Ielts-1 Flashcards
1
Q
concessive
A
- adj. of concession; tending to concede, tending to yield, /kənˈsiːd/ v
- concede, concession, concededly
- I conceded that I had made a number of errors.
,I conceded that I had made a number of errors, The king finally agreed to concede further powers to Parliament
واگذار کردن ، دادن ، تصدیق کردن .
v. ödün vermek; kabullenmek, kabul etmek zorunda kalmak; uygun bulmak
v. concede, grant, admit
2
Q
Languish
A
n. act of languishing; melancholy gaze, yearning look
v. weaken, droop, wither; suffer neglect, suffer hardship; pine away, yearn for, long for, ≠ flourish, /ˈlæŋgwɪʃ/ v
lan·guish·ment, lan·guish·ing·ly
Shaw languished in jail for fifteen years,The housing market continues to languish
3
Q
Simultaneous
A
adj. occurring at the same time, done at the same time, concurrent
si·mul·ta·ne·ity, si·mul·ta·neous·ly
4
Q
clincher
A
informal a fact, action, or remark that finally persuades someone to do something, informal a fact, action, or remark that finally persuades someone to do something, or that ends an argument, discussion, or competition,/ˈklɪntʃə US -ər/ n [C]
clincher sentence
the fact that the resort had tennis courts was the clincher in our deciding to stay there
5
Q
abode
A
formal someone’s home - sometimes used humorously, dwelling place, residence,/əˈbəud US əˈboud/ n [C]
Welcome to my humble abode.
6
Q
precipitate
A
pre‧cip‧i‧tate1 /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ verb
1 [transitive] formal to make something serious happen suddenly or more quickly than was expected SYN hasten
The riot was precipitated when four black men were arrested.
► see thesaurus at cause
2 [intransitive, transitive + out] technical to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way
pre‧cip‧i‧tate2 /prəˈsɪpətət/ noun [countable]
technical a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a liquid
precipitate3 adjective formal
happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully SYN hasty
a precipitate decision
Both countries claimed the same area, precipitating a border war
When the solution becomes turbid the mixture is warmed until the precipitate dissolves.
I have much sympathy with those who warn against precipitate novelty in the food industry.
رسوب کردن ،بشدت پرتاپ کردن ،شتاباندن ،بسرعت عمل کردن ،تسريع کردن ،سر اشيب تند داشتن ،ناگهان سقوط کردن ،غير محلول وته نشين شونده ،جسم تعليق شونده يا متراسب ،خيلى سريع ،بسيار عجول ،ناگهانى ،رسوب شيميايى
علوم مهندسى : ته نشين کردن
n. çökelti, yoğunlaşmış buhar, acele, aceleci
v. düşürmek, atmak, yüksekten atmak, hızlandırmak, çökeltmek, yoğunlaşmak (yağış), çökelmek, yoğunlaşıp yağmak
adj. aşağı düşen, aşağı akan, aceleci, acele ile yapılmış
n. précipité
v. précipiter;condenser; hâter; brusquer; devenir épais, se condenser
adj. abrupt, en pente; précipité; hâtif
7
Q
hallucinating
A
hal·lu·ci·nate /həˈluːsɪneɪt/ v [I]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of hallucinari ‘to dream’]
to see or hear things that are not really there
By the fourth day of sleeplessness, he was hallucinating.
8
Q
replenish
A
re·plen·ish /rɪˈplenɪʃ/ v [T]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Old French; Origin: replenir, from plein ‘full’]
formal to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again
More vaccines are needed to replenish our stocks.
>replenishment n [U]
9
Q
blurry
A
blur1 /bləː US bləːr/ n [C usually singular]
a shape that you cannot see clearly
blur of
I just saw the blur of the car as it passed in front of me.
The island was a faint blur through misty rain.
something that you cannot remember clearly
The days before the accident were a blur. blur 2
blur2 past tense and past participle blurred present participle blurring
v [I and T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from blear; BLEARY]
to become difficult to see or to make something difficult to see, because the edges are not clear
The street lights were blurred by the fog.
Many of the details in the picture are blurred.
to be unable to see clearly
Tears blurred her eyes .
His vision was blurred .
to make the difference between two ideas, subjects etc less clear
His films blur the boundaries between fact and fiction.
