü kokutmak, kötü kokmak
n. bouffée, sentir l'odeur de quelque chose; une ambition; un reniflement; un éclat de colère
v. souffler; expirer; émettre de la fumée; fumer (cigarette)
e: one good whiff of gas and poof
37
glamour
n. attractiveness, magnetism, alluring charm; excitement, adventure; magic, enchantment
Glamour [glam·our || 'glæmə(r)]
n. monthly American magazine for women that covers topics of general interest (health, beauty, fashion, career, finance, etc.)
glam·our
usually glamor AmE /ˈglæmə US -ər/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Scottish English; Origin: 'magic', from English grammar; because of an old association of knowledge with magic]
the attractive and exciting quality of being connected with wealth and success
glamour of
Forget all you read about the glamour of television.
a style of attractiveness that suggests wealth
Designer clothes are not a passport to instant glamour.
glamour girl/boy
a performer who is more noticeable for their attractiveness than for their skill or ability
n. büyü, sihir, cazibe, çekicilik, göz kamaştırıcılık glamour 2
( glamor) طلسم، جادو، فریبندگی، دلیری، افسون ، زرق و برق.
v. büyülemek, çekmek, etkilemek
n. charme; éclat; incantation; grâce
e: some of school girls were going to glamour shots place
38
torso
n. body of a human being without the head or arms and legs; image or sculpture of a body lacking limbs or the head; something that is incomplete or mutilated
tor·so /ˈtɔːsəu US ˈtɔːrsou/ n plural torsos [C]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Italian; Origin: Latin thyrsus 'stalk']
your body, not including your head, arms, or legs
the torso of a woman
a statue of a torso
n. heykel gövdesi, kolsuz ve başsız gövde, yarım kalmış çalışma
n. torse, partie du corps d'une statue comprenant les épaules, la poitrine et le ventre; sculpture ou photographie représentant un corps humain sans bras ou sans tête; chose ou objet incomplet
e: legs in one and torso in the other bin!
39
retarded
adj. limited or delayed in intellectual and/or emotional development, characterized by mental retardation
عقب افتاده (از لحاظ هوش و رشد بدنی).
v. geciktirmek, sürüncemede bırakmak, alıkoymak, frenlemek, hızını kesmek, yavaşlatmak, gelişimini önlemek
adj. retardé, arriéré
retard [re·tard || rɪ'tɑrd /-'tɑːd]
n. attardement, personne attardé mentalement,; personne stupide, personne atteinte de démence; retard; empêchement
v. retarder; bloquer; décélérer, ralentir, réduire
e: u have a son who is retarded
40
wind up
twist a knob in order to make something run (e.g. a watch, toy, clock, etc.) up; end, be finished (e.g. a meeting); finish something, bring something to a close (e.g a project, meeting); reach a certain state or course of action because of something else
wind up phr v
to bring an activity, meeting etc to an end
OK, just to wind up, could I summarize what we've decided?
wind sth⇔up
It's time to wind things up - I have a plane to catch.
wind sth⇔up
to close down a company or organization
Our operations in Jamaica are being wound up.
[linking verb] informal
to be in an unpleasant situation or place after a lot has happened
= end up wind up in/at/with etc
You know you're going to wind up in court over this.
wind up doing sth
I wound up wishing I'd never come.
wind sb⇔up
BrE to deliberately say or do something that will annoy or worry someone, as a joke
→tease
They're only winding you up.
→ wound up
wind sth⇔up
to turn part of a machine around several times, in order to make it move or start working
wind sth⇔up
BrE to make something, especially a car window, move up by turning a handle or pressing a button
Could you wind the window up, please?
پایان یافتن ، منتج به نتیجه شدن ، پایان دادن .
sarmak, sarıp sarmalamak, yumak yapmak, kurmak (saat), kıvırmak, bükmek, döndürmek, çevirmek, araba camını açmak, heyecanlandırmak, son vermek, tahrik etmek, bitirmek, tasfiye etmek, kapamak (hesap), sona ermek, boylamak, kurmak
enrouler; creuser (une route); terminer, achever
e: there was no money unless i wind up some bullshit rockstar
41
rat
n. large long-tailed rodent that resembles a mouse; traitor, one who betrays, informer
v. betray an accomplice to police; abandon one's associates, desert one's colleagues
rat1 /ræt/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: rAt]
an animal that looks like a large mouse with a long tail
spoken someone who has been disloyal to you or deceived you
But you promised to help us, you rat!
look like a drowned rat
to look very wet and uncomfortable
(like) rats leaving the sinking ship
used to describe people who leave a company, organization etc when it is in trouble
→ rat race, rats
→smell a rat at smell 2 (7) rat 2
rat2 past tense and past participle ratted present participle ratting
v [I] informal
if someone rats on you, they tell someone in authority about something wrong that you have done
= grass on rat on
They'll kill you if they find out you've ratted on them!
BrE to not do what you had promised to do
= go back on, renege on renege on rat on
He accused the government of ratting on its promises to the disabled.
rat out [rat sb⇔out]
if someone rats you out, they are disloyal to you, especially by telling someone in authority about something wrong that you have done
You can't rat out your teammates.
(ج. ش. ) موش صحرائی، آدم موش صفت، موش گرفتن ، کشتن ، دسته خود را ترک کردن ، خیانت.
n. sıçan, fare, kalleş, hain, dönek, grev bozucu, parti değiştiren milletvekili, muhbir, ispiyoncu
v. fare avlamak, parti değiştirmek, döneklik etmek, ihanet etmek, hainlik etmek, ihbar etmek, ispiyonlamak, greve katılmamak
n. rat; traître; mouchard, indicateur, informateur
v. faire la chasse aux rats; passer à l'ennemi; tourner casaque; violer un engagement; se défiler
e: the last guy he ratted out was his cousin
42
sling
n. device consisting of a short strap and a string on either side that is used to propel stones and other small missiles; slingshot; strap of cloth used to support a broken limb; band, strap (used to lift or support); throwing, casting
v. throw from a sling; throw, cast, hurl; place in a sling; support with a sling; lift with a sling
sling1 /slɪŋ/ v past tense and past participle slung /slʌŋ/
[T always + adverb/preposition]
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Probably from Old Norse slyngva 'to throw violently']
to throw or put something somewhere with a careless movement and some force
= chuck
Lou slung his suitcase onto the bed.
sling sb sth
Sling me the keys.
Pete slung his bag over his shoulder .
informal to make someone leave or go to a place
sling sb into/out of sth
Sam was slung into jail for punching a cop.
[usually passive]
to hang something loosely
Dave wore a tool belt slung around his waist.
sling your hook
BrE informal used to tell someone to go away sling 2
sling2 n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from Middle Low German slinge]
a piece of cloth tied around your neck to support an injured arm or hand
in a sling
She had her arm in a sling.
a set of ropes or strong pieces of cloth that are used to lift and carry heavy objects
a special type of bag that fastens over your shoulders, in which you can carry a baby close to your body
a piece of rope with a piece of leather in the middle, used in past times as a weapon for throwing stones
slings and arrows
written problems or criticisms
We've all suffered the slings and arrows of day-to-day living.
قلاب سنگ ، فلاخن ، رسن ، بند، تسمه تفنگ ، زنجیر، زنجیردار، پرتاب کردن ، انداختن ، پراندن .
n. sapan, sapanla atma, kol askısı, askı kayışı, bocurgat, sling, cinli koktelyl
v. sapanla atmak, atmak, halatla çekmek, bocurgat halatı ile çekmek, asmak, askıya almak
n. tireur; lancement, tir au but; crochet; flingue, boutonnière; fouet, courroie
v. tirer au toile; lancer, projeter; suspendre, mettre au portemanteau
e: Yo i have been out there all night slinging crystal
43
badass
n. (Slang) person who is bad-tempered, hot tempered person; aggressive person; tough guy
adj. (Slang) bad-tempered; aggressive (of a person); difficult to deal with (of a person); mean; very impressive; having powerful effect
adj [only before noun] AmE informal
very good or impressive
This site is the best online magazine for bad-ass biker gear.
a bad-ass person is very determined and does not always obey rules - used to show approval
Johnson plays this bad-ass cop named O'Riley.
>bad-ass badass
n [C]
adj. mauvais tempérament, mauvaise humeur; morose, aggressif
e: some guy named Tuco, badass from what i hear
44
snitch
n. (Slang) informer, tattle-tale; thief, pilferer
v. (Slang) inform, tattle; pilfer, snatch, steal
snitch1 /snɪtʃ/ v informal
[I]
to tell someone in authority about something that another person has done wrong, because you want to cause trouble for that person
snitch on
Somebody snitched on me.
[T]
to quickly steal something unimportant or of little value
= nick snitch 2
snitch2 n [C]
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Perhaps from snitch '(a blow on) the nose' (17-21 centuries)]
informal someone who is not liked because they tell people in authority when other people do things that are wrong or against the rules
= sneak
He didn't want to be a snitch, and besides, Kevin was his friend.
خبرکش، دله دزدی کردن ، کش رفتن .
v. aşırmak, çalmak, hakkında bilgi vermek, fitnelemek, ispiyonlamak
n. rapporteur, informateur; voleur
v. vendre la mèche, rapporter
e: the car belonging to one of our snitches
45
haul
n. dragging, tugging, pulling; transporting; load which is transported; act of taking or acquiring; plunder, loot, objects which are taken or acquired
v. drag, tug, pull; transport, carry; transport goods; arrive, reach a destination (after much effort); change direction (Nautical)
haul1 /hɔːl US hɔːl/ v [T]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: haler 'to pull']
to pull something heavy with a continuous steady movement
haul sth off/onto/out of etc sth
She hauled her backpack onto her back.
the steam locomotive which hauled the train
I hauled the door shut behind me.
haul yourself up/out of sth etc
a) to move somewhere with a lot of effort, especially because you are injured or tired
Patrick hauled himself painfully up the stairs.
b) to succeed in achieving a higher position in society, in a competition etc
He is confident that the club can haul themselves further up the league.
haul sb over the coals
BrE to criticize someone severely because they have done something wrong
American Equivalent: rake somebody over the coals
haul off and hit/punch/kick sb
AmE informal to try to hit someone very hard
haul ass
AmE spoken not polite to hurry
haul off [haul sb off] phr v
to force someone to go somewhere that they do not want to go, especially to prison
Police handcuffed him and hauled him off to jail.
haul up [haul sb up] phr v
to officially bring someone to a court of law to be judged
haul somebody up before/in front of
Campbell was hauled up in front of the magistrate. haul 2
haul2 n [C]
a large amount of illegal or stolen goods
The gang escaped with a haul worth hundreds of pounds.
haul of
A haul of stolen cars has been seized by police officers.
long/slow haul
something that takes a lot of time and effort
At last we've won our freedom but it's been a long bitter haul .
the amount of fish caught when fishing with a net
→ long-haul, short-haul
کشیدن ، هل دادن ، حمل کردن ، کشش، همه ماهیهائی که دریک وهله بدام کشیده میشوند، حمل ونقل.
n. traction; halage; herchage
v. traîner; haler; remorquer; changer de direction
we are hauling a pound to a dude right now
e: we are hauling a pound to a dude right now
e; hauler or haulier
46
consignment
```
n. dispatch, conveyance, delivery
con·sign·ment /kənˈsaɪnmənt/ n
[C]
a quantity of goods that are sent somewhere, especially in order to be sold
consignment of
a large consignment of clothes
on consignment
goods that are on consignment are being sold for someone else for a share of the profit
[U]
when someone sends or delivers something
حمل، ارسال، محموله ، مرسوله .
n. gönderme, sevk, teslim, gönderi, sevkedilen mal
n. expédition
e: this is a consignment operation
```
47
vouch
v. attest, confirm; guarantee, answer for; prove, substantiate
vouch /vautʃ/ v
vouch for / [vouch for sb/sth] phr v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: vocher 'to state, call as a witness', from Latin vocare; VOCATION]
to say that you firmly believe that something is true or good because of your experience or knowledge of it
I'll vouch for the quality of the report. I read it last night.
'Where were you on the night of the murder?' 'In bed with flu. My wife can vouch for that .'
to say that you believe that someone will behave well and that you will be responsible for their behaviour, actions etc
Why don't you phone my office? They'll vouch for me.
ضمانت کردن ، اطمینان دادن ، تائید کردن .
v. kefil olmak, garanti etmek, tanıklık etmek, doğrulamak, onaylamak
v. affirmer, garantir; témoigner de, répondre de, attester, se porter garant
e: i dint need ur punk ass to vouch for me
48
scumbag
n. mean and nasty person, someone who is despised (Slang)
scum·bag /ˈskʌmbæg/ n [C] spoken informal not polite
a nasty, unpleasant person
n. personne désagréable; quelqu'un de méprisable (Argot); personne abjecte
e:why would u make deal with that scumbag?
49
pseudo
adj. simulated, pretend, seemingly; false, not genuine, mock
pref. imitation, simulated; faked, false; fictitious, mock
pseudo- /sjuːdəu US suːdou/ prefix
[Language: Late Latin; Origin: Greek, from pseudes 'false']
false or not real
pseudo-intellectuals (=people who pretend to be clever)
She dismisses astrology as pseudo-science.
spurious، sham، pseud) پیشوند بمعنی ' کاذب ' و ' ساختگی ' و ' دروغ '.
pref. takma, sahte, yalancı
adj. imaginaire; soi-disant; pseudo
pref. contrefait, faux; imaginaire; fictif, fabriqué; pseudonyme
50
waddle
n. duck-like walk
v. walk in a duck-like manner
wad·dle /ˈwɔdl US ˈwɑːdl/ v [I]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: wade]
to walk with short steps, with your body moving from one side to another - used especially about people or birds with fat bodies and short legs
waddle off/down/over etc
Half a dozen ducks waddled up the bank.
>waddle n [singular]
راه رفتن اردک وار، اردک وار راه رفتن ، کج و سنگین راه رفتن .
n. badi badi yürüme, paytak paytak yürüyüş
v. badi badi yürümek, paytak paytak yürümek
n. dandiné à droite puis à gauche
v. se dandiner
51
enlighten
v. instruct, provide with intellectual or spiritual understanding
en·light·en /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ v [T]
formal to explain something to someone
enlighten sb as to/on/about sth
Baldwin enlightened her as to the nature of the experiment.
>enlightening adj
روشن فکرکردن ، روشن کردن ، تعلیمدادن .
v. aydınlatmak, öğretmek, bilgi vermek
v. éclairer, expliquer, commenter; faire comprendre
e: so where do u transact ur business enlighten me ?
52
jug
n. pitcher, rounded vessel made to hold liquids; jail, prison (Slang)
v. put in a jug; cook in a jug; imprison, put in jail (Slang)
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Perhaps from the female name Jug, given to ugly women, from Joan]
BrE a container with a wide curved opening at the top and a handle, used especially at meals for pouring liquids
American Equivalent: pitcher
a milk jug
AmE a deep round container with a very narrow opening at the top and a handle, used for holding liquids
British Equivalent: pitcher
also jugful /ˈdʒʌgful/
the amount of liquid that a jug will hold
jug of
a jug of water
jugs
not polite a woman's breasts
کوزه ، بستو، درکوزه ریختن .
n. testi, çömlek, sürahi, kodes, şakıma, bülbül sesi
v. kodese tıkmak, güveçte pişirmek, şakımak, ötmek (bülbül)
n. cruche, pot, pichet; prison, taule (argot)
v. jeter au trou, emprisonner, mettre en prison (Familer); enchaîner; mettre dans une jarre; cuire dans une cruche
53
duck
n. type of swimming bird; score of zero; sweetheart, love (term of endearment); bending over
v. thrust under water, dunk, immerse; crouch, stoop, dodge
duck1 S3 /dʌk/ n
[Language: Old English; Origin: duce]
[C]
a very common water bird with short legs and a wide beak, used for its meat, eggs, and soft feathers
[C]
a female duck
→drake
[U]
the meat of a duck used as food
roast duck with orange sauce
take to sth like a duck to water
to learn how to do something very easily
She took to dancing like a duck to water.
also ducks
BrE spoken used to speak to someone, especially a woman, in a friendly way
What can I get you, ducks?
[C]
a score of zero by a batsman in a game of cricket
→ dead duck, lame duck,like water off a duck's back at water 1 (8), ducks and drakes, sitting duck duck 2
duck2 v
also duck down [I and T]
to lower your head or body very quickly, especially to avoid being seen or hit
If she hadn't ducked, the ball would have hit her.
duck behind/under etc
Jamie saw his father coming and ducked quickly behind the wall.