The design of the conservatory is meant to blur the distinction between the house and the garden.
>blurry adj
a few blurry photos of their holiday together
→ blurred
لکه ، تیرگی، منظره مه آلود، لک کردن ، تیره کردن ، محو کردن ، نامشخص بنظر آمدن .
n. bulanıklık; donukluk; leke, mürekkep lekesi
v. lekelemek, lekelenmek, bulaştırmak, bulanıklaştırmak; flu yapmak, bulandırmak, bulanmak
n. tache; macule, barbouuillage (encre); frison; graissage; apparence confuse, brouillard; floui (Photo)
v. barbouiller; maculer; brouiller; troubler; salir; rendre flou
10
Q
Slur
A
slur1 /sləː US sləːr/ v past tense and past participle slurred present participle slurring
[Sense: 1,3; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Probably from Low German slurrn ‘to shuffle’]
[Sense: 2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: slur ‘thin mud’ (15-19 centuries)]
[I and T]
to speak unclearly without separating your words or sounds correctly
slur your words/speech
She was slurring her words as if she was drunk.
His voice sounded slurred.
[T]
to criticize someone or something unfairly
[T]
to play a group of musical notes smoothly together slur 2
slur2 n [C]
an unfair criticism that is intended to make people dislike someone or something
slur on/against
Milton regarded her comment as a slur on his country.
How dare she cast a slur on (=criticize) my character?
a racist slur
technical a curved line written over musical notes to show they must be played together smoothly
11
Q
opine
A
o·pine /əuˈpaɪn US ou-/ v [T] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: opiner, from Latin opinari ‘to have an opinion’]
to say what your opinion is about something
opine that
The headmistress opined that the trip would make a nice change.
12
Q
fulfilment
A
BrE fulfillment AmE /fulˈfɪlmənt/ n [U]
the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting, useful, or important things
Are you looking for greater fulfillment and satisfaction in your work?
a deep sense of fulfilment that makes life worthwhile
seek/find fulfilment
The real joy of the priesthood is helping people find personal fulfilment .
when something you wanted happens or is given to you
= achievement fulfilment of
the fulfillment of a long-held dream
the act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
fulfilment of a promise/duty/condition etc
People are wondering if they will ever see the fulfillment of the government’s campaign pledges.
13
Q
strive
A
strive /straɪv/ v past tense strove /strəuv US strouv/ past participle striven /ˈstrɪvən/ [I] formal
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: estriver]
to make a great effort to achieve something
strive to do sth
I was still striving to be successful.
strive for/after
We must continue to strive for greater efficiency.
>striving n [U and C]
کوشیدن ، کوشش کردن ، جد وجهد کردن نزاع کردن .
f. (strove, striven) çalışmak, çabalamak, gayret etmek; çekişmek; uğraşmak.
v. s’efforcer, faire des efforts, tâcher, essayer
14
Q
cherish
A
cher·ish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: cherir, from chier ‘dear’, from Latin carus]
if you cherish something, it is very important to you
He was a man who cherished his privacy.
I still cherish the memory of that day.
cherish a hope/an idea/a dream etc
a willingness to re-examine cherished beliefs
to love someone or something very much and take care of them well
In marriage, a man promises to cherish his wife.
his most cherished possession
15
Q
inner city
A
plural inner cities n [C] the part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings are in a bad condition and the people are poor the problems of our inner cities >inner city adj inner-city schools
16
Q
forum
A
for·um /ˈfɔːrəm/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Lati]
an organization, meeting, TV programme etc where people have a chance to publicly discuss an important subject
forum for
The journal aims to provide a forum for discussion and debate.
forum on
the new national forum on the environment
a group of computer users who are interested in a particular subject and discuss it using email or the Internet
a large outdoor public place in ancient Rome used for business and discussion
17
Q
Dare
A
dare1 W3 /deə US der/ v, modal v
[I not in progressive]
to be brave enough to do something that is risky or that you are afraid to do - used especially in questions or negative sentences
He wanted to ask her, but he didn’t dare.
’I’ll tell Dad.’ ‘You wouldn’t dare!’
dare (to) do sth
I daren’t go home.
Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.