Tim ducked down to comb his hair in the mirror.
She ducked her head to look more closely at the inscription.
[I always + adverb/preposition]
to move somewhere very quickly, especially to avoid being seen or to get away from someone
duck into
The two men ducked into a block of flats and disappeared.
duck out of
She ducked out of the door before he could stop her.
duck back
'Wait a minute', he called, ducking back inside.
[T] informal
to avoid something, especially a difficult or unpleasant duty
= dodge
The ruling body wanted to duck the issue of whether players had been cheating.
Glazer ducked a question about his involvement in the bank scandal.
[T]
to push someone under water for a short time as a joke
duck sb under sth
Tom grabbed him from behind to duck him under the surface.
duck out of [duck out of sth] phr v
to avoid doing something that you have to do or have promised to do
I always ducked out of history lessons at school.
اردک ، مرغابی، اردک ماده ، غوطه ، غوض، زیر آب رفتن ، غوض کردن .
n. ördek, sevgili, acayip tip, sakat tip, suda işleyebilen kamyon, branda bezi
v. dalmak, daldırıp çıkarmak, eğilmek, sinmek, başını eğerek savuşturmak, sıvışmak, kaytarmak
n. canard; zéro, fiasco; douceur; plongeon; esquive
v. courber; se pencher
e: u cant duck me forever
54
sneak
n. one who acts in a shifty and underhanded manner, base or contemptible person; informer (Slang); thief; act of sneaking
v. creep, slink, skulk; behave in an underhanded manner; do something or take something in a furtive manner; inform (Slang); steal (Slang)
sneak1 /sniːk/ v past tense and past participle sneaked or snuck /snʌk/ AmE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【go secretly】
2【take/give secretly】
3 sneak a look/glance/peek
4【steal】
Phrasal verbs
sneak on somebody
sneak up
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Old English snican 'to creep']
【GO SECRETLY】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
to go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard
= creep sneak in/out/away etc
They sneaked off without paying!
She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep.
【TAKE/GIVE SECRETLY】 [T]
to hide something and take it somewhere or give it to someone secretly
I snuck her a note.
sneak sth through/past etc sb/sth
Douglas had sneaked his camera into the show.
sneak a look/glance/peek
to look at something quickly and secretly, especially something that you are not supposed to see
He sneaked a look at her.
【STEAL】 [T] informal
to quickly and secretly steal something unimportant or of little value
sneak sth from sb
We used to sneak cigarettes from Dad.
sneak on [sneak on sb] phr v
to tell someone such as a parent or teacher about something that another person has done wrong, because you want to cause trouble for that person
A little brat named Oliver sneaked on me.
sneak up phr v
to come near someone very quietly, so that they do not see you until you reach them
sneak up on/behind etc
I wish you wouldn't sneak up on me like that! sneak 2
sneak2 n [C]
BrE informal a child who other children dislike, because they tell adults about bad things that the other children have done wrong
You little sneak!
AmE informal someone who is not liked because they do things secretly and cannot be trusted sneak 3
sneak3 adj [only before noun]
doing things very secretly and quickly, so that people do not notice you or cannot stop you
a sneak attack
a sneak thief
sneaky= آب زیرکاه
دزدکی حرکته کردن ، خود را پنهان ساختن ، حرکت پنهانی.
n. korkak, alçak, sinsi tip, ispiyon, sinsi kimse
v. gizlice girmek, sessizce sokulmak, gizlice yapmak, çalmak, yürütmek, ispiyonlamak, gammazlamak
n. quelqu'un qui rentre et qui sort furtivement ou à la dérobée; mouchard
v. se faufiler, partir furtivement; se défiler; moucharder, cafarder (argot); voler
e: when i went to ur office u snuck out the back way
55
humiliate
v. shame, mortify, lower someone's pride, humble
hu·mil·i·ate /hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/ v [T]
to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially when other people are present
= embarrass
Her boss humiliated her in front of all her colleagues.
>humiliated adj
I've never felt so humiliated in all my life.
پست کردن ، تحقیر کردن ، اهانت کردن به .
f. kibrini kırmak, utandırmak, hakaret etmek, rezil etmek.
v. humilier
e: i have never been so humiliated like this
56
doable
adj. possible, achievable, can be done
کردنی، شدنی.
adj. yapılabilir
adj. faisable
57
conjecture
n. guess, supposition, assumption
v. hypothesize, guess, surmise, infer, speculate
con·jec·ture1 /kənˈdʒektʃə US -ər/ n formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: conjectura, from conicere 'to throw together', from com- ( COM-) + jacere 'to throw']
[U]
when you form ideas or opinions without having very much information to base them on
What she said was pure conjecture .
There has been some conjecture about a possible merger.
[C]
an idea or opinion formed by guessing
= guess, hypothesis hypothesis
My results show that this conjecture was, in fact, correct.
>conjectural adj conjecture 2
conjecture2 v [I and T] formal
to form an idea or opinion without having much information to base it on
= guess conjecture that
It seems reasonable to conjecture that these conditions breed violence.
گمان ، حدس.حدس، ظن ، گمان ، تخمین ، حدس زدن ، گمان بردن .
n. tahmin, varsayım
v. varsaymak; sanmak, zannetmek; kestirmek; tahmin etmek
n. conjecture, hypothèse, supposition
v. conjecturer, deviner
e: this is conjecture
58
iniquity
n. wickedness, evil; injustice
in·iq·ui·ty /ɪˈnɪkwɪti/ n plural iniquities [U and C] formal
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: iniquité, from Latin, from aequus 'equal']
the quality of being very unfair or evil, or something that is very unfair
iniquity of
He went on and on about the iniquities of bourgeois oppression.
They were trying to protect their son from iniquity.
→den of iniquity at den
بی انصافی، شرارت.
n. haksızlık, kötülük, günah
n. iniquité, injustice, méchanceté
59
lieutenant
n. commissioned rank (Military); officer who holds the rank of lieutenant (Military); assistant, deputy
lieu·ten·ant /lefˈtenənt US luːˈten-/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: lieu 'place' + tenant 'holding']
a) a fairly low rank in the armed forces, or an officer of this rank
b) a fairly high rank in the US police force, or an officer of this rank
lieutenant colonel/general/Governor etc
an officer or official with the rank just below colonel, general 2, governor etc
[C]
someone who does work for, or in place of, someone in a higher position
= deputy
( نظ. ) ستوان ، ناوبان ، نایب، وکیل، رسدبان .
n. teğmen, yüzbaşı, üsteğmen [brit.], vekil, yardımcı, sağ kol
n. lieutenant, grade militaire; remplaçant; second
e: we netted a bunch of his lieutenant
60
prick
n. stab, puncture; ache, pain; penis (Slang)
v. stab with a sharp object; perforate, pierce
prick1 /prɪk/ v
[T]
to make a small hole in something using something sharp
Prick the sausages before you grill them.
prick yourself/prick your finger
(=accidentally make a hole in your skin)
She had pricked her finger on a rose thorn.
[I and T]
if something pricks a part of your body, or if it pricks, you feel small sharp pains
→prickle
Angry tears pricked her eyes.
a curious pricking sensation
prick sb's conscience
if something pricks someone's conscience or their conscience pricks them, they feel guilty or ashamed
Her conscience pricked her as she told the lie.
prick (up) its ears
if an animal pricks up its ears, it raises them to listen to a sound
The rabbit stopped suddenly, pricking up its ears.
prick (up) your ears
if you prick up your ears or your ears prick up, you listen carefully because you have heard something interesting
Jay pricked up his ears when I mentioned a vacation.
prick sth out [prick sth⇔ out] phr v
to place young plants in soil after you have grown them from seed prick 2
prick2 n [C]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【person】
2【sex organ】
3【point entering】
4【emotion】
5 prick of conscience
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Language: Old English; Origin: prica]
【PERSON】
spoken not polite a very offensive word for a stupid unpleasant man
【SEX ORGAN】
informal not polite a penis
【POINT ENTERING】
a) a slight pain you get when something sharp goes into your skin
I didn't feel the prick of the needle.
b) BrE an act of pricking something
Give the sausages a prick.
→ pinprick
【EMOTION】
a sudden slight feeling you get when you are unhappy about something
prick of
She felt a prick of resentment when she saw them together.
prick of conscience
an uncomfortable feeling that you have done something wrong
خراش سوزن ، نقطه ، زخم بقدر سرسوزن ، جزئ کوچک چیزی، هدف، منظور، نقطه نت موسیقی، چیزخراش دهنده ( مثل نوک سوزن )، خار، تیغ، نیش، سیخونک ، آلت ذکور، راست، شق، خلیدن ، باچیز نوک تیز فروکردن ، خراش دادن ، با سیخونک بحرکت واداشتن ، تحریک کردن ، آزردن .
n. diken, iğne, iğneleme, diken batması, delinme, delik (sivri uçla), sızı, kalleş
v. iğne batırmak, diken batırmak, delmek, vicdanını sızlatmak, listede işaretlemek, dikmek (bitki), vurmak (silahla), yaralamak
n. piqûre; mal, douleur; pénis, verge; couillon
v. piquer; crever, percer; perforer
61
withdraw
v. pull back; remove from; take money from the bank; take back; retire; depart; remove; take out
with·draw
W2 /wɪðˈdrɔː, wɪθ- US -ˈdrɔː/ v past tense withdrew /-ˈdruː/ past participle withdrawn /-ˈdrɔːn US -ˈdrɔːn/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【not take part】
2【stop supporting】
3【change your mind】
4【say something is not true】
5【product/service】
6【leave a place】
7【money】
8【move】
9【take out】
10【stop communicating】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: with 'from' + draw 'to pull']
【NOT TAKE PART】
a) [I and T]
to stop taking part in an activity, belonging to an organization etc, or to make someone do this
withdraw from
A knee injury forced her to withdraw from the competition.
calls for Britain to withdraw from the European Union
withdraw sth/sb from sth
Parents have the right to withdraw their children from religious education lessons if they wish.
【STOP SUPPORTING】 [T]
to stop giving support or money to someone or something, especially as the result of an official decision
One of the minority parties had withdrawn its support for Chancellor Kohl.
Union members will vote on whether to withdraw their labour (=stop working) .
a government decision to withdraw funding
【CHANGE YOUR MIND】 [T]
if you withdraw a threat, offer, request etc, you say that you no longer will do what you said
After much persuasion he agreed to withdraw his resignation.
【SAY SOMETHING IS NOT TRUE】 [T] formal
if you withdraw a remark, criticism, statement etc, you say that what you said earlier was completely untrue
= retract
He refused to withdraw his remarks and was expelled from the Party.
The newspaper has agreed to withdraw its allegations.
【PRODUCT/SERVICE】 [T]
if a product or service is withdrawn, it is no longer offered for sale or use
withdraw sth from sale/from the market
The drug has been withdrawn from the market for further tests.
【LEAVE A PLACE】
a) [I and T]
if an army withdraws, or if it is withdrawn, it leaves a place
= pull out
the USA's decision to withdraw 40,000 troops from western Europe
b) [I]
to leave a place, especially in order to be alone or go somewhere quiet
withdraw to
We withdrew to the garden for a private talk.
【MONEY】 [T]
to take money out of a bank account
withdraw sth from sth
I'd like to withdraw £500 from my current account.
【MOVE】 [T]
if you withdraw your hand, arm, finger etc from somewhere, you move it from there to where it was before
Claudia withdrew her hand from his.
【TAKE OUT】 [T]
literary to take an object out from inside something
withdraw sth from sth
She withdrew a document from her briefcase.
【STOP COMMUNICATING】 [I]
to become quieter, less friendly, and only concerned about your own thoughts
withdraw into/from
Ralph has withdrawn from the other kids.
Many depressed people just withdraw into themselves.
پس گرفتن ، کنار کشیدن ، دریغ داشتن .پس گرفتن ، کنار کشیدن ، دریغ داشتن .(withdrawal) پس گرفتن ، باز گرفتن ، صرفنظر کردن ، بازگیری.
v. çekmek, almak, geri almak, geri çekmek, para çekmek, çekilmek, ayrılmak, geri çekilmek, çekinmek
v. se retirer; enlever; faire reculer; retirer (de l'argent); retourner, revenir; reprendre; abandonner; sortir
62
collateral
n. security deposit
adj. of secondary importance, insignificant; corresponding
col·lat·e·ral1 /kəˈlætərəl/ n [U]
property or other goods that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back the money they lend you
= security
People put up their homes as collateral in order to raise the money to invest in the scheme.
>collateralize AmE v [T] collateral 2
collateral2 adj [only before noun]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: collateralis, from Latin com- ( COM-) + lateralis ( LATERAL)]
collateral damage
people who are hurt or killed, or property that is damaged accidentally in a war - used especially by the army, navy etc
Hitting any non-military targets would risk 'collateral damage'.
relating to something or happening as a result of it, but not as important
There may be collateral benefits to the scheme.
collateral relatives are members of your family who are not closely related to you
هم بر، پهلو به پهلو، متوازی، تضمین ، ( آمر. ) وثیقه .
n. collatéral; garantie
adj. collatéral
e: collateral loans
63
lousy
```
adj. infested with lice; dirty, filthy (Slang); detestable, vile, revolting (Slang); extremely rich (Slang)
lou·sy /ˈlauzi/ adj comparative lousier superlative lousiest
especially spoken of very bad quality
= awful, terrible terrible
What lousy weather!
The food was lousy.
a lousy film
spoken feel lousy
if you feel lousy, you feel ill
spoken not very good at doing something
= hopeless, terrible terrible lousy at/with
I'm lousy at tennis.
Brenda's lousy with kids.
a lousy teacher
spoken small, useless, or unimportant
He left me a lousy fifty cent tip.
be lousy with sth
AmE old-fashioned a) a place that is lousy with people of a particular kind is too full of them
The town was lousy with tourists.
b) someone who is lousy with money has a lot more of it than they need
شپشو، کثیف، چرکین ، اکبیری، نکبت، پست.
louse= شپش
adj. bitli, kötü, iğrenç, alçak
adj. pouilleux, plein de poux; sale, ignoble, moche; dégoutant; plein aux as, gros richard (Argot)
e: that lousy son of bitch!
```
64
ghetto bird
police helicopter
A police helicopter, specifically in the context of patrolling or searching impoverished, high-crime urban areas.
e: they got ghetto birds
65
dementia
n. mental impairment due to old age or illness (Medical)
de·men·tia /dɪˈmenʃə, -ʃiə US -tʃə/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: mens 'mind']
an illness that affects the brain and memory, and makes you gradually lose the ability to think and behave normally
(طب) دیوانگی، جنون ، سفه .
n. akıl hastalığı; kişilik bölünmesi; bunaklık
n. démence, folie (anomalie mentale due soit à la vieillesse ou à une maladie )
66
degenerate
n. mental retard; sexual pervert, one who has does not follow the accepted moral standards
v. become worse, deteriorate; lose quality; deteriorate into a state of low moral values; cause deterioration
adj. pertaining to degeneration or deterioration; depraved, wicked
de·gen·e·rate1 /dɪˈdʒenəreɪt/ v [I]
to become worse
degenerate into
The conference degenerated into a complete fiasco.