She hardly dared hope that he was alive.
Dare we admit this?
how dare you
spoken said to show that you are very angry and shocked about what someone has done or said
How dare you accuse me of lying!
don’t you dare!
spoken said to warn someone not to do something because it makes you angry
Don’t you dare talk to me like that!
[T]
to try to persuade someone to do something dangerous or embarrassing as a way of proving that they are brave
dare sb to do sth
One night they dared Frank to steal a bottle of his father’s whiskey.
So jump, then. I dare you .
dare I say/suggest
spoken formal used when saying something that you think people may not accept or believe
I thought the play was, dare I say it, boring.
I dare say also I daresay
spoken especially BrE used when saying or agreeing that something may be true
I dare say things will improve. dare 2
dare2 n [C]
something dangerous that you have dared someone to do
for a dare
BrE on a dare
AmE (=because someone has dared you to)
She ran across a busy road for a dare.
يارا بودن ،جرات کردن ،مبادرت بکار دليرانه کردن ،بمبارزه طلبيدن ،شهامت ،يارايى
18
Q
deprive
A
de·prive /dɪˈpraɪv/ v
deprive of [deprive sb of sth] phr v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: deprivare, from Latin privare ‘to deprive’]
to prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have
A lot of these children have been deprived of a normal home life.
بى بهره کردن ،محروم کردن ،معزول کردن
19
Q
tuition
A
tu·i·tion /tjuˈɪʃən US tu-/ n [U]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: tuicion, from Latin, from tueri ‘to look at, look after’]
teaching, especially in small groups
I had to have extra tuition in maths.
AmE tuition fees BrE
the money you pay for being taught
When I started college, tuition was $350 a quarter.
شهریه ، حق تدریس، تعلیم، تدریس، آموزانه .
n. okul parası, ders ücreti, öğretim
n. instruction, enseignement, étude
20
Q
refurbish
A
re·fur·bish /ˌriːˈfəːbɪʃ US -əːr-/ v [T] especially BrE
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: furbish ‘to clean up’ (13-21 centuries), from Old French forbir]
to decorate and repair something such as a building or office in order to improve its appearance
→renovate
The Grand Hotel has been completely refurbished.
to change and improve a plan, idea, or skill
>refurbishment n [U and C]
v. remettre à neuf, rénover
v. cilasını tazelemek, yenilemek (ev veya mobilya)
21
Q
enchant
A
en·chant /ɪnˈtʃɑːnt US ɪnˈtʃænt/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: enchanter, from Latin cantare ‘to sing’]
formal if something that you see or hear enchants you, you like it very much
I was enchanted by the way she smiled.
The garden enchanted her.
literary to use magic on something or someone
v. büyülemek, aklını başından almak, mest etmek, afsunlamak
افسون کردن ،سحر کردن ،جادو کردن ،مسحور شدن ،فريفتن ،بدام عشق انداختن
v. enchanter, fasciner; ensorceler
22
Q
mansion
A
man·sion /ˈmænʃən/ n [C] [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin mansio, from manere; MANOR] a very large house a beautiful country mansion Mansions used in Britain in the names of some apartment buildings 19 Carlyle Mansions عمارت چند دستگاهی، عمارت بزرگ . konak, köşk, kâşane manoir; château; gentilhommière
23
Q
major
A
ma·jor1 W2S3 /ˈmeɪdʒə US -ər/ adj
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: ‘larger, greater’, from magnus ‘large, great’]
[usually before noun]
having very serious or worrying results
≠ minor
There is a major problem with parking in London.
The loss of their goalkeeper through injury was a major setback for the team.
He underwent major heart surgery recently.
It could have sparked a major confrontation.
[usually before noun]
very large or important, when compared to other things or people of a similar kind
≠ minor
major role/part/factor etc
Britain played a major role in the negotiations.
There are two major political parties in the US.
The government’s major concern is with preventing accidents on the roads.
Smoking is one of the major causes of cancer.
the major developments in computer technology
a major road
[not before noun] AmE spoken very important
This is major? You got me out of bed for this?
a major key is based on a musical scale in which there are semitones between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth notes
→minor
a symphony in D major major 2
major2 n [C]
an officer of middle rank in the British or US army or marines, or in the US airforce
→ drum major
especially AmE the main subject that a student studies at college or university
Her major is history.