>degeneration /dɪˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/ n [U] degenerate 2
de·gen·e·rate2 /dɪˈdʒenərɪt/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: degeneratus, from genus 'type, kind, race']
formal morally unacceptable
The painting was condemned as 'degenerate'. degenerate 3
degenerate3 n [C]
someone whose behaviour is considered to be morally unacceptable
روبه انحطاط گذاردن ، فاسد شدن ، منحط.
n. bozulmuş kimse; yoz hayvan
v. dejenere olmak; soyu bozulmak, yozlaşmak
adj. soysuz, soysuzlaşmış, yoz, yozlaşmış, bozulmuş, dejenere
n. dégénéré
v. dégénérer
adj. dégénéré
e; u degenerate piece of filth
67
ranch
n. farm with large pastureland for raising livestock
v. work on a ranch, operate a ranch
ranch /rɑːntʃ US ræntʃ/ n [C]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Mexican Spanish; Origin: rancho, from Spanish, 'camp, small building, small farm', from French ranger 'to put in a row']
a very large farm in the western US and Canada where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred
a ranch house
مزرعه یا مرتع احشام، دامداری کردن ، در مرتع پرورش احشام کردن .
n. çiftlik, hayvan üretme çiftliği
v. çiftlik işletmek, çiftlikte yaşamak, hayvancılık yapmak (çiftlikte)
n. ferme, ferme-école
v. travailler dans un ranch, diriger un ranch
e: my father had owned a ranch
68
carrion
n. dead rotten flesh (often eaten by scavengers)
car·ri·on /ˈkæriən/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: caroine, from Vulgar Latin caronia, from Latin caro; CARNAL]
the decaying flesh of dead animals, which is eaten by some animals and birds
مردار، لاشه ، گوشت گندیده .
n. leş (Argo), kokmuş et, leş gibi şey (Argo)
n. charogne, corps de bête morte; cadavre humain abandonné
69
hyena
n. carnivorous nocturnal animal which resembles a dog native to Africa (also hyaena)
hy·e·na
also hyaena BrE /haɪˈiːnə/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: hyaena, from Greek, from hys 'pig']
a wild animal like a dog that makes a sound like a laugh
ج. ش. ) کفتار، ( مج. ) آدم درنده خو یا خائن .
n. sırtlan
n. hyène
70
shin
n. front part of the leg between the knee and ankle; tibia, bone located at the front of the lower leg (Anatomy)
v. climb by wrapping the arms and legs around an object and pulling oneself upward
shin1 /ʃɪn/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: scinu]
the front part of your leg between your knee and your foot shin 2
shin2 past tense and past participle shinned present participle shinning
v [I] BrE
shin up/down
to climb quickly up or down a tree, pole etc by using your hands and legs
American Equivalent: shinny
He shinned up a tree.
پیاده وباسرعت رفتن ، قلم پا، ساق پا، قلم پای خوک ، گوشت قلم پا.
n. incik, bacak
v. koşmak, öne fırlamak, tırmanmak, bacağına vurmak
n. tibia, brillant
v. grimper à un arbre; grimper
71
vile
adj. filthy; repulsive; needy; morally depraved; of poor quality
vile /vaɪl/ adj
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: vil, from Latin vilis 'worthless']
informal extremely unpleasant or bad
= horrible
This coffee tastes really vile .
a vile smell
She has a vile temper .
evil or immoral
a vile act of betrayal
>vilely adv
>vileness n [U]
پست، فرومایه ، فاسد، بداخلاق، شرمآور، زننده .
adj. alçak, değersiz, adi, rezil, aşağılık, iğrenç, berbat, kepaze, hasis
adj. vil, méprisable, odieux, abominable
e: They are usually vile and nasty looking
72
pathogen
n. something that causes disease (i.e. bacteria or virus)
path·o·gen /ˈpæθədʒən, -dʒen/ n [C] technical
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: pathos ( PATHOS) + English -gen 'producing']
something that causes disease in your body
>pathogenic /ˌpæθəˈdʒenɪk/ adj
pathogene) ( طب ) بیماریزا.
i., tıb. hastalığa sebebiyet veren mikrop veya virüs.
n. microbe pathogène
73
mold
n. pattern or form for giving a particular shape; something that has been molded; nature, character; decorative edging, patterned rim; fungal growth (also mould)
v. fashion, shape; shape or form in a mold; become moldy, mildew; determine the nature of; ornament with molding, trim with edging; influence the character of (also mould)
n. loose rich soil (also mould)
mold /məuld US mould/ n, v
the American spelling of mould
>molding n
mould 1
mould1 BrE mold AmE /məuld US mould/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【shaped container】
2【type of person】
3 break the mould
4【growing substance】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【SHAPED CONTAINER】 [C]
a hollow container that you pour a liquid or soft substance into, so that when it becomes solid, it takes the shape of the container
Another method, used especially for figures, was to pour the clay into a mould.
lime jell-o in a mould
【TYPE OF PERSON】 [singular]
if someone is in a particular mould, or fits into a particular mould, they have all the attitudes and qualities typical of a type of person
fit (into) a mould
She didn't quite fit into the standard 'high-flying businesswoman' mould.
in the same mould (as sb/sth)/in the mould of sb/sth
a socialist intellectual in the mould of Anthony Crossland
break the mould
to change a situation completely, by doing something that has not been done before
an attempt to break the mould of British politics
【GROWING SUBSTANCE】[U]
a soft green, grey, or black substance that grows on food which has been kept too long, and on objects that are in warm, wet air
The chemical was used to kill a mold that grows on peanuts.
The walls were black with mould.
→ leaf mould mould 2
mould2 v BrE mold AmE
[T]
to shape a soft substance by pressing or rolling it or by putting it into a mould
mould sth into sth
Mould the sausage meat into little balls.
moulded plastic chairs
[T]
to influence the way someone's character or attitudes develop
mould sth/sb into sth
I try to take young athletes and mold them into team players.
an attempt to mold public opinion
[I and T]
to fit closely to the shape of something, or to make something fit closely
mould (sth) to sth
The lining of the boot molds itself to the shape of your foot.
Her wet dress was moulded to her body.
قارچ انگلی گیاهان ، کپک قارچی، کپرک ، کپرک زدن ، قالب، کالبد، با قالب بشکلدرآوردن .
n. kalıp, şekil, yapı, yaradılış, küf, gübreli toprak, humuslu toprak
v. şekil vermek, biçimlendirmek, kalıba dökmek, küflendirmek, küflenmek
n. moule, forme, format, cliché; moisissure; putréfaction; rouille; nature, caractère, qualité; moulure, rebord
v. mouler, façonner, former
n. moisi; moisissure; terre végétale: humus; calibre, profil; moule; matrice
74
symbiosis
n. arrangement in which two dissimilar organisms live together in what is usually a mutually beneficial manner (Biology)
sym·bi·o·sis /ˌsɪmbaɪˈəusɪs US -ˈou-/ n [singular, U]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek, from symbios 'living together']
formal a relationship between people or organizations that depend on each other equally
technical the relationship between different living things that depend on each other
همزیگری، همزیستی، زندگی تعاونی، همزیستی وتجانس دوموجود مختلف یا دوگروه مختلفباهم.
n. ortakyaşama, ortakyaşarlık, sembiyoz
n. symbiose, association durable entre deux organismes vivants (Biologie); étroite union
e: best known example of symbiosis
75
lunge
n. abrupt forward movement, sudden thrusting motion
v. move forward abruptly, make a sudden thrusting movement
lunge /lʌndʒ/ v [I]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: allonger 'to make longer, put (your arm) out']
to make a sudden strong movement towards someone or something, especially to attack them
lunge at/forward/towards/out etc
The goats lunged at each other with their horns.
John lunged forward and grabbed him by the throat.
>lunge n [C]
Brad made a lunge towards his opponent, but missed.
حمله ناگهانی (مثلا با شمشیر )، پرتاب ناگهانی، جهش، پیشروی ناگهانی، خیز، جهش کردن ، خیز زدن .
n. hamle, saldırma
v. hamle yapmak, saldırmak, at terbiye etmek
n. poussée, impulsion; mouvement fort en avant; bond
v. bondir; pousser, pousser en avant
e: Tuco lunged toward the vehicle
76
sacrilege
n. desecration of the holy, profanation of the sacred
sac·ri·lege /ˈsækrɪlɪdʒ/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin sacrilegium, from sacer ( SACRED) + legere 'to gather, steal']
when someone treats something holy in a way that does not show respect
when someone treats something that another person thinks is very important or special without enough care or respect
it is sacrilege (for sb) to do sth
It's sacrilege to even think of destroying that lovely building.
>sacrilegious /ˌsækrɪˈlɪdʒəs/ adj
توهین به مقدسات، سرقت اشیائ مقدسه ، تجاوز بمقدسات.
n. kutsal şeye saygısızlık, kutsal şeyleri çalma
n. sacrilège, profanation
e: Adelaide man charged with sacrilege, a crime described as a 'throwback to a different time'
77
desecration
n. defilement, violation, profanation, sacrilege
des·e·crate /ˈdesɪkreɪt/ v [T]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: de- + consecrate]
to spoil or damage something holy or respected
>desecration /ˌdesɪˈkreɪʃən/ n [U]
بی حرمتی، هتک حرمت.
n. kutsal şeye saygısızlık; hürmetsizlik; tecâvüz
n. désécration, profanation
e: Ayatollah Lankarani condemns Quran desecration in Sweden
78
crutch
n. wooden or metal staff used to help a lame person walk; support, prop
[Language: Old English; Origin: crycc]
[usually plural]
one of a pair of long sticks that you put under your arms to help you walk when you have hurt your leg
on crutches
(=use crutches)
I was on crutches for three months after the operation.
something that gives someone support or help, especially something that is not really good for them
As things got worse at work, he began to use alcohol as a crutch.
BrE the part of your body between the tops of your legs
= crotch
چوب زیر بغل، عصای زیر بغل، محل انشعاب بدن انسان ( چون زیر بغل ومیان دوران )، دوشاخه ، هر عضو یا چیزی که کمک ونگهدار چیزی باشد، دوقاچ جلو وعقب زین ، باچوبزیربغل راه رفتن ، دوشاخه زیر چیزی گذاشتن .
n. koltuk değneği, destek
n. béquille; support; entrecuisse, aine
e: u mean the the kid with the crutches
79
outpatient
n. patient who is not hospitalized
out·pa·tient /ˈautˌpeɪʃənt/ n [C]
someone who goes to a hospital for treatment but does not stay for the night
→inpatient
an outpatient clinic
a routine examination in outpatients (=the outpatient department of a hospital)
بیمار سرپائی بیمارستان .
n. ayakta tedavi edilen hasta, hastanede yatmayan hasta
n. malade externe; malade non hospitalisé
80
abide
v. stay; live, dwell; continue; tolerate, put up with; wait; comply, submit, obey, conform
a·bide /əˈbaɪd/ v
[Language: Old English; Origin: abidan, from bidan; BIDE]
sb can't abide sb/sth
used to say that someone dislikes something or someone very much
I can't abide that man - he's so self-satisfied.
past tense abode /əˈbəud US əˈboud/
[I always + adverb/preposition] old use to live somewhere
abide by [abide by sth] phr v
to accept and obey a decision, rule, agreement etc, even though you may not agree with it
You have to abide by the referee's decision.
ایستادگیکردن ، پایدارماندن ، ماندن ، ساکن شدن ، منزل کردن ، ایستادن ، منتظر شدن ، وفا کردن ، تاب آوردن .
v. tahammül etmek, katlanmak, çekmek; kurala uymak, sadik kalmak; kalmak, beklemek;
v. rester, demeurer; résider; tenir (promesse); tolérer; se conformer à, se soumettre à; repecter; obéir; attendre; maintenir, continuer
e: u abide by these strictures absolutely
81
stricture
n. something which restricts; censure, criticism; abnormal narrowing of a body duct or passage (Pathology)
stric·ture /ˈstrɪktʃə US -ər/ n [C often plural] formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: strictura 'tightening, narrowing', from Latin strictus; STRICT]
a rule that strictly limits what you can do
stricture on/against
religious strictures on marriage
a severe criticism
خشونت، سخت گیری، باریک بینی، جراحت، تنگی، ضیق.
n. daralma, kanal daralması, idrar yolu tıkanması, eleştiri
n. critique, blâme; restriction
82
hitchhike
v. travel by soliciting rides from passing vehicles
hitch·hike /ˈhɪtʃhaɪk/ v also hitch [I]
to travel to places by getting free rides from drivers of passing cars
hitchhike around/to/across etc
She spent her gap year hitchhiking around the world.
>hitchhiker n [C]
I picked up a hitchhiker on our way back.
hitchhike
سرجاده ایستادن وباشست جهت خود را نشان دادن ( برای سواری مفتی )، مسافرت مفتی
v. otostop yapmak, otostop çekmek
v. faire de l'auto-stop
83
laud
n. praise, commendation (rare); hymn of praise, song of praise
v. praise, commend
laud /lɔːd US lɔːd/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: laudare, from laus 'praise']
formal to praise someone or something
laud
ستایش کردن ، تمجید کردن ، مدح کردن ، ستایش.
n. övme, övgü, methiye
v. övmek, methetmek
n. louange, gloire; chant de louanges, chant de gloire
v. louer, glorifier
e: People with great willpower are often lauded over their peers
84
swirl
n. whirling movement; curving shape, whorl, spiral
v. move with a spinning or whirling motion; be dizzy; cause to spin or whirl
swirl1 /swəːl US swəːrl/ v
[I and T]
to move around quickly in a twisting circular movement, or to make something do this
swirl around/round
Smoke swirled around her.
swirl sth around/round
He swirled the brandy around in his glass.
The river had become a swirling torrent.
[I]
if stories or ideas swirl around a place, a lot of people start to talk about them - used especially in news reports
swirl around
Rumours of a takeover began to swirl around the stock markets. swirl 2
swirl2 n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Probably from the sound of water going around]
a swirling movement or amount of something
swirl of
a swirl of dust
a twisting circular pattern
چرخش، چرخ خوری، حرکت چرخشی، گردیدن ، گشتن ، باعث چرخش شدن .
n. girdap, anafor, karışıklık, saç tepesi
v. girdap gibi dönmek, fırıl fırıl dönmek, döne döne gitmek, fırıl fırıl döndürmek
n. remous, tourbillonnement, tourbillon
v. tourbillonner, tournoyer; faire tournoyer
e: swirling galaxy photo scoops top award
85
budget deficit
کسری بودجه
86
tamper
v. meddle, interfere; tinker, fiddle; engage in secret or improper activities
tam·per /ˈtæmpə US -ər/ v
tamper with [tamper with sth] phr v
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from temper]
to touch something or make changes to it without permission, especially in order to deliberately damage it
He noticed that the instruments had been tampered with.
I don't see the point in tampering with a system that's worked fine so far.
مذاکرات پنهانی وزیر جلی داشتن ، رشوه دادن ، مداخله وفضولی کردن ، ناخنک مردن .
v. karışmak, kurcalamak, rüşvetle kandırmak
v. toucher; trifouiller; s'occuper de; toucher à; fausser; falsifier; soudoyer; entreprendre des activités frauduleuses
e: optometrist barred for tampering prescriptions
87
amnesia
n. condition caused by illness or injury and characterized by forgetfulness
am·ne·si·a /æmˈniːziə US -ʒə/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek, 'forgetfulness', probably from amnestia; AMNESTY]
the medical condition of not being able to remember anything
>amnesiac /-ziæk US -ʒiæk, -ziæk/ n [C]
طب ) ضعف حافظه بعلت ضعف یا بیماری مغزی، فراموشی، نسیان .
n. amnezi, hafıza kaybı, bellek yitimi, unutkanlık
n. maladie de la mémoire, oubli, amnésie (perte partielle de la mémoire )
e:
88
rift
n. split, cleft, fissure, crevice; break in friendly relations; disagreement that causes a break in friendly relations
v. burst open, split, cleave
rift /rɪft/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: From a Scandinavian language]
a situation in which two people or groups have had a serious disagreement and begun to dislike and not trust each other
= split rift between/with
Party officials have denied that there is any rift between ministers.
rift over
Today's announcement could lead to a further rift over public spending.
He set out to heal the rifts in the party.
a crack or narrow opening in a large mass of rock, cloud etc
خراش، بریدگی، شکاف دهنده ، چاک ، دریدگی، چاک دادن ، شکافتن ، بریدن ، برش دادن .
n. yarık, çatlak, açıklık, aralık, ara açıklığı
v. yarmak, çatlatmak
n. fente, fissure, crevasse; désaccord, désagrément
v. fissurer
e: rift in top army ranks come to light
89
snub
n. act of treating with contempt; offense, affront; sudden stop
v. treat contemptuously, humiliate, purposefully ignore; rebuke, reject; stop suddenly, bring to a sudden halt
adj. short and upturned (of a nose)
snub1 /snʌb/ v past tense and past participle snubbed present participle snubbing [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: snubba 'to criticize angrily']
to treat someone rudely, especially by ignoring them when you meet
the boys who had snubbed her in high school snub 2
snub2 n [C]
an act of snubbing someone
Eisenhower saw the action as a deliberate snub.
پهن وکوتاه ، کلفت وکوتاه ، سرزنش، منع، جلوگیری، سرزنش کردن ، نوک کسی را چیدن ( دارای بینی ) سربالا، خاموش کردن ( سیگار ).
n. kötü davranma, hakaret, kötü söz
v. kötü davranmak, terslemek, küçük düşürmek, haddini bildirmek, yönünü değiştirmek (gemi)
adj. kalkık uçlu
n. affront; rebuffade
v. faire un affront à; snober quelqu'un; ignorer
adj. snobisme
e: India snubs Pakistan PM during UNGA speech, video goes viral
90
truce
n. armistice, cease fire; relief from trouble
truce /truːs/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Plural of true 'agreement' (14-17 centuries), from Old English treow 'keeping of a promise']
an agreement between enemies to stop fighting or arguing for a short time, or the period for which this is arranged
They agreed to call a truce .
truce with/between
There was an uneasy truce between Alex and Dave over dinner.
جنگ ایست، متارکه جنگ ، قرار داد متارکه موقت جنگ .
n. ateşkes, mütareke, ara
n. armistice, trêve, cessez-le-feu; état de confusion; répit après une affaire déplaisante
e: Armenia ready for Nagorno-Karabakh truce talks
91
turmoil
n. tumult, uproar, commotion
tur·moil /ˈtəːmɔɪl US ˈtəːr-/ n [singular, U]
a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety
political/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoil
the prospect of another week of political turmoil
in (a) turmoil
Ashley gazed at him, her thoughts in turmoil.
غوغا، ناراحتی، پریشانی، بهم خوردگی، آشفتگی.
n. gürültü, hengâme, telaş
n. trouble, tumulte, agitation
e: a day of turmoil in the white house
92
inflict
v. impose, mete out (punishment, etc.); cause something unpleasant (suffering, etc.)
in·flict /ɪnˈflɪkt/ v
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of infligere, from fligere 'to hit']
[T]
to make someone suffer something unpleasant
inflict sth on/upon sb
The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy.
Detectives warned that the men could inflict serious injury.
inflict yourself/sb on sb
to visit or be with someone when they do not want you - used humorously
Was it really fair to her friends to inflict her nephew on them?
>infliction /ɪnˈflɪkʃən/ n [U]
the deliberate infliction of pain
ضربت وارد آوردن ، ضربت زدن ، تحمیل کردن .
v. vurmak, atmak, çarptırmak, vermek, yüklemek, yamamak
v. infliger, imposer, punir; causer (souffrance, perte etc.)
e: Azerbaijanian shares video of its military inflicting crushing blow to Armenian military equipment
93
petition
n. request, demand; plea, appeal
v. submit a request; appeal, plead; entreat, solicit
pe·ti·tion1 /pɪˈtɪʃən/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin petitio, from petere 'to try to get or find']
a written request signed by a lot of people, asking someone in authority to do something or change something
petition for/against
a petition against the new road
They wanted me to sign a petition against experiments on animals.
Local residents have drawn up a petition to protest the hospital closure.
petition drive AmE (=an attempt to get a lot of people to sign a petition)
law an official letter to a law court, asking for a legal case to be considered
petition for
She is threatening to file a petition for divorce.
formal a formal prayer or request to someone in authority or to God petition 2
petition2 v [I and T]
to ask the government or an organization to do something by sending them a petition
petition sb to do sth
Villagers petitioned the local authority to provide better bus services.
petition against/for
Residents are petitioning against the new road.
law or formal to make a formal request to someone in authority, to a court of law, or to God
petition for
More and more couples are petitioning for divorce .
دادخواست، عرضحال، عریضه ، تظلم، دادخواهی کردن ، درخواست کردن .
n. talep, rica, istirham, dilek, dilekçe
v. dilekçe vermek, rica etmek, istirham etmek
n. pétition; requête; réclamation
v. adresser une pétition; présenter une requête; insister
e: Thailand blocks change.org for petition against
king
94
pillar
n. column, narrow vertical structure used as a support or for decorative purposes; tombstone, grave marker
v. support, hold up, buttress
pil·lar /ˈpɪlə US -ər/ n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: piler, from Latin pila]
a) a tall upright round post used as a support for a roof or bridge
Eight massive stone pillars supported the roof.
b) a tall upright round post, usually made of stone, put up to remind people of an important person or event
pillar of society/the community/the church etc
somebody who is an important and respected member of a group, and is involved in many public activities
Mr Fitzwilliam had been seen as a pillar of the community.
a very important part of a system of beliefs or ideas
pillar of
One of the pillars of a civilized society must be that everyone has equal access to the legal system.
be driven/pushed from pillar to post
to have to go from one person or situation to another without achieving much or being able to settle
The poor kid has been pushed from pillar to post.
be a pillar of strength
if someone is a pillar of strength, they are there to give you help and support at a difficult time
Christine's been a pillar of strength to me.
pillar of dust/smoke/flame etc
a tall upright mass of dust, smoke, flame etc
ستون ، پایه ، جرز، رکن ، ارکان ، ستون ساختن .
n. direk, dikme, sütun, payanda, destek, en önemli kişi
v. sütunlarla desteklemek
n. colonne, pilier, pierre tombale
v. être le pilier, supporter
e: Sexual health is another really critical pillar of health
that is often neglected
95
libido
n. sexual instinct; person's instinctive drives and energies
li·bi·do /lɪˈbiːdəu US -dou/ n plural libidos [U and C]
[Date: 1900-2000; Language: Latin; Origin: 'desire', from libere 'to please']
technical someone's desire to have sex
>libidinous /lɪˈbɪdɪnəs/ adj
شور جنسی، شهوت جنسی، هوس، تحریک شهوانی.
i. şehvet; psik. cinsiyet içgüdüsü veya yaşama iradesi gibi esas içgüdü, libido.
n. libido, appétit sexuel
e; programme addressing issues such as lack of confidence, low libido , ...
96
reel
n. spool, cylinder around which long flexible material is wound (such as thread, film, etc.)
v. roll up, wind onto a spool; sway, falter, move unsteadily
reel1 /riːl/ v [I]
to be confused or shocked by a situation
Norman's brain was reeling, but he did his best to appear calm.
reel from
The party is still reeling from its recent election defeat.
also reel back
to step backwards suddenly and almost fall over, especially after being hit or getting a shock
Diane reeled back in amazement.
The force of the punch sent him reeling against the wall.
[always + adverb/preposition]
to walk in an unsteady way and almost fall over, as if you are drunk
Andy reeled away from the bar and knocked over his stool.
to seem to go around and around
The room reeled before my eyes and I fainted.
reel in [reel sb/sth⇔in] phr v
to wind the reel on a fishing rod so that a fish caught on the line comes towards you
It took almost an hour to reel the fish in.
to get or attract a large number of people or things
= pull in
The programme reels in more than 13 million viewers a show.
reel off [reel sth⇔off] phr v
to repeat a lot of information quickly and easily
Jack reeled off a list of names.
informal to do something again and again
The Yankees reeled off 14 straight wins. reel 2
reel2 n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: hreol]
a) a round object onto which film, wire, a special string for fishing etc can be wound
a cotton reel
a fishing rod and reel
b) the amount that one of these objects will hold
a reel of film
one of the parts of a cinema film that is contained on a reel
the final reel
a quick folk dance, especially one from Scotland or Ireland, or the music for this
حلقه ، قرقره .نخ پیچیده بدور قرقره ، ماسوره ، قرقره فیلم، حلقه فیلم، مسلسل، متوالی، پشت سر هم، چرخیدن ، گیج خوردن ، یله رفتن ، تلو تلو خوردن .
n. makara, bobin, makaraya sarılmış şey, çiftlerin oynadığı bir iskoç dansı
v. makaraya sarmak, sarmak, dolamak, dönmek, fırıl fırıl dönmek, sersemlemek, sendelemek
n. bobine, dévidoire; moulinet; bande, rouleau (film)
v. bobiner; enrouler; chanceler, tituber; tournoyer; dévider
e: he is really pro-technology and can reel off the benefits of such apps.
97
non-stick
non-stick frying pans
98
flee
v. escape, run away; move swiftly, hurry
flee /fliː/ v past tense and past participle fled /fled/
[I and T] written
[Language: Old English; Origin: flean]
to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger
His attackers turned and fled.
Masaari spent six months in prison before fleeing the country .
flee to/from/into
Many German artists fled to America at the beginning of World War II.
گریختن ، فرار کردن ، بسرعت رفتن ، fly.
v. kaçmak, sıvışmak, tüymek, aceleyle çıkmak, akıp gitmek, kaçınmak, terketmek
v. se sauver, s'évader; courir, se dépêcher, se hâter
e: But it allows others to flee to safety
99
wrath
n. fury, anger, rage
wrath /rɔθ US ræθ/ n [U]
[Language: Old English; Origin: wrAththo, from wrath 'angry']
formal extreme anger
He was scared of incurring his father's wrath .
خشم، غضب، غیظ، اوقات تلخی زیاد، قهر.
n. öfke, gazap, hiddet
n. colère, accès de fureur, fureur, accès de colère
do the leader ant will incur the wrath of followers?
100
supersede
v. take the place of, replace; make void or useless
su·per·sede /ˌsuːpəˈsiːd US -pər-/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: superseder 'to not do something', from Latin supersedere 'to be better than, not do something', from sedere 'to sit']
if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective
= replace
Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.
جانشین شدن ، جایگزین چیز دیگری شدن .لغو کردن ، جانشین شدن .
v. yerini almak, yerine geçmek, ayağını kaydırmak
v. remplacer, erimer
e: a number of new synthetic materials, called plastics, superseded natural rubber
101
all but
a number of new synthetic materials, called plastics, superseded natural rubber
everything except for, everyone with the exception of
تقریبا، قریبا، بنزدیکی.
presque; excepté, sauf
e: called plastics, superseded natural rubber in all but a few applications
102
oppressive
adj. depressing; of depression; of oppression
op·pres·sive /əˈpresɪv/ adj
powerful, cruel, and unfair
an oppressive military regime
weather that is oppressive is unpleasantly hot with no movement of air
the oppressive heat of the afternoon
a situation that is oppressive makes you unhappy, worried, or uncomfortable
an oppressive silence
an oppressive atmosphere
V. oppress =repress; suppress; tyrannize
>oppressively adv
ستم پیشه ، خورد کننده ، ناراحت کننده ، غم افزا.
adj. sıkıcı, bunaltıcı, baskıcı, ezici, zalim, ağır
adj. accablant; oppressant; tyrannisant
103
vigilant
adj. diligently alert and watchful (especially to the possibility of danger)
vig·i·lant /ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of vigilare 'to stay awake, keep watch', from vigil; VIGIL]
giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity
Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious.
>vigilantly adv
مراقب، هوشیار، گوش بزنگ ، بیدار، حساس.
adj. uyanık, açıkgöz, ihtiyatlı, tetikte
adj. vigilant, éveillé, alerte
e: being vigilant about age limits of children
104
swoon
n. faint, blackout, temporary loss of consciousness; ecstatic or rapturous state
v. faint, pass out, temporarily lose consciousness; enter into a state of hysterical ecstasy
swoon /swuːn/ v [I]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: swown 'to swoon' (13-19 centuries), from Old English geswogen 'made sick or unconscious']
to be extremely excited and unable to control yourself because you admire someone so much
swoon over
crowds of teenage girls swooning over popstars
old-fashioned to fall to the ground because you have been affected by an emotion or shock
= faint
>swoon n [singular]
غش، ضعف، غش کردن ، سست شدن .(swound) ( م. م. ) غش کردن .
n. bayılma, baygınlık
v. bayılmak, baygınlık geçirmek
n. évanouissement
v. se pâmer
e: swoon over sb!
105
tow
n. act of towing, act of dragging or pulling with a rope or chain
v. pull, drag
tow1 /təu US tou/ v [T]
[Language: Old English; Origin: togian]
to pull a vehicle or ship along behind another vehicle, using a rope or chain
The ship had to be towed into the harbor.
tow sth away
Our car had been towed away tow 2
tow2 n
[C]
an act of pulling a vehicle behind another vehicle, using a rope or chain
Can you give us a tow to the garage?
in tow informal
following closely behind someone or something
Hannah arrived with her four kids in tow.
He turned up at my office with two lawyers in tow.
take sth in tow
to connect a rope or a chain to a vehicle or ship so that it can be towed
under/on tow
BrE if a ship is under tow or a car is on tow, it is being pulled along by another vehicle
دو، دوبار، دو قسم، دونوع، دوتا، هر دوتا.باطناب بدنبال کشیدن ، پس مانده الیاف کتان یا شاهدانه ، طناب، زنجیر، یدک کش، یدک کشی.
n. yedekte çekme, yedekte çekilme, kıtık, keten ve kendir lifleri
v. çekmek, çekici ile çekmek, yedekte çekmek, yanında gezdirmek
n. remorque
v. remorquer, tirer; haler; trouer (chaland);
e: u towed my RV
106
greedy
adj. gluttonous, insatiable, selfish, avaricious, grasping, covetous
greed·y /ˈgriːdi/ adj comparative greedier superlative greediest
[Language: Old English; Origin: grAdig]
always wanting more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need
a greedy and selfish society
He looked at the gold with greedy eyes.
Have you eaten them all, you greedy pig?
greedy for
They are greedy for profits.
>greedily adv
He grabbed the bottle and drank greedily.
>greediness n [U]
آزمند، حریص، طماع، دندان گرد، پر خور.
adj. hevesli, hırslı, pisboğaz, tamahkâr, açgözlü, gözü aç, doyumsuz, obur
adj. avide, convoité; voluptueux; gourmand, glouton; passionné
e: it starts with my parents being greedy, kleptomaniac douche bags
107
kleptomaniac
n. one suffering from kleptomania (mental disorder characterized by compulsive and uncontrollable stealing)
عاشق سرقت، علاقمند به دزدی.
n. kleptoman
n. cleptomane, atteint de cleptomanie
108
awe
n. fear, fright; respect, veneration
v. arouse respect or fear, amaze, intimidate
awe1 /ɔː US ɔː/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: agi]
a feeling of great respect and liking for someone or something
He felt great awe for the landscape.
with/in awe
Kate gazed at the statue with awe.
be/stand in awe of sb also hold sb in awe
to admire someone and have great respect for them and sometimes a slight fear of them
All of the neighbours were a little in awe of my mother.
The villagers hold them in awe and think of them as gods. awe 2
awe2 v [T usually passive]
formal if you are awed by someone or something, you feel great respect and liking for them, and are often slightly afraid of them
The girls were awed by the splendour of the cathedral.
>awed adj
an awed silence
هیبت، ترس ( آمیخته با احترام )، وحشت، بیم، هیبت دادن ، ترساندن .
n. saygıyla karışık korku, korku, huşu, haşmet, ululuk
v. korku vermek, korkutmak
n. peur, effroi, panique, frayeur; respect, vénération
v. intimider, remplir de crainte; inspirer un respect mêlé de crainte
e: does it inspire awe ?
109
stub
n. short projecting part; small piece that remains after use; removable section of a check kept as a record of a transaction; part of a ticket that is returned to the user
v. accidentally strike one's foot or toe against an object; extinguish by crushing
stub1 /stʌb/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: stybb]
the short part of something long and thin, such as a cigarette or pencil, that is left when the rest has been used
a pencil stub
the part of a ticket that is given back to you after it has been torn, as proof that you have paid
a ticket stub
a piece of a cheque left in a cheque book as a record after the main part has been torn out
a check stub stub 2
stub2 v past tense and past participle stubbed present participle stubbing
stub your toe
to hurt your toe by hitting it against something
stub out [stub sth⇔out] phr v
to stop a cigarette from burning by pressing the end of it against something
کنده ، ریشه ، ته سیگار، ته چک ، ته سوش، ته ، ته بلیط، کوتوله ، از بیخ کندن ، تحلیل بردن ، راندن ، کوبیدن .
n. kesilen ağacın kalan kütüğü, kalan kök (ağaç vb.), izmarit, kalem artığı, koçan
v. köklerden temizlemek, kökünden sökmek (ağaç), taşa çarpmak, vurmak, bastırıp söndürmek (sigara)
n. bout; talon; reste
v. se heurter à; presser
e: i will need a recent pay stub
110
squatter
someone who lives in an empty building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying rent
squat·ter /ˈskwɔtə US ˈskwɑːtər/ n [C]
someone who lives in an empty building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying rent
چمباتمه زن ، قوزکن ، اقامت گزین درزمین غیر معمور.
n. çömelmiş kimse, gecekonducu, başkasının yerini işgal eden kimse, devlet otlağını kiralayan kimse, koyun sürüsü sahibi [avus.]
n. squatteur, squatter, personne qui occupe un terrain ou lieu d'habitation illégalement (sans en avoir la permission)
e: dont think for one second u have squatter rights, becuz u dont
111
dumpster
Dump·ster /ˈdʌmpstə US -ər/ n [C]
trademark a large metal container used for waste in the US
British Equivalent: skip
e: i know guys that i'll have ur skinny ass out back by the dumpster faster than
112
alibi
n. excuse; defense
v. offer an excuse; make an alibi; find a pretext
al·i·bi /ˈælɪbaɪ/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: 'somewhere else']
something that proves that someone was not where a crime happened and therefore could not have done it
a perfect/cast-iron/unshakeable etc alibi
He had a perfect alibi and the police let him go.
an excuse for something you have failed to do or have done wrong
(حق. ) غیبت هنگام وقوع جرم، جای دیگر، بهانه ، عذر، بهانه آوردن ، عذر خواستن .
n. suç anında başka yerde olduğu iddiası, suç mahallinden başka yerde, mazeret, gerekçe
n. alibi; prétexte, excuse
v. avoir un alibi, présenter un alibi, trouver un prétexte
e: this was the world's most expensive alibi
113
homey
adj. like a home, comfortable, lived-in, cozy (also homy)
n. pal, buddy, friend (Slang)
hom·ey1 /ˈhəumi US ˈhou-/ adj especially AmE
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: home]
pleasant, like home
British Equivalent: homely
The restaurant has a relaxed, homey atmosphere. homey 2
homey2 n [C] AmE informal
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: homeboy]
a friend or someone who comes from your area or gang
خودمانی، راحت وآسوده ، خانه دار.
adj. ev gibi
adj. intime
e; u gonna beat your homeys to death when they sis you
114
stomp
n. style of jazz dance characterized by a rhythmic stamping of the feet; music that accompanies a stomp dance
v. stamp, trample, tread heavily
stomp /stɔmp US stɑːmp/ v [I always + adverb/preposition]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: stamp]
to walk with heavy steps or to put your foot down very hard, especially because you are angry
= stamp
Alex stomped angrily out of the meeting.
stomp on
Rogers was injured after being stomped on by another player.