AmE someone studying a particular subject as their main subject at college or university
She’s a history major.
the majors [plural]
the Major Leagues major 3
major3 v
major in [major in sth] phr v
especially AmE to study something as your main subject at college or university
He’s majoring in Political Science.
major on [major on sth] phr v
especially BrE to pay particular attention to one subject or thing
The company is planning to major on offering the machines we need.
n. commandant, chef de bataillon, grade et titre militaire (entre le capitaine et le colonel); majeur, personne adulte qui a atteint la majorité; ton, mode majeur (Musique); intervalle majeur (Musique); matière principale d’un étudiant (USA)
v. se spécialiser dans un sujet; faire sa licence dans un sujet spécifique
adj. majeur, plus important, plus grand, essentiel; en majeur (Musique); relatif à la majorité, mature; relatif à une matière principale (étudiant)
- n. binbaşı, majör, yetişkin, reşit kimse, branş
v. branşı doğrultusunda yoğunlaşmak, konusunda uzmanlaşmak
adj. büyük, önemli, başlıca, majör
24
Q
choreography
A
chor·e·og·ra·phy /ˌkɔriˈɔgrəfi, ˌkɔː- US ˌkɔːriˈɑːg-/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: choréographie, from Greek choreia ‘dance’ (from choros; CHORUS1) + French -graphie ‘-graphy’]
the art of arranging how dancers should move during a performance
>choreographer n [C]
رقص آرائی، هنررقص، رقص مخصوصا درتئاتر وغیره .
(i). koreografi, bale eserleri yazma sanatı; bale sanatı.
25
longevity
lon·gev·i·ty /lɔnˈdʒevɪti US lɑːn-, lɔːn-/ n [U]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: longaevitas, from Latin longaevus 'long-lived', from longus 'long' + aevum 'age']
the amount of time that someone or something lives
longevity of
the greater longevity of women compared with men
The worms have a longevity of about two years.
long life or the long time that something lasts
The ancient Chinese claimed that garlic promoted longevity.
the amount of time that something lasts
longevity of
the longevity of an athlete's career
طول عمر، درازی عمر، دیرپائی، دراز عمری.
i. ömür uzunluğu, uzun ömürlülük.
n. longévité, vie longue
26
clot
clot1 /klɔt US klɑːt/ v past tense and past participle clotted present participle clotting [I and T]
if a liquid such as blood or milk clots, or if something clots it, it becomes thicker and more solid
→ clotted cream clot 2
clot2 n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: clott]
a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries
He developed a blood clot on his brain and died.
BrE informal a stupid person
توده ، لخته خون ، دلمه شدن ، لخته شدن ( خون ).
n. pıhtı, ahmak, avanak
v. pıhtılaşmak, kesilmek, üzerinde toplanmak
n. caillot; imbécile (argot)
v. se figer, se coaguler
27
sift
sift /sɪft/ v [T]
[Language: Old English; Origin: siftan]
to put flour, sugar etc through a sieve or similar container in order to remove large pieces
also sift through
to examine information, documents etc carefully in order to find something out or decide what is important and what is not
Police are sifting through the evidence in the hope of finding more clues.
sift out [sift sth⇔out] phr v
to separate something from other things
sift something⇔out from
It's hard to sift out the truth from the lies in this case.
الک کردن ، بیختن ، وارسی کردن ، الک .
v. elemek, kalburdan geçirmek, kevgirle serpmek, gözden geçirmek, iyiyi kötüyü ayırmak, ince eleyip sık dokumak, titizlikle araştırmakv. filtrer; tamiser, trier; cribler; vérifier; séparer; examiner; s'infiltrer
28
homestay
n. time during which a visitor stays with a local family in a foreign country
29
open-minded
.open-'minded
adj
willing to consider and accept other people's ideas and opinions
≠ narrow-minded open-minded about/towards
She's quite open-minded about sex.
>openmindedness n [U]
ouvert d'esprit, à l'esprit large; sans préjugés, sans parti pris
serbest fikirli, açık görüşlü, yeni fikirlere açık
30
advice
ad·vice /ədˈvaɪs/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: avis 'opinion', probably from ce m'est a vis 'that appears to me']
an opinion you give someone about what they should do
advice on/about
There's lots of advice in the book on baby care.