پایکوبی، لگد کوبی کردن .
v. yere vurmak, ayağıyla ezmek, basmak, tepinmek
n. danse au pas lourd
v. marcher d'un pas lourd; piétiner
e: when a cockroach comes out from under the fridge, u stomp them down
115
impunity
n. freedom from punishment
im·pu·ni·ty /ɪmˈpjuːnɪti/ n
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: impunitas, from poena 'pain, punishment']
do sth with impunity
if someone does something bad with impunity, there is no risk that they will be punished for it
It's astonishing that these criminals are free to walk the streets with impunity.
بخشودگی، معافیت از مجازات، معافیت از زیان .
n. cezadan muaf olma, cezasız kalma
n. impunité; absence de punition
e: drug lord can be robbed with impunity!
116
nix
n. no; nothing (Slang)
adv. no (Slang)
v. deny; veto (Slang)
nix1 /nɪks/ v [T] AmE informal
to answer no to something or say that you will not allow something
They nixed the idea of filming in Ireland. nix 2
nix2 adv AmE old-fashioned
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: nix 'nothing' (18-21 centuries), from German nichts]
no
حوری دریائی، هیچ، هیچکس، رای مخالف دادن ، وتو کردن ، منع کردن ، اصلا، بهیچ وجه ، نه خیر.
n. hiç, hiçbir şey
v. engel olmak, reddetmek nix 2
interj. dur, dikkat et
n. non; rien
adv. non
v. nier; mettre son véto
e: i thought we nixed those
117
calamity
n. disaster, catastrophe
ca·lam·i·ty /kəˈlæmɪti/ n plural calamities [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: calamité, from Latin calamitas]
a terrible and unexpected event that causes a lot of damage or suffering
= disaster
It would be a calamity for the farmers if the crops failed again.
>calamitous adj
بلا، بیچارگی، بدبختی، مصیبت، فاجعه .
n. belâ, felâket, musibet, afet, sefalet, yoksulluk
n. calamité, désastre; catastrophe; infortune, malheur
e: Among all the calamities posed be drought
118
adamant
adj. unyielding, firm, immovable; hard
n. something unyielding, something immovable; something hard; stone similar to a diamond
ad·a·mant /ˈædəmənt/ adj
[Date: 800-900; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin adamas 'hardest metal, diamond', from Greek]
determined not to change your opinion or a decision that you have made
She begged me to change my mind, but I remained adamant .
adamant that
Michael Jackson is adamant that he will not tour this year.
>adamantly adv
Britain is adamantly opposed to the new directive.
جسم جامد و سخت، مقاوم، یکدنده ، تزلزل ناپذیر.
adj. sert, hoşgörüsüz
n. çok sert efsanevi bir taş
adj. inflexible; résolu; fainéant
n. quelque chose d'immuable; objet ayant la particularité de la dureté; adamantin, pierre similaire au diamant
e: he has been so adamant
119
dope
n. addictive drug; information (Slang); idiot, stupid person (Slang); material used to make substances waterproof
v. sedate, drug; figure out, discover, deduce (Slang)
adj. cool, excellent, great, wonderful (Slang)
dope1 /dəup US doup/ n informal
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Dutch; Origin: doop 'sauce']
[U]
a drug that is not legal, especially marijuana
Jeff used to smoke dope all the time.
[C] spoken
a stupid person
= idiot
What a dope!
dope test
a test given to people or animals taking part in a sport, to see if they have taken or have been given a drug to improve their performance
the dope (on sb/sth)
new information about someone or something, especially information that not many people know
What's the dope on the new guy? dope 2
dope2 v [T usually passive]
also dope sb up
to give a person or an animal a drug, often in their food or drink, to make them unconscious
The girl had been doped and kidnapped.
to give an animal a drug that makes it perform better in a race
be doped (up)
BrE to be unable to think or behave normally, because of the effects of drugs or alcohol
be doped (up) on
She was doped up on drink and drugs most of the time. dope 3
dope3 adj AmE informal
very good
Check out our dope new album.
پیش بینی کردن ، آگاهی، داروی مخدر، دارو دادن ، تخدیر کردن .
n. çiriş, doping, uyuşturucu madde, esrar; bilgi, yanıltıcı bilgi; macun; dinamit yapımında kullanılan madde, dümen, dolap; salak, sersem, cila, vernik
v. çirişlemek, verniklemek, doping yapmak, uyuşturucu vermek, uyarıcı vermek; çözüm bulmak, üstesinden gelmek; önceden kestirmek, tahmin etmek
n. dopant, stimulant; renseignement; crétin
v. intoxiquer, droguer; comprendre, découvrir, calculer
e: i want my money and my dope
120
skank
v. dance rhythmically in a loose-limbed manner; dance to ska music
n. whore, sexually promiscuous woman (Slang)
121
zapp
n. short length of time in a microwave oven; energy and enthusiasm; unexpected forceful strike or hit; jolt; spicy quality
v. kill, shoot; destroy; defeat; attack suddenly (Slang); complete something very quickly, move very fast; cook or warm up something in a microwave oven; photocopy something; (Computers) damage or destroy hardware or media by means of electricity; erase or get rid of something (Computers); change stations during television advertisements with a remote control; (Broadcasting) use an apparatus to erase commercials from a transmission (i.e.: with a pause button in videotaping); give an electric shock (Slang)
zap /zæp/ v past tense and past participle zapped present participle zapping
informal
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: From the sound of a sudden sharp blow]
[T]
to quickly attack or destroy something, especially using a beam of electricity
Doctors have tried zapping tumors with high-voltage radiation.
The laser weapons are designed to zap enemy missiles.
[I and T]
to change channels on a television by using a remote control
Dave just sat there, zapping through all the channels.
[T]
to cook something in a microwave 1(1)
[T]
to send information quickly from one computer to another
Computers identify threats and zap the results back to US pilots in the war zone.
v. öldürmek, gebertmek, hücum etmek, vurmak, kanal değiştirmek
n. petite durée de temps (Micro-ondes); énergie et enthousiasme, heurt, choc, secousse; bruit d'explosion; goût épicé
v. détruire, éliminer, tuer; supprimer; attaquer soudainement; bouger rapidement; chauffer qqch au micro-ondes à haute température; photocopier qqch; effacer, endommager ou détruire un matériel électrique ou des données (Informatique); donner un coup; battre un adversaire; zapper, changer constamment de chaîne avec la télécommande (Télévision); pitonner; transmettre un choc électrique (Familier) zapper.• effacer.• ravager.• supprimer.• épater.• expédier.• foncer
e: she was so zapped out of her mind
122
squash
n. act of crushing or squeezing; something that is easily crushed; racket sport for 2 or 4 players; vine-like plant bearing edible fruit; gourd-shaped fruit that is eaten as a vegetable; concentrated drink (British)
v. crush; suppress, quell; be crushed; press, squeeze (as into a small space); make a liquid splashing sound
squash1 /skwɔʃ US skwɑːʃ, skwɔːʃ/ v
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【press】
2【small space】
3【stop something】
4【control emotion】
Phrasal verbs
squash up
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: esquasser, from Latin quassare 'to shake']
【PRESS】 [T]
to press something into a flatter shape, often breaking or damaging it
= flatten
The cake got a bit squashed on the way here.
squash sth down
Her hair had been squashed down by her hat.
Move over - you're squashing me.
【SMALL SPACE】 [I,T always + adverb/preposition]
to push yourself or something else into a space that is too small
= squeeze squash into
Seven of us squashed into the car.
squash sth in
We can probably squash another couple of things in.
【STOP SOMETHING】 [T] informal
to use your power or authority to stop something
= quash
Her suggestions were always squashed.
squash rumours/hopes/reports etc
(=say that a rumour etc is not true)
The government was quick to squash any hopes of reform.
【CONTROL EMOTION】 [T]
to control or ignore an emotion
= suppress
She felt anger rising but quickly squashed it.
squash up phr v
to move closer together or closer to something, especially in order to make room for someone or something else
squash up against
The others squashed up against Jo. squash 2
squash2 n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【sport】
2 it's a squash
3【vegetable】
4【drink】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sense: 1-2,4; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: SQUASH1(in sense 1, because of the softness of the ball)]
[Sense: 3; Date: 1600-1700; Language: Natick; Origin: and Narragansett askutasquash]
【SPORT】[U]
a game played by two people who use rackets to hit a small rubber ball against the walls of a square court
a squash court
it's a squash
BrE spoken used to say that there is not enough space for everyone to fit in comfortably
【VEGETABLE】 [U and C]
one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as pumpkins
【DRINK】[U]
BrE a drink made from fruit juice, sugar, and water
a glass of orange squash
له کردن ، کوبیدن ونرم کردن ، خفه کردن ، شربت نارنج، افشره نارنج، ( گ . ش. ) کدو، کدوی رشتی، کدو مسما.
n. ezme, kabak, balkabağı, kalabalık [col.], meyve suyu, pelte gibi ezilmiş olma
v. ezmek, bastırmak, pelte haline getirmek
n. citronnade, orangeade; squatch (sport); courge (légume)
v. écraser; s'écraser; faire taire; réprimer, opprimer; pousser, presser, comprimer
e; is it right that u squash that Dud's head ?
123
Abacus
n. frame holding bars strung with beads which are used to make mathematical calculations; uppermost part of a column (Architecture)
چرتکه ، تخته روی سرستون ]معماری[، گنجه ظرف، لوحه مربع موزائیک سازی.چرتکه .
n. abaküs, sayı boncuğu, sütun başlığı
abacus [ab·a·cus || 'æbəkəs]
n. boulier
124
legitimate
v. make valid; make lawful; make legitimate; justify, make permissible
adj. legal, lawful; acceptable; justified; reasonable, logical; born of parents who are legally married; correct, sound; authorized
\le·git·i·mate1 /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmɪt/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of legitimare 'to legitimize', from Latin legitimus 'legitimate', from lex 'law']
fair or reasonable
That's a perfectly legitimate question.
Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.
acceptable or allowed by law
Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.
a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally married to each other
≠ illegitimate
>legitimately adv
a legitimately elected government
He complained quite legitimately about his treatment.
>legitimacy n [U]
Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling. legitimate 2
le·git·i·mate2 /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmeɪt/ v [T]
the usual American form of legitimize
حلال زاده ، درست، برحق، قانونی، مشروع.
v. meşrulaştırmak, yasal hale getirmek, babası olduğunu onaylamak, onaylamak, haklı çıkarmak, mazur göstermek
adj. yasal, meşru, mantıklı, akla uygun, yerinde, haklı, soydan gelen
v. légitimer; rendre légitime; reconnaître comme juste, légal; approuver
adj. légitime; légal; véritable; logique
e: but they might legitimately jeopardise the validity of all researches of this type
125
jeopardize
v. endanger, imperil, put at risk, place in danger; compromise the safety or security of; compromise the success of (also jeopardize)
jeop·ar·dize
also jeopardise BrE /ˈdʒepədaɪz US -ər-/ v [T]
to risk losing or spoiling something important
large-scale military offensives which could jeopardize the UN peace process
(jeopard) بخطر انداختن .
v. riske atmak, tehlikeye atmak
v. compromettre, mettre en danger; risquer, prendre le risque; compromettre la sécurité; compromettre la réussite de; précariser
126
dexterity
n. skill, adroitness, handiness, agility
dex·ter·i·ty /dekˈsterɪti/ n [U]
skill and speed in doing something with your hands
Computer games can improve children's manual dexterity .
skill in using words or your mind
his charm and verbal dexterity
زبردستی، تردستی، سبکدستی، چابکی، چالاکی.
(i). hüner, maharet, el çabukluğu, beceriklilik, ustalık.
n. dextérité
e: These ranged from general dexterity issues related to game controllers to the effectiveness of in-game instructions
127
halve
v. share equally, divide into two
halve /hɑːv US hæv/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: half]
to reduce something by a half
Cash cuts have halved the number of places available on training courses.
to cut or divide something into two equal pieces
Halve the potatoes lengthwise.
دونیم کردن ، دو نصف کردن .
(f.) yarıya bölmek, iki eşit kısma ayırmak; yarıya indirmek
v. diviser en deux, réduire de moitié
e: German people: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted for pencil
128
refractory
adj. stubborn, obstinate; resistant to usual treatments; difficult to fuse or process
re·frac·to·ry /rɪˈfræktəri/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: refractarius, from refragari 'to oppose']
formal deliberately not obeying someone in authority and being difficult to deal with or control
= unruly
medical a refractory disease or illness is hard to treat or cure
سرکش، گردنکش، سرسخت، جسم نسوز، مقاوم.
(s.) inatçı, itaatsiz; kolay işlenemez, erimez. refractorily (z.) inatla. refractoriness (i.) inatçılık.
adj. réfractaire, obstiné; rebelle, inaccessible; insoumis
e: graphite was used as a refractory material to line moulds for cannonballs
129
smudgy
adj. smeared, dirtied, stained, marked with smudges; blurred; emitting stifling smoke, smoky
smudge1 /smʌdʒ/ n [C]
a dirty mark
= smear smudge of
a smudge of lipstick on the cup
>smudgy adj smudge 2
smudge2 v
[I and T]
if ink, writing etc smudges, or if you smudge it, it becomes dirty and unclear because it has been touched or rubbed
Don't touch it! You'll smudge the ink.
[T]
to make a dirty mark on a surface
Someone had smudged the paper with their greasy hands.
adj. isli, lekeli, kirli
adj. entaché; sale; pointillé; étalé (écriture en forme de tache); faire de la fumée
e: mechanical pencils, which produced fine line, much clearer than the smudgy lines left by the grease pencils
130
perk
n. side income (Slang); benefit, advantage (Slang); percolator (Slang)
v. percolate, brew; filter
v. be alert, be energetic; lift one's head; be active; be cheerful, be joyful
perk1 /pəːk US pəːrk/ n [C usually plural]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: perquisite]
something that you get legally from your work in addition to your wages, such as goods, meals, or a car
theatre tickets and other perks
perk of
the perks of working at a large law firm
I only eat here because it's free - one of the perks of the job. perk 2
perk2 v [I and T]
informal to percolate
perk up phr v
to become more cheerful, active, and interested in what is happening around you, or to make someone feel this way
She seemed kind of tired, but she perked up when Helen came over.
perk sb⇔up
There's no doubt coffee perks you up.
to become more active, more interesting, more attractive etc, or to make something do this
perk sth⇔up
A little chili will perk up the sauce.