Could you give me some advice about buying a home?
legal/medical/financial etc advice
If I were you, I'd get some legal advice.
professional/expert advice
(=advice from someone who knows a lot about a subject)
I want to ask your advice about where to stay in Taipei.
follow/take sb's advice
(=do what they advise you)
I followed my father's advice and sold the car.
Take my advice and study something practical.
a piece/word of advice
Let me give you a piece of advice. Wear a blue or grey suit to the interview.
on sb's advice
On her doctor's advice (=because her doctor advised her) Smith decided to take early retirement.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HINT sense 1
Do not confuse the noun advice /Ed'vaIs/ with the verb advise /Ed'vaIz/ He gave me some useful advice. Can you advise me on college courses?
اندرز، رایزنی، صوابدید، مشورت، مصلحت، نظر، عقیده ، پند، نصیحت، آگاهی، خبر، اطلاع.
n. nasihat, öğüt, tavsiye, danışma, uyarı, akıl, fikir
n. avis; conseil
31
litter
lit·ter1 /ˈlɪtə US -ər/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【waste】
2【baby animals】
3【for cat's toilet】
4【forest】
5 a litter of something
6【for animal's bed】
7【bed】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: litiere, from lit 'bed']
【WASTE】[U]
waste paper, cans etc that people have thrown away and left on the ground in a public place
= rubbish, trash trash, garbage garbage
People who drop litter can be fined in some cities.
a town with a litter problem
【BABY ANIMALS】 [C]
a group of baby animals that a mother gives birth to at the same time
litter of
a litter of kittens
【FOR CAT'S TOILET】[U]
small grains of a dry substance that is put in a container that a cat uses as a toilet indoors
cat litter
a litter tray
【FOREST】[U]
leaf litter
dead leaves and other decaying plants on the ground in a forest
a litter of sth
literary a group of things that look very untidy
A litter of notes, papers, and textbooks were strewn on the desk.
【FOR ANIMAL'S BED】[U]
a substance such as straw that a farm animal sleeps on
【BED】 [C]
a chair or bed for carrying important people, used in past times litter 2
litter2 v
also litter up [T]
if things litter an area, there are a lot of them in that place, scattered in an untidy way
Clothes littered the floor.
litter sth with sth
The desk was littered with papers.
be littered with sth
if something is littered with things, there are a lot of those things in it
= be full of something
Recent business news has been littered with stories of companies failing.
[I and T]
to leave waste paper, cans etc on the ground in a public place
[I] technical
if an animal such as a dog or cat litters, it gives birth to babies
تخت روان ، کجاوه ، محمل، برانکار یا چاچوبی که بیماران را با آن حمل میکنند، آشغال، نوزادانی که جانوری در یک وهله میزاید، زایمان ، ریخته وپاشیده ، زائیدن ، آشغال پاشیدن .
n. tahtırevan, çöp, sedye, kedi kumu, hayvanların altına serilen talaş, bir batında doğan yavrular, dağınıklık, döküntü
v. talaş sermek, dağıtmak, karıştırmak, yavrulamak
n. déchets, ordures; portée, jeune animal; désordre; literie en paille; brancard; chaise à porteurs
v. jeter des déchets au domaine public; distribuer en désordre; délivrer; étaler en paille
32
sinew
sinew [sin·ew || 'sɪnjuː], sinewy adj
n. tendon; physical force, muscle; strength, power; vigor; source of strength
sin·ew /ˈsɪnjuː/ n [U and C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: seono]
a part of your body that connects a muscle to a bone
The sinews on his neck stood out like knotted string.
the sinews of sth
literary something that gives strength or support to a government, country, or system
They have begun building the sinews of an independent nation.
i., f. veter, kiriş; gen. çoğ. kuvvet, enerji; kuvvet ve kudret verici şey; f. kirişle kuvvetlendirmek. the sinews of war harp için gerekli olan para ve sair levazım.
رگ وپى ،پى ،وتر،تار وپود،رباط
n. tendon, muscle; force physique; vigueur, énergie, nerf
33
completion
com·ple·tion /kəmˈpliːʃən/ n [U]
the state of being finished
The new houses are nearing completion (=almost finished) .
The project has a completion date of December 22nd.
the act of finishing something
completion of
The job is subject to your satisfactory completion of the training course.
on completion (of sth)
On completion of the building, they make a final inspection.
law the final point in the sale of a house, when all the documents have been signed and all the money paid
اتمام، تکمیل.
n. tamamlama, bitirme, ikmal
n. achèvement; complètement
e: completion certificate
34
tip
tip1 W3S2 /tɪp/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【end】
2【money】
3【advice】
4 the tip of the iceberg
5 on the tip of your tongue
6【waste】
7【untidy】
8【horse race】
9【warning】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sense: 1,4-5; Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Probably from Old Norse typpi]
[Sense: 2-3, 8-9; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Perhaps from tip 'light blow' (15-21 centuries), perhaps from Low German tippen 'to hit lightly']
[Sense: 6-7; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: tip]
【END】 [C]
the end of something, especially something pointed
tip of
He kissed the tip of her nose.
the southern tip of South America
lights on the wing tips of aeroplanes
→ fingertip
【MONEY】 [C]
a small amount of additional money that you give to someone such as a waiter or a taxi driver
Did you leave a tip ?
large/generous/big tip
I gave the guy a big tip .
a $5 tip
【ADVICE】 [C]
a helpful piece of advice
Jill knows Spain really well. Perhaps she could give us a few tips .
tip on/for
useful tips on healthy eating
last-minute tips for Christmas entertaining
handy tip
(=useful tip) BrE
handy tips for decorating a small flat
gardening tips
the tip of the iceberg
a small sign of a problem that is much larger
The reported cases of food poisoning are only the tip of the iceberg.
on the tip of your tongue
a) if something is on the tip of your tongue, you really want to say it, but then you decide not to
It was on the tip of my tongue to say, 'I'd rather have dinner with a snake.'
b) if a word, name etc is on the tip of your tongue, you know it but cannot remember it
What is her name? It's on the tip of my tongue. Joan. Joan Simpson. That's it!
【WASTE】 [C] BrE
an area where unwanted waste is taken and left
= dump
a rubbish tip
I'll take this lot to the tip.
【UNTIDY】 [singular]
BrE informal an extremely dirty or untidy place
The house was an absolute tip.
【HORSE RACE】 [C] informal
special information about which horse will win a race
【WARNING】 [C]
a secret warning or piece of information, especially to police about illegal activities
Acting on a tip, the police were able to find and arrest Upton. tip 2
tip2 v past tense and past participle tipped present participle tipping
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【lean】
2【pour】
3【give money】
4【be likely to succeed】
5 gold-tipped/steel-tipped/rubber-tipped etc
6 tip the balance/scales
7 tip the scales at something
8 it's tipping (it) down
9 be tipped with something
10 tip your hat/cap (to somebody)
11 tip somebody the wink
Phrasal verbs
tip somebody⇔off
tip over
tip up
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【LEAN】 [I and T]
to move into a sloping position, so that one end or side is higher than the other, or to make something do this
= tilt tip forward/back/to etc
His helmet had tipped forward and the boy pushed it back.
Eric fell asleep, his head gently tipping to one side.
tip sth forward/back etc
'So what?' asked Brian, tipping his chair back on its rear legs.
【POUR】 [T always + adverb/preposition]
to pour something from one place or container into another
tip sth onto/into sth
Tip the onions and oil into a large ovenproof dish.
Ben tipped the contents of the drawer onto the table.
tip sth out
Shall I tip the water out?
【GIVE MONEY】 [I and T]
to give an additional amount of money to someone such as a waiter or taxi driver
Did you tip the waiter?
tip sb sth
I tipped him $5.