سربالاگرفتن ، سینه جلو دادن ، خود راگرفتن ، باد کردن ، آراستن ، صاف کردن ، جوشیدن .
n. maaştan hariç kazanılan para, ek ödeme, ikramiye, tip
v. canlanmak, neşelenmek, kendine gelmek, dikmek, kaldırmak, başını dikmek
n. avantage
v. s'animer, se requinquer, remonter (le moral)
v. se ranimer; redresser la tête; être actif; être gai
e: the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path
131
toil
n. hard work, exhausting effort
v. work, labor
toil1 /tɔɪl/ v [I always + adverb/preposition]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: toiller, from Old French toeillier 'to disturb, argue', from Latin tudiculare 'to crush', from tudicula 'machine for crushing olives', from tudes 'hammer']
also toil away
to work very hard for a long period of time
toil at
I've been toiling away at this essay all weekend.
literary to move slowly and with great effort
toil up/through/along etc
They toiled slowly up the hill. toil 2
toil2 n [U] formal
[Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: toyl, from Old French toeil 'battle, confusion', from toeillier; TOIL1]
[Sense: 2; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: toil 'net' (16-19 centuries), from French toile; TOILET]
hard unpleasant work done over a long period
a life of toil
the toils of sth
literary if you are caught in the toils of an unpleasant feeling or situation, you are trapped by it
رنج، محنت، کار پر زحمت، کشمکش، ستیز، پیکار، مجادله ، بحث وجدل، محصول رنج، زحمت کشیدن ، رنج بردن ، تور یاتله ، دام.
n. zahmet, emek, uğraş, tuzak, sıkıntı
v. uğraşmak, didinmek, emek sarfetmek, zahmet çekmek
n. travail dur, labeur pénible; peine; effort exhaustif
v. peiner, travailler dur
e: the hardwork and the toil of bringing up chidren
132
reap
v. harvest crops with a sickle, gather a harvest; earn, win, gain
reap /riːp/ v
[Language: Old English; Origin: reopan]
[T]
to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done
reap the benefit/reward/profit (of sth)
Those who do take risks often reap the rewards.
you reap what you sow
used to say that if you do bad things, bad things will happen to you, and if you do good things, good things will happen to you
[I and T] old-fashioned to cut and collect a crop of grain
→harvest
>reaper n [C]
→Grim Reaper
درو کردن ، جمع آوری کردن ، بدست آوردن .
v. biçmek, hasat etmek, kaldırmak, kazanmak, para yapmak
v. récolter, recueillir; moissonner; gagner, acquérir
133
beast of burden
ox or cattle used to pull heavy loads
حیوانات باربر
yük hayvanı
bête de somme, bête de charge
134
posh
adj. (Slang) luxurious, opulent, elegant; richly furbished, spiffy
posh1 /pɔʃ US pɑːʃ/ adj informal
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Perhaps from posh 'money, showy man' (19-20 centuries)]
a posh restaurant, hotel, car etc is expensive and looks as if it is used or owned by rich people
a posh private school
BrE upper class
Her parents are terribly posh. posh 2
posh2 adv BrE informal
talk posh
to talk in an upper class way
(fashionable، =elegant) شیک ومد، مطابق مد روز.
adj. şık, havalı, gösterişli, lüks
adj. luxueux, opulent, élégant; chic, distingué; huppé; sélect, somptueux
135
yummy
```
adj. delicious, tasty, appetizing, stimulating; attractive, nice, pretty
yum·my /ˈjʌmi/ adj informal
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: yum]
tasting very good
This cake is really yummy.
'Treacle tart! Yummy!' said Simon.
جالب، زیبا، جالب توجه ، لذیذ، خوشمزه .
s., (argo) lezzetli, tatlı.
adj. délicieux, savoureux; appétissant, alléchant; stimulant;attirant joli, séduisant
```
136
dire
adj. dreadful, terrible, frightful, awful
dire /daɪə US daɪr/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: dirus]
extremely serious or terrible
warnings of dire consequences that often don't come true
The country is in dire need of food aid.
The situation looked dire.
be in dire straits
to be in an extremely difficult or serious situation
Everyone agrees the sport is in dire straits.
dire warning/prediction/forecast
a warning about something terrible that will happen in the future
Last night there were dire warnings of civil war.
ترسناک ، شوم، مهلک ، وخیم.
adj. korkunç, dehşetli; müthiş; uğursuz; son derece
adj. affreux; terrible
e: teens should be informed of the dire consequences of an unhealthy diet
137
devoid
```
adj. lacking; empty, void
de·void /dɪˈvɔɪd/ adj formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: desvuidier 'to empty']
be devoid of sth
to be completely lacking in something
His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.
تهی، عاری، خالی از (معمولا با of).
(s)., of ile boş, hali; yoksun, mahrum.
e:he is devoid of immoralities
```
138
pediatric
adj. of the branch of medicine dealing with children's health care
مربوط به امراض کودکان .
adj. çocuk bakımı, çocuk sağlığı, çocuk hastalıkları ile ilgili
adj. pédiatrique; relatif à la pédiatrie
e: pediatric hearing specialist
139
on hand
present; nearby, close; in his possession
elde, hazır
présent, proche; en son pouvoir
e: our pharmacists are on hand to help
140
par
n. equal status or level; face value of a currency compared to a foreign currency as measured by its worth in precious metals (Finance); standard score set for each hole on a golf course (Golf)
v. (Golf) score par on a hole
par /pɑː US pɑːr/ n [U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: 'equal']
be on a par (with sth)
to be at the same level or standard
The wages of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers.
We will have Christmas decorations on a par with anything on show at the MetroCentre.
be below/under par
a) to feel a little ill or lacking in energy
I've been feeling a little under par the last couple of weeks.
b) also not be up to par
to be less good than usual or below the proper standard
None of the people who'd auditioned were really up to par.
The champion was playing well below par.
be par for the course
to be what you would normally expect to happen - used to show disapproval
Long hours and tough working conditions are often par for the course in catering.
the number of strokes a good player should take to hit the ball into a hole in the game of golf
The last hole is a par five.
also par value technical
the value of a stock or bond that is printed on it when it is first sold
bonds sold at 97% of their par value
at/above/below/under par
The notes are currently trading at 10% above par.
→ par excellence
برابری، تساوی، تعادل، بهای رسمی سهم، برابر کردن .
adj. ortalama, vasat par 2 [pɑr /pɑː]
n. itibari değer, kur, başabaş olma, eşitlik
n. parité; égalité; moyenne; pair; normale du parcours (Golf)
v. marquer un point selon les trous touchés (Golf)
e: The price of solar power is supposed to be on par with electricity within the next few decades
141
translucid
adj. transparent; partially clear, partly transparent; lucid; easily understandable; glowing
trans·lu·cent /trænzˈluːsənt US træns-/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of translucere 'to shine through', from lucere 'to shine']
not transparent, but clear enough to allow light to pass through
Blue veins showed through her translucent skin.
>translucence n [U]
adj. yarı saydam, yarı şeffaf, belli, açık
adj. translucide, transparent
e: the water becomes more translucent
142
goosebumps
n. one of many small raised bumps on the skin (due to cold, fear, etc.)
n. la chair de poule: aspect granuleux que prend la peau sous l'effet du froid, de la peur
سیخ سیخ شدن مورمور شدن
143
swatter
```
n. fly swatter, stick with a wide plastic end used to kill flies or other insects
ضربت سخت زننده ، مگس کش.
n. sineklik
n. tapette pour tuer les mouches
e: fly swatter
```
144
disbarment
n. act of expelling a lawyer from the legal profession
محرومیت از شغل وکالت.
n. barodan kovma, barodan kovulma
n. radiation du barreau, radiation du tableau de l'ordre des avocats
e: ur secrets are safe with me under threat of disbarment
( bar association is a professional association of lawyers کانون وکلا)
145
dissenter
n. dissident, objector, one who opposes or disagrees
dis·sent·er /dɪˈsentə US -ər/ n [C]
a person or organization that disagrees with an official decision or accepted opinion
Political dissenters were imprisoned.
also Dissenter
someone in the past who did not accept the beliefs of the established Protestant church in Western Europe
= non-conformist
معاند، منکر، مخالف، ناراضی(درامورسیاسی).
n. muhalif, karşıt görüşlü kimse; anglikan kilisesine karşı hristiyan
n. dissident; opposant
e: ‘The Simplest Game’ became common place among dissenters
146
divisive
adj. creating discord or disunity
di·vi·sive /dɪˈvaɪsɪv/ adj
causing a lot of disagreement between people
The strike was a divisive issue in the community.
socially/economically/politically etc divisive
socially divisive policies
تفرقه انداز، تقسیم کننده .
adj. bölen, dağıtan, ayrılık yaratan, anlaşmazlık çıkaran
adj. séparatif, qui crée la division
e: who was to foot the bill quickly became a divisive issue
147
extenuate
v. reduce the seriousness of (an action or guilt); make smaller, make thin (Archaic)
syn.: mitigate palliate
رقیق کردن ، تخفیف دادن ، کاستن از، کمکردن ، کوچک کردن ، نازک کردن ، کم تقصیرقلمدادکردن ، کمارزش قلمداد کردن .
v. hafifletmek, mazur göstermek, hafife almak, ciddiye almamak
v. atténuer, réduire (une peine)
e: A situation or condition that provides an excuse for an action, as in Although Nancy missed three crucial rehearsals, there were extenuating circumstances, so she was not dismissed.
148
conspicuous
adj. noticeable, obvious, easy to see
con·spic·u·ous /kənˈspɪkjuəs/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: conspicuus, from conspicere 'to get to see', from com- ( COM-) + specere 'to look']
very easy to notice
≠ inconspicuous
The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
a bird with conspicuous white markings
I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.
conspicuous success, courage etc is very great and impressive
He had represented Italy with conspicuous success.
The award is given for notable or conspicuous achievement in science.
be conspicuous by your/its absence
used to say that someone or something is not somewhere where they were expected to be
a group that were conspicuous by their absence from the awards ceremony
انگشت نما، پدیدار، آشکار، توی چشم خور.
adj. belli, bariz, apaçık, göze çarpan, dikkat çekici, çarpıcı; cazip
adj. visible, apparent, manifeste; remarquable, frappant
e: look at that cops van, parked all inconspicuous!
149
culinary
adj. concerning the kitchen or cookery
cul·i·na·ry /ˈkʌlɪnəri US ˈkʌlɪneri, ˈkjuːl-/ adj [only before noun]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: culinarius, from culina 'kitchen']
formal relating to cooking
culinary skills
mushrooms dried for culinary use
the region's culinary delights (=food that tastes very good)
مربوط به آشپزخانه ، آشپخانه ای، پختنی.
adj. mutfak ile ilgili, yemek pişirme ile ilgili
adj. culinaire
e; Importance of Studying Culinary Arts: Why It's So Necessary
150
salvation
n. deliverance, redemption; act of saving, act of rescuing; savior, means of deliverance
sal·va·tion
S3 /sælˈveɪʃən/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin salvatio, from salvare; SAVE1]
something that prevents or saves someone or something from danger, loss, or failure
be sb's/sth's salvation
A drug treatment program was Ron's salvation.
salvation of
The Internet turned out to be the salvation of the company.
in the Christian religion, the state of being saved from evil
رستگاری، نجات، رهائی، سبب نجات.
n. kurtuluş, kurtulma, kurtarılma, selamet, kurtarma, günahlardan kurtulma
n. salut; sauvetage; rachat; libération; délivrance
e: However, the cultural richness of the ape may contribute to its salvation
151
penitentiary
n. jail, prison
adj. of returning to one's faith; dealing with the reform of prisoners
pen·i·ten·tia·ry /ˌpenɪˈtenʃəri/ n plural penitentiaries [C] AmE
a prison - used especially in the names of prisons
the North Carolina state penitentiary
ندامتگاه ، ندامتی، دار التادیب، بازداشتگاه یا زندان مجرمین .
n. kilise mahkemesi başkanı rahip, cezaevi, hapishane, ıslahevi
adj. pişmanlığa ait, suçluları ıslah etme ile ilgili
n. pénitencier (prison)
adj. pénitentiel, relatif à la pénitence; pénitentiaire
e: option B, Brandon goes up to the penitentiary and
gets his rectum resized about yay big
152
reprisal
n. injuries inflicted in response to injuries received; retaliation, revenge; use of force or political pressure to retaliate against another nation without officially going to war; retaliatory confiscation of property or capture of prisoners
re·pri·sal /rɪˈpraɪzəl/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reprisaille, from Old Italian, from riprendere 'to take back']
something violent or harmful which you do to punish someone for something bad they have done to you
→revenge, retaliation retaliation
They didn't tell the police for fear of reprisal .
reprisal against
There were reprisals against unarmed civilians.
in reprisal (for sth)
Alfred was shot in reprisal for the killing of a rival gang member.
جبران ، تلافی، انتقام، تلافی کردن .
n. misilleme, aynen karşılık verme, yanına koymama
n. représailles
e: what about police reprisal
153
disbarment
n. act of expelling a lawyer from the legal profession
محرومیت از شغل وکالت.
n. barodan kovma, barodan kovulma
n. radiation du barreau, radiation du tableau de l'ordre des avocats
e: ur secrets are safe with me under threat of disbarment
154
pathetic
adj. moving, touching; pitiable, pitiful, arousing compassion
pa·thet·ic
S3 /pəˈθetɪk/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: pathétique, from Latin, from Greek, from paschein 'to suffer']
something or someone that is pathetic is so useless, unsuccessful, or weak that they annoy you
You're pathetic! Here, let me do it.
I know it sounds pathetic now, but at the time I was frightened.
Vic made a pathetic attempt to apologise.
making you feel pity or sympathy
The child looked a pathetic sight.
>pathetically /-kli/ adv
She whimpered pathetically.
دارای احساسات شدید، رقت انگیز، تاثرآور، موثر، احساساتی، حزن آور، سوزناک .
adj. acınacak, acıklı, dokunaklı, hazin, ümitsiz, yürek parçalayıcı
adj. pathétique, touchant, attendrissant; pitoyable
e: Army medic slams 'pathetic' six-year sentence given to vile thug who raped her at knifepoint
155
inhale
v. breathe in, take into the lungs (air, smoke, etc.)
n·hale /ɪnˈheɪl/ v [I and T]
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: in- + -hale (as in exhale)]
to breathe in air, smoke, or gas
≠ exhale
It is dangerous to inhale ammonia fumes.
Myra lit another cigarette and inhaled deeply (=breathed in a lot of smoke) .
>inhalation /ˌɪnhəˈleɪʃən/ n [U]
One man was treated for smoke inhalation (=when you breathe smoke from a fire) .
تنفس کردن ، تو کشیدن ، در ریه فروبردن ، استنشاق کردن ، بداخل کشیدن ، استشمام کردن .
v. içine çekmek, nefes almak, solumak, soluk almak, nefes çekmek, iç çekmek, çekmek
v. inhaler; respirer
e: that asthma inhaler really seems to be doing the trick
156
extenuate
v. reduce the seriousness of (an action or guilt); make smaller, make thin (Archaic)
syn.: mitigate palliate
رقیق کردن ، تخفیف دادن ، کاستن از، کمکردن ، کوچک کردن ، نازک کردن ، کم تقصیرقلمدادکردن ، کمارزش قلمداد کردن .
v. hafifletmek, mazur göstermek, hafife almak, ciddiye almamak
v. atténuer, réduire (une peine)
157
sappy
adj. full of life, vigorous, energetic; stupid, silly, foolish (Slang); containing a large amount of sap
sap·py /ˈsæpi/ adj
AmE expressing love and emotions in a way that seems silly
British Equivalent: soppy
a sappy song
full of sap (=liquid in a plant)
آبدان ، پر شهد، مرطوب، خیلی احساساتی، ضعیف، کودن ، معتاد به مشروبات، شنگول.
adj. özlü, yaş (ağaç), canlı, kuvvetli, budala, ahmak
adj. plein de sève; plein d'entrain; idiot (argot)
e: i am gonna stop w this sappy stuff
158
culinary
adj. concerning the kitchen or cookery
cul·i·na·ry /ˈkʌlɪnəri US ˈkʌlɪneri, ˈkjuːl-/ adj [only before noun]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: culinarius, from culina 'kitchen']
formal relating to cooking
culinary skills
mushrooms dried for culinary use
the region's culinary delights (=food that tastes very good)
مربوط به آشپزخانه ، آشپخانه ای، پختنی.
adj. mutfak ile ilgili, yemek pişirme ile ilgili
adj. culinaire
159
holler
```
v. shout, yell
hol·ler /ˈhɔlə US ˈhɑːlər/ v [I and T]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: hollo '(to make) a shout to attract attention' (16-19 centuries)]
informal especially AmE to shout loudly
= yell holler at
I heard someone hollering at me.
>holler n [C]
فریاد خوشحالی، صدای مخصوص هر حیوان ( مثل صدای قورباغه )، فریاد کردن ، سروصداراه انداختن .
v. seslenmek, bağırmak
v. hurler, crier, s'écrier
e: He let out a holler as he fell
```
160
write off
disregard an outstanding debt (as of a customer); consider worthless; make a reduction in a value for accounting purposes
'write-off
n [C]
BrE a vehicle that has been so badly damaged that it can never be used again
The car was a complete write-off.
a period of time when you fail to achieve anything
This morning was a complete write-off.
an official agreement that someone does not have to pay a debt
حذف، کسر کردن ، سوخت شده ، محسوب کردن .
v. silmek (borç), iptal etmek, hurdahaş etmek (araba), çizmek
rembourser (une dette)
e: for my part i'd willing to write off what i can
161
alias
n. assumed name, pseudonym, nickname
adv. also-known-as
a·li·as1 /ˈeɪliəs/ prep
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: 'otherwise']
used when giving someone's real name, especially an actor's or a criminal's name, together with another name they use
'Friends' star Jennifer Aniston, alias Rachel Green alias 2
alias2 n [C]
a false name, usually used by a criminal
a spy operating under the alias Barsad
نام مستعار.
n. takma ad, başka ad
adv. diğer adıyle, başka bir deyişle
n. alias; nom supposé; pseudonyme, surnom
adv. alias, connu sous le nom de
e: u payed in cash and u used an alias, trafficker's usually do this
162
remission
n. abatement, act of slackening; release from an obligation; forgiveness, absolution; (Medicine) abatement of symptoms of a disease in response to treatment; period during which a diminution of a disease occurs; (Medical) disappearance or abatement of indications and symptoms of cancer
re·mis·sion /rɪˈmɪʃən/ n
[U and C]
a period when a serious illness improves for a time
in remission
The chemotherapy was successful, and she is now in remission.
The cancer has gone into remission .
[U and C] BrE
a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison
He was given six months' remission for good behaviour.
[U] formal
when you allow someone to keep the money they owe you
remission of debts
the remission of sins
formal forgiveness from God for the bad things that you have done
بخشش، آمرزش، عفو، گذشت، تخفیف، بهبودی بیماری.
n. bağışlama, af, hafifletme, azalma, vazgeçme, feragat, hafifleme
n. pardon, rémission; remise; arrêt, suspension, trêve; exemption; renonciation, indulgence; relâchement
e: u r showing signs of remission for cancer
163
inflame
v. excite, incite, arouse, instigate; anger, enrage, irritate; redden, cause swelling in the body; light, set on fire; burst into flame; fill with passion
in·flame /ɪnˈfleɪm/ v [T]
to make someone's feelings of anger, excitement etc much stronger
The shooting inflamed ethnic tensions.
بر افروختن ، به هیجان آوردن ، (طب ) دارای آماس کردن ، ملتهب کردن ، آتش گرفتن ، عصبانی و ناراحت کردن ، متراکم کردن .
v. alevlendirmek, coşturmak, kışkırtmak, kızdırmak, iltihaplanmak, tutuşmak, yanmak, kızmak
v. enflammer; incendier; s'enflamer, attiser; énerver; créer une inflammation; prendre feu
e: that is lung tissue inflammation
164
oversleep
v. sleep too much, sleep too late
o·ver·sleep /ˌəuvəˈsliːp US ˌouvər-/ v past tense and past participle overslept /-ˈslept/ [I]
```
to sleep for longer than you intended
Sorry I'm late. I overslept.
→sleep in at sleep 1
خواب ماندن ، دیر از خواب بلند شدن ، بیش از حد معمول خوابیدن .
v. fazla uyumak, uyuyakalmak
v. dormir trop longtemps
```
165
obit
n. date of death; obituary, notice of death including short biography; notice of funeral or mourning
o·bit /ˈəubɪt US ˈou-/ n [C] informal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin obitus 'death', from obire 'to go to meet, die', from ire 'to go']
an obituary
مرگ ، وفات، مجلس ترحیم.
n. obituaire, date de décès; annonce du décès; rubrique nécrologique
e: i was even checking the obits
166
sappy
adj. full of life, vigorous, energetic; stupid, silly, foolish (Slang); containing a large amount of sap
sap·py /ˈsæpi/ adj
AmE expressing love and emotions in a way that seems silly
British Equivalent: soppy
a sappy song
full of sap (=liquid in a plant)
آبدان ، پر شهد، مرطوب، خیلی احساساتی، ضعیف، کودن ، معتاد به مشروبات، شنگول.
adj. özlü, yaş (ağaç), canlı, kuvvetli, budala, ahmak
adj. plein de sève; plein d'entrain; idiot (argot)
167
moll
n. prostitute; gangster's girl
moll /mɔl US mɑːl/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Moll a female name]
especially AmE old-fashioned informal a criminal's girlfriend
a gangster's moll
زن جوان ، کلفت، فاحشه .
i., argo. gangsterin sevgilisi; orospu, fahişe.
n. pute, prostituée, poule, môme (d'un gangster)
e: that is why gangsters have molls
168
rattle
n. series of short fast knocking or tapping sounds; chatter, prattle, gossip
v. produce a series of fast knocking or tapping sounds
rat·tle1 /ˈrætl/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from Middle Low German ratelen]
[I and T]
if you rattle something, or if it rattles, it shakes and makes a quick series of short sounds
Dan banged on her door and rattled the handle.
The window rattled in the wind.
Bottles rattled as he stacked the beer crates.
see usage note shake 1
[I]
if a vehicle rattles somewhere, it travels there while making a rattling sound
rattle along/past/over etc
The cart rattled along the stony road.
An old blue van rattled into view.
[T] informal
to make someone lose confidence or become nervous
His mocking smile rattled her more than his anger.
It was hard not to get rattled when the work piled up.
His confidence was rattled by the accident.
rattle sb's cage
spoken informal to annoy someone - used humorously
Who rattled your cage?
rattle around phr v
to live in a building that is much too big for you
rattle around in
Dad and I rattled around miserably in the house after Mum died.
rattle off [rattle sth⇔off] phr v
to say several pieces of information or a list quickly and easily from memory
An officer rattled off some statistics about the aid program.
rattle on phr v
to talk quickly for a long time about boring things
= go on rattle on about
Nancy would rattle on for hours about her grandchildren.
rattle through [rattle through sth] phr v
to do something quickly because you want to finish it
rattle up [rattle up sth] phr v
if a sports player rattles up a number of points, they get that number of points very quickly
The West Indies had rattled up 411 for 5 when rain stopped play. rattle 2
rattle2 n
[U and C]
a short repeated sound, made when something shakes
They listened anxiously to every rattle and creak in the house.
rattle of
the rattle of chains
the faint rattle of distant gunfire
→ death rattle
[C]
a baby's toy that makes a noise when it is shaken
[C] BrE
an object that people shake to make a loud noise and show excitement or encouragement, for example at ceremonies or sports games
تغ تغ کردن ، تلق تلق کردن ، وراجی کردن ، خر خر کردن ، خر خر، تق تق، جغجغه .
n. takırtı, tıngırtı, hırıltı, dırdır, vırvır, çançan, gevezelik, çıngırak, çıngırdak, çıngıraklı bir bitki
v. takırdamak, tıngırdamak, hırıldamak, tıkırdatmak, dırdır etmek, hırıltı yapmak, vırvır etmek, çok konuşmak, bozmak (birini), sinir etmek, şaşırtmak
n. cliquetis; bruit de ferraille; hochet (objet pour enfants; crécelle (sport)
v. cliqueter; faire un bruit de ferraille; agiter bruyamment; décontenancer; embêter
e; u mean rattling a little tin cup for begging money!
169
holler
```
v. shout, yell
hol·ler /ˈhɔlə US ˈhɑːlər/ v [I and T]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: hollo '(to make) a shout to attract attention' (16-19 centuries)]
informal especially AmE to shout loudly
= yell holler at
I heard someone hollering at me.
>holler n [C]
فریاد خوشحالی، صدای مخصوص هر حیوان ( مثل صدای قورباغه )، فریاد کردن ، سروصداراه انداختن .
v. seslenmek, bağırmak
v. hurler, crier, s'écrier
```
170
write off
disregard an outstanding debt (as of a customer); consider worthless; make a reduction in a value for accounting purposes
'write-off
n [C]
BrE a vehicle that has been so badly damaged that it can never be used again
The car was a complete write-off.
a period of time when you fail to achieve anything
This morning was a complete write-off.
an official agreement that someone does not have to pay a debt
حذف، کسر کردن ، سوخت شده ، محسوب کردن .
v. silmek (borç), iptal etmek, hurdahaş etmek (araba), çizmek
rembourser (une dette)
171
alias
n. assumed name, pseudonym, nickname
adv. also-known-as
a·li·as1 /ˈeɪliəs/ prep
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: 'otherwise']
used when giving someone's real name, especially an actor's or a criminal's name, together with another name they use
'Friends' star Jennifer Aniston, alias Rachel Green alias 2
alias2 n [C]
a false name, usually used by a criminal
a spy operating under the alias Barsad
نام مستعار.
n. takma ad, başka ad
adv. diğer adıyle, başka bir deyişle
n. alias; nom supposé; pseudonyme, surnom
adv. alias, connu sous le nom de
e: u payed in cash and u used an alias, trafficers usually do this
172
trouper
n. actor, experienced actor; loyal member, loyal worker
troup·er /ˈtruːpə US -ər/ n [C] informal
someone who has a lot of experience of work in the entertainment business
someone who works hard and keeps trying, even when the situation is difficult
عضو دسته نمایش دهندگان ، عضو واقعی، سپاهی.
n. membre d'une troupe, vieil acteur de théâtre, vieux camarade
e: he has been such a trouper, he even changed her
diaper
173
diaper
n. absorbent cloth worn by babies (as underpants)
v. put a diaper on
di·a·per
S3 /ˈdaɪəpə US ˈdaɪpər/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: diapre 'fine cloth', from Medieval Greek diapras 'pure white']
AmE a piece of soft cloth or soft paper that is put between a baby's legs and fastened around its waist to hold liquid and solid waste
British Equivalent: nappy
Wait a minute while I change her diaper .
پارچه ئ قنداق، گل و بوته دارکردن ، گل و بوته کشیدن ، کهنه ئ بچه را عوض کردن .
n. bebek bezi, ped; baklava desenli kumaş
v. altını bağlamak; karışık renkli yapmak
n. couche, lange (de bébé)
v. langer
174
oversleep
v. sleep too much, sleep too late
o·ver·sleep /ˌəuvəˈsliːp US ˌouvər-/ v past tense and past participle overslept /-ˈslept/ [I]
```
to sleep for longer than you intended
Sorry I'm late. I overslept.
→sleep in at sleep 1
خواب ماندن ، دیر از خواب بلند شدن ، بیش از حد معمول خوابیدن .
v. fazla uyumak, uyuyakalmak
v. dormir trop longtemps
e:
```
175
junkie
n. (Informal) drug addict, one who uses drugs; one who is addicted to or craves something; fan
junk·ie
junky /ˈdʒʌŋki/ n [C] informal
someone who takes dangerous drugs and is dependent on them
a TV/sports etc junkie
someone who likes something so much that they seem to be dependent on it - used humorously
a technology junkie
شیره ای، استعمال کننده ئ هروئین و مواد مخدره .
n. esrarkeş, eroinman, uyuşturucu bağımlısı
n. narcomane; drogué
e: u junkie imbecile
176
imbecile
n. mentally handicapped person (Psychology); dummy, dunce, dolt, fool
adj. mentally handicapped (Psychology); dumb, foolish, silly, ridiculous
im·be·cile /ˈɪmbəsiːl US -səl/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: imbécile, from imbécile 'weak, weak-minded', from Latin imbecillus, probably from baculum 'stick (for support)']
someone who is very stupid or behaves very stupidly
= idiot
He looked at me as if I was a total imbecile.
>imbecilic /ˌɪmbɪˈsɪlɪk/ adj
>imbecility /ˌɪmbɪˈsɪlɪti/ n [U and C]
سبک مغز، بی کله ، کند ذهن ، خرفت، ابله .
n. embesil, geri zekâlı, geri zekâlı kimse
adj. embesil, geri zekâlı, ahmak
n. imbécile; stupide; obtus d'esprit
adj. imbécile; stupide; obtus d'esprit; absurde
177
moll
n. prostitute; gangster's girl
moll /mɔl US mɑːl/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Moll a female name]
especially AmE old-fashioned informal a criminal's girlfriend
a gangster's moll
زن جوان ، کلفت، فاحشه .
i., argo. gangsterin sevgilisi; orospu, fahişe.
n. pute, prostituée, poule, môme (d'un gangster)
178
tally
n. reckoning, score, total; something on which an account or score is kept; mark made to keep record of a number of items
v. add up, total, reckon; list, record; correspond, be in agreement; keep a record of
tal·ly1 /ˈtæli/ n plural tallies [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: talea, tallia, from Latin talea; TAILOR1]
a record of how much you have spent, won etc by a particular point in time
The final tally was $465,000.
the two goals that took his tally for Scotland to 15
Keep a tally of (=write down) the number of cars that pass. tally 2
tally2 v past tense and past participle tallied present participle tallying third person singular tallies
[I] also tally up
if numbers or statements tally, they match exactly
Some of the records held by the accounts departments did not tally.
tally with
The number of ballot papers did not tally with the number of voters.
[T]
to calculate a total number
شمردن ، تطبیق کردن ، شمارش، شمارشگر.چوبخط، حساب، جای چوبخط، برچسب، اتیکت، نظیر، قرین ، علامت، نشان ، تطبیقکردن ، مطابق بودن ، باچوبخط حساب کردن .
n. çetele, çentik, kertik, sayıların yazıldığı kâğıt, seri numarası, etiket
v. çetelesini tutmak, saymak, sayım yapmak, uymak, vira etmek
n. pointage; compte; nombre de points, score (match); étiquette; jeton (présence); contrepartie (document)
v. pointer; enregistrer; correspondre à; s'accorder avec; tenir le record de
e: He says as country awaits official election tally
179
funnel
n. device with a wide opening at the top which narrows as it reaches the bottom (used to conduct liquids into a small opening)
v. channel, centralize; send through a funnel
fun·nel1 /ˈfʌnl/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old Provençal; Origin: fonilh, from Latin infundibulum, from fundere 'to pour']
a thin tube with a wide top that you use for pouring liquid into a container with a narrow opening, such as a bottle
BrE a metal chimney that allows smoke from a steam engine or steam-ship to get out funnel 2
funnel2 v past tense and past participle funnelled present participle funnelling BrE past tense and past participle funneled present participle funneling AmE
[I,T always + adverb/preposition]
if you funnel something somewhere, or if it funnels there, it goes there by passing through a narrow opening
Police at the barriers funnelled the crowd into the arena.
Incoming tides funnel up the channel with enormous power.
[T always + adverb/preposition]
to send money, information etc from various places to someone
= channel
His office funneled millions of dollars in secret contributions to the re-election campaign.
قیف، دودکش، بادگیر، شکل قیفی داشتن ، ( مج. ) باریک شدن ، (تش. ) عضو یا اندامقیفی شکل.
n. huni, baca, havalandırma deliği, yanardağ bacası
v. baca gibi yapmak, huni biçimi vermek, akıtmak
n. entonnoir; cheminée; hotte, tuyau d'aération
v. creuser des rigoles, canneler; concentrer, converger
e; I need a funnel to pour petrol into the tank
180
benefactor
n. kindly helper; patron, sponsor, donor
ben·e·fac·tor /ˈbenɪˌfæktə US -ər/ n [C]
someone who gives money for a good purpose
An anonymous benefactor donated $2 million.
benefactor of/to
a generous benefactor of the university
صاحب خیر، ولینعمت، نیکوکار، بانی خیر، واقف.
n. hayırsever, iyiliksever, bağışçı, velinimet
n. bienfaiteur; donateur
181
indenture
n. contract which binds a person to serve another for a specified period of time; written agreement made in duplicate; deed, contract, agreement; indentation
v. bind a person in service to another for a specified period of time
in·den·ture /ɪnˈdentʃə US -ər/ n plural indentures [U and C]
a formal contract, especially in the past, between an apprentice and his master (=employer) , or the act of arranging this
>indentured adj
indentured servants
): سند دو نسخه ای، دوتاسازی، دوبل کردن ، قرارداد، سیاهه رسمی زدندانه گذاری، عهد نامه ، کنترات، (.vi and .vt):بشاگردی گرفتن ، با سند مقید کردن ، با سند مقید شدن ، با قرار داد استخدام کردن ، شیار دار کردن ، دندانه دار کردن .
n. sözleşme kâğıdı, sözleşme, senet, kontrat, diş diş olma, diş açma
n. contrat de liaison; accord écrit en deux exemplaires; accord; échancrure
v. lier par un contrat synallagmatique (un apprenti etc.)
e: always acting like i am his indentured servant
182
abate
v. reduce, decrease, lessen; become less, diminish; annul, suppress (Law)
a·bate /əˈbeɪt/ v [I]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: abattre 'to beat down, kill']
formal to become less strong or decrease
We waited for the storm to abate.
فروکش کردن ، کاستن ، تخفیف دادن ، رفع نمودن ، کم شدن ، آب گرفتن از(فلز)، خیساندن (چرم)، (حق.) غصب یا تصرف عدوانی، بزور تصرف کردن ، کاهش، تنزل، فرونشستن .
v. azaltmak, yatıştırmak, dindirmek, hafiflemek, azalmak; (bir haberin/yayının) çıkmasını yasaklamak (Hukuk)
v. réduire, diminuer
e: as relentless Covid19 shows no sign of abate
183
rehab
n. rehabilitation, restoration to good health or condition
re·hab /ˈriːhæb/ n [U]
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: rehabilitation]
the process of curing someone who has an alcohol or drugs problem
a rehab program
in rehab
I spent three months in rehab.
n. réhabilitation, rétablissement; réadatpation; rééducation
e: u should go back to rehab today, son of bitch!
184
bestial
adj. brutish, beastly, cruel, barbaric
bes·ti·al /ˈbestiəl US ˈbestʃəl/ adj literary
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin bestialis, from bestia 'beast']
behaving like an animal, especially in a cruel way
bestial and barbaric acts
>bestially adv
دامی، حیوانی، شبیه حیوان ، جانور خوی.
adj. hayvan gibi, hayvani, hayvanca, yabani, barbar
adj. bestial, féroce, cruel, brutal, barbare
e: French ambassador in the aftermath of bestial beheading
185
embryo
n. fetus, young of a human or animal in its early stages; beginning stage
em·bry·o /ˈembriəu US -briou/ n plural embryos [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Greek embryon, from bryein 'to swell']
an animal or human that has not yet been born, and has just begun to develop
→foetus
in embryo
at a very early stage of development
The system already exists in embryo.
جنین ، رویان ، گیاهک تخم، مرحله بدوی.
n. embriyo, cenin, başlangıç aşaması, tasarı aşaması
n. embryon, foetus; commencement
e; Genes control the development of an embryo
186
constellation
n. group of stars; group of related feelings or ideas
con·stel·la·tion /ˌkɔnstəˈleɪʃən US ˌkɑːn-/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin constellatio, from Latin com- ( COM-) + stella 'star']
a group of stars that forms a particular pattern and has a name
a star in the constellation of Orion
a constellation of sth
literary a group of people or things that are similar
a constellation of ideas
صورت فلکی، مجموع ستاره ها
n. takımyıldız, burç, seçkinler topluluğu
n. constellation, groupement d'étoiles
187
espionage
n. spying, intelligence
es·pi·o·nage /ˈespiənɑːʒ/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: espionnage, from espion 'spy']
the activity of secretly finding out secret information and giving it to a country's enemies or a company's competitors
= spying
→spy
a campaign of industrial espionage against his main rival
→ counter-espionage
جاسوسی.
n. casusluk
n. espionnage
e: Swedish opposition demands answers about alleged US espionage against country
188
scuffle
n. quarrel, minor fight, altercation
v. quarrel, engage in a minor fight
scuf·fle1 /ˈskʌfəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
a short fight that is not very violent
Scuffles broke out between rival supporters during the match.
scuffle with/between
scuffles with police scuffle 2
scuffle2 v [I]
to have a short fight with someone, in a way that is not very serious or violent
scuffle with
Some of the demonstrators scuffled with the police.
[always + adverb/preposition]
to walk quickly and make a noise as your feet rub on the ground
نزاع، غوغا، کشمکش، جنجال، مشاجره ، کشمکش کردن ، دست بیقه شدن با.
n. itiş kakış, boğuşma, kavga
v. itişip kakışmak, boğuşmak, saç saça başbaşa kavga etmek, ayaklarını sürümek
n. bagarre, dispute, querelle
v. se disputer; se battre; se bagarrer
e: A Palestinian demonstrator scuffles with an Israeil border police member
189
entrench
v. settle firmly, strongly establish; establish a strong defensive position; dig foxholes or trenches for defense; intrude, encroach (also intrench)
en·trenched /ɪnˈtrentʃt/ adj
strongly established and not likely to change - often used to show disapproval
entrenched in
Ageism is entrenched in our society.
entrenched attitudes/positions/interests etc
a deeply entrenched belief in male superiority
>entrench v [T]
تجاوز کردن به ، خندق کندن ، درسنگرقراردادن .
v. siper kazmak, siperlerle kuşatmak, yerleştirmek, sağlama almak
v. retancher (ville, camp); établir avec force: installer une position défensive (Militaire); creuser des tranchées pour se défendre,; se retrancher, se protéger
e: we will not allow Iran to entrench itself in Syria
190
sleek
v. make smooth and glossy
adj. shining, glossy; carefully groomed; well-fed; cunning, clever
sleek1 /sliːk/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: SLICK1]
a vehicle or other object that is sleek has a smooth attractive shape
the sleek lines of the new Mercedes
sleek hair or fur is straight, shiny, and healthy-looking
someone who is sleek looks rich and is well dressed
>sleekly adv
>sleekness n [U] sleek 2
sleek2 v [T always + adverb/preposition] literary
to make hair or fur smooth and shiny by putting water or oil on it
sleek sth back/down etc
His hair was sleeked back with oil.
نرم، براق، صیقلی، صاف، شفاف، چرب ونرم، صیقلی کردن ، صاف کردن .
v. parlatmak, düzlemek, pürüzsüzleştirmek, perdahlamak
adj. ipek gibi, pırıl pırıl, pürüzsüz, parlak, besili, parlak tüylü, şık, gösterişli, biçimli, yüze gülücü, kaypak, yağcı
v. glisser; faire reluire; lisser
adj. lisse, glabre, dégarni, brillant; soigné, fertile; glissant, rusé, malin
e: The cat had sleek fur
191
abate
v. reduce, decrease, lessen; become less, diminish; annul, suppress (Law)
a·bate /əˈbeɪt/ v [I]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: abattre 'to beat down, kill']
formal to become less strong or decrease
We waited for the storm to abate.
فروکش کردن ، کاستن ، تخفیف دادن ، رفع نمودن ، کم شدن ، آب گرفتن از(فلز)، خیساندن (چرم)، (حق.) غصب یا تصرف عدوانی، بزور تصرف کردن ، کاهش، تنزل، فرونشستن .
v. azaltmak, yatıştırmak, dindirmek, hafiflemek, azalmak; (bir haberin/yayının) çıkmasını yasaklamak (Hukuk)
v. réduire, diminuer
192
feud
n. enmity, vendetta, antagonism, continuing conflict (especially between families); row, argument
v. be involved in a bitter and lengthy quarrel
feud1 /fjuːd/ n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: feide]
an angry and often violent quarrel between two people or groups that continues for a long time
feud over
a bitter feud over territory
feud with/between
a feud between rival drug organizations feud 2
feud2 v [I]
to continue quarrelling for a long time, often in a violent way
feud (with sb) over sth
The neighboring states are feuding over the rights to the river.
(.viand .n):عداوت، دشمنی، جنگ ونزاع، عداوت کردن ، (.n): (=feod) ( قرون وسطی ) حقموروثی.
n. kan dâvası, düşmanlık, kavga, tımar
v. anlaşmazlık içinde olmak, kavga etmek
n. haine, inimitié, animosité, hostilité, conflit (entre familles); dispute, querelle, désaccord
v. garder rancune, être pris dans une dispute amère et prolongée
e: Because of a family feud, he never spoke to his wife's parents for years
193
skid
n. uncontrolled slide (especially of a vehicle); brake, device used to prevent a wheel from turning; plank or board on which heavy items may be slid or moved by rolling; pallet; runner in the landing gear of an aircraft
v. slip sideways, slide uncontrollably across a surface; cause to slip sideways, cause to slide uncontrollably
skid1 /skɪd/ v past tense and past participle skidded present participle skidding [I]
if a vehicle or a wheel on a vehicle skids, it suddenly slides sideways and you cannot control it
The car skidded as she turned onto the highway.
skid on/into/across etc
The bus skidded off the road and into a ditch.
see usage note slide 1 skid 2
skid2 n [C]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【sliding movement】
2 on the skids
3 put the skids under something
4【sport】
5【aircraft】
6【used to lift/move】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Perhaps from a Scandinavian language]
【SLIDING MOVEMENT】
a sudden sliding movement of a vehicle that you cannot control
Turn the car towards the skid if you lose control of it.
He slammed on the brakes and we went into a long skid (=started to skid) .
on the skids informal
in a situation that is bad and getting worse
He's been on the skids since losing his job.
put the skids under sth
BrE informal to make it likely or certain that something will fail
The recession put the skids under his plans for starting a new business.
【SPORT】 [usually singular]
AmE a period of time during which a person or team is not successful - used in news reports
The Red Sox victory ended a six-game skid.
【AIRCRAFT】
a flat narrow part that is under some aircraft such as helicopters, and is used in addition to wheels for landing
【USED TO LIFT/MOVE】 [usually plural]
a piece of wood that is put under a heavy object to lift or move it
تیر حائل، تیر پایه ، لغزیدن ، غلتگاه ، سرخوردن ، ترمز ماشین ، تخته پل، راه شکست، مسیر سقوط، ترمز کردن ، سریدن ، سرانیدن .
n. kızak, takoz, fren çarığı, kızak yapma (araba), patinaj, savrulma (araba)
v. takoz koymak, sağlama almak, savrulmak, yana kaymak, patinaj yapmak
n. glissade incontrolée, dérapage (véhicule); patin d'atterrissage (Aviation); frein
v. déraper; faire un dérapage; patiner; glisser sur l'aile
e: An Antonov cargo plane which skidded off the runway at Novosibirsk
194
embryo
n. fetus, young of a human or animal in its early stages; beginning stage
em·bry·o /ˈembriəu US -briou/ n plural embryos [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Greek embryon, from bryein 'to swell']
an animal or human that has not yet been born, and has just begun to develop
→foetus
in embryo
at a very early stage of development
The system already exists in embryo.
جنین ، رویان ، گیاهک تخم، مرحله بدوی.
n. embriyo, cenin, başlangıç aşaması, tasarı aşaması
n. embryon, foetus; commencement
195
maim
v. mutilate, disfigure, cripple, cause to be disabled; damage, harm, make useless
maim /meɪm/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: maynier]
to wound or injure someone very seriously and often permanently
Landmines still kill or maim about 300 people every month.
کسیرا معیوب کردن ، معیوب شدن ، اختلال یا از کارافتادگی عضوی، صدمه ، جرج، ضرب و جرح، نقص عضو، چلاق کردن .
v. sakatlamak
v. estropier; mutiler; défigurer; rendrfe invalide; endommager, nuire, causer du tort
e: Afghan children killed and maimed since 2005
196
jab
n. thrust, poke; quick punch, blow; injection (British Slang)
v. thrust, poke; punch, hit; inject with a hypodermic needle (Slang)
jab1 /dʒæb/ v past tense and past participle jabbed present participle jabbing [I and T]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: job 'to jab' (15-20 centuries), probably copying the action]
to push something into or towards something else with short quick movements
jab at
She jabbed at the elevator buttons.
When I didn't respond, he jabbed a finger at me.
jab sb with sth
Stop jabbing me with your elbow!
jab sth into sth
The soldier jabbed a rifle into his ribs. jab 2
jab2 n [C]
a sudden hard hit, especially with a pointed object or your fist (=closed hand)
a boxer with a good left jab
something you say to criticize someone or something else
White House officials took a sharp jab at the Democrats' plan.
BrE informal an injection given to prevent you from catching a disease
= shot
a typhoid jab
ضربت با چیز تیز، ضربت با مشت، خرد کردن ، سک زدن ، سیخ زدن ، خنجر زدن ، سوراخ کردن .
n. dürtme, batırma, saplama, yumruk, aşı, iğne
v. dürtmek, batırmak, saplamak
n. coup; coup donné avec un objet pointu; piqûre (argot)
v. donner un avec un objet pointu; planter, enfoncer un objet; faire une piqûre (argot)
e: The boxer was floored by a punishing left jab
197
abide
v. stay; live, dwell; continue; tolerate, put up with; wait; comply, submit, obey, conform
a·bide /əˈbaɪd/ v
[Language: Old English; Origin: abidan, from bidan; BIDE]
sb can't abide sb/sth
used to say that someone dislikes something or someone very much
I can't abide that man - he's so self-satisfied.
past tense abode /əˈbəud US əˈboud/
[I always + adverb/preposition] old use to live somewhere
abide by [abide by sth] phr v
to accept and obey a decision, rule, agreement etc, even though you may not agree with it
You have to abide by the referee's decision.
ایستادگیکردن ، پایدارماندن ، ماندن ، ساکن شدن ، منزل کردن ، ایستادن ، منتظر شدن ، وفا کردن ، تاب آوردن .
v. tahammül etmek, katlanmak, çekmek; kurala uymak, sadik kalmak; kalmak, beklemek;
v. rester, demeurer; résider; tenir (promesse); tolérer; se conformer à, se soumettre à; repecter; obéir; attendre; maintenir, continuer
e: In dense, thriving jungle monkeys abide.
198
jag
n. sharp protruding part on an edge or surface; binge, spree; intoxicated state
v. make jagged or uneven, form sharp protruding parts
jag /dʒæg/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: jag 'small load' (16-19 centuries)]
informal crying/shopping/talking etc jag
a short period of time when you suddenly cry etc without controlling how much you do it
دندانه ، کنگره ، نوک ، برآمدگی تیز، بریدگی، خار، سیخونک ، سیخک ، دندانه دار کردن ، کنگره دار کردن ، چاک زدن ، ناهموار بریدن .
n. sivri uç, çentik, diş, sarhoşluk, kafası iyi olma, içki alemi, sarhoş eden içki
v. çentik yapmak, sivri sivri kesmek
n. pointe; dent (de rocher); saillie, proéminence; soûlerie; coup (de faim, de pleurs, etc.; familier)
v. ébrécher, déchiqueter
e: Then u go to an island with jagged cliffs where eagles live high above
199
appoint
v. nominate; designate
ap·point
W2S2 /əˈpɔɪnt/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: apointier 'to arrange', from point]
to choose someone for a position or a job
officials appointed by the government
appoint sb to sth
He's been appointed to the State Supreme Court.
appoint sb to do sth
A committee was appointed to consider the plans.
appoint (sb) as sth
O'Connell was appointed as chairman.
formal to arrange or decide a time or place for something to happen
The committee appointed a day in June for celebrations.
Everyone assembled in the hall at the appointed time (=at the time that had been arranged) .
>appointee /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː, ˌæpɔɪn-/ n [C]
a presidential appointee
→ self-appointed, well-appointed
تعیین کردن ، برقرار کردن ، منصوب کردن ، گماشتن ، واداشتن .
v. tayin etmek, atamak; saptamak, kararlaştırmak, belirlemek; döşemek, dayayıp döşemek
v. nommer; désigner; destiner
e: she was appointed lecturer in physics
200
contingent
n. reinforcement, detachment of troops; representative group, delegation
adj. dependent upon; possible; accidental, happening by chance
con·tin·gent1 /kənˈtɪndʒənt/ adj formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, present participle of contingere 'to have contact with, happen to', from com- ( COM-) + tangere 'to touch']
depending on something that may happen in the future
contingent on/upon
Further investment is contingent upon the company's profit performance. contingent 2
contingent2 n [C also + plural verb British English]
a group of people who all have something in common, such as their nationality, beliefs etc, and who are part of a larger group
Has the Scottish contingent arrived yet?
a group of soldiers sent to help a larger group
contingent of
A large contingent of troops was dispatched.
محتمل الوقوع، تصادفی، مشروط، موکول.
n. birlik, rastlantı, beklenmedik olay
adj. olası, muhtemel, şartlı
n. contingent
adj. contingent, éventuel, fortuit, possible, aléatoire
e: movement they see in the mirror are contingent on their own