【BE LIKELY TO SUCCEED】 [T usually passive]
if someone or something is tipped to do something, people think that they are most likely to succeed in doing it
tip sb/sth to do sth
the man tipped to become the next President
tip sb for/as sth
He's tipped as a future world champion.
widely/strongly/hotly tipped
He had been widely tipped to get the new post of deputy director.
gold-tipped/steel-tipped/rubber-tipped etc
having a tip that is made of or covered with gold, steel etc
a silver-tipped walking stick
tip the balance/scales
to give a slight advantage to someone or something
Three factors helped to tip the balance in favour of the Labour leadership.
tip the scales at sth
to weigh a particular amount, used especially of someone who will be taking part in a sports competition
At today's weigh-in he tipped the scales at just over 15 stone.
it's tipping (it) down
BrE spoken said when it is raining very heavily
It was absolutely tipping it down.
be tipped with sth
to have one end covered in something
arrows tipped with poison
red petals tipped with white
tip your hat/cap (to sb)
a) to touch or raise your hat as a greeting to someone
b) AmE to say or do something that shows you admire what someone has done
tip sb the wink
BrE informal to give someone secret information
tip off [tip sb⇔off] phr v
to give someone such as the police a secret warning or piece of information, especially about illegal activities
The police must have been tipped off.
tip sb off that
His contact had tipped him off that drugs were on the premises.
tip somebody⇔off about
Did you tip him off about Bernard?
tip over phr v
if you tip something over, or if it tips over, it falls or turns over
The candle tipped over and the hay caught fire.
tip sth⇔over
The current was starting to tip the canoe over and I began to panic.
tip up phr v
if you tip something up, or if it tips up, it moves into a sloping position, so that one end or side is higher than the other
tip sth⇔up
He tipped the bottle up so that the last of the liquid flowed into his glass.
Ken tipped up the wheelbarrow, then stood back to rest.
يک بر کردن ،خالى کردن ،سرازير کردن نوک ،ضربه ارام به توپ ،پول چاى ،اطلاع منحرمانه ،ضربت اهسته ،نوک گذاشتن ،نوک دارکردن ،کج کردن ،سرازير کردن ،يک ورشدن ،انعام دادن ،محرمانه رساندن ،سرقلم ،راس ،تيزى نوک چيزى
علوم مهندسى : صفحه کوچک
ورزش : نوعى اسکى
علوم نظامى : در عکاسى هوايى چرخش دوربين حول محور افقى هواپيما
n. uç, burun, taktik, tepe, tip, filtre, hafif vuruş, hafifçe dokunma, bahşiş, öneri, püf noktası, tavsiye, tiyo, eğme, yatırma, eğilme, eğim
v. uç takmak, ucuna bir şey takmak, bahşiş vermek, uyarmak, tiyo vermek, devirmek, dökmek (çöp), boşaltmak (eğip), eğilmek, yana yatmak, devrilmek, hafifçe vurmak, dokunmak
n. pourboire; prime; pointe; bout, extrémité; conseil, truc; inclinaison, pente
v. donner un pourboire; épancher (son coeur); fournir en abondance
35
depict
de·pict /dɪˈpɪkt/ v [T] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: depictus, past participle of depingere, from pingere 'to paint']
to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
depict sb/sth as sth
The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.
>depiction /dɪˈpɪkʃən/ n [U and C]
نمایش دادن (بوسیله نقشه و مانند آن )، نقش کردن ، مجسم کردن ، رسم کردن ، شرح دادن .
v. çizmek, resmetmek; betimlemek; göstermek; tasvir etmek
v. décrire, dépeindre
36
leisure
lei·sure
W3 /ˈleʒə US ˈliːʒər/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: leisir, from leisir 'to be allowed', from Latin licere; LICENSE1]
time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy
Most people now enjoy shorter working hours and more leisure time .
Watching television is now the nation's most popular leisure activity .
The hotel offers various leisure facilities such as a swimming pool and sauna.
The leisure industry (=the business of providing leisure activities) is now an important part of the economy.
at (your) leisure
if you do something at your leisure, you do it slowly and without hurrying
Come round for lunch and then we can discuss it at leisure.
Take the leaflets home and read them at your leisure.
gentleman/lady of leisure
someone who does not have to work - used humorously
تن آسائی، آسودگی، فرصت، مجال، وقت کافی، فراغت.
. boş vakit, uygun zaman, acelesi olmama leisure 2
adj. boş, serbest, rahat, gündelik
n. loisirs, temps libre, loisir
37
pristine
pris·tine /ˈprɪstiːn/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: pristinus]
extremely fresh or clean
a pristine white shirt
something that is pristine is in the same condition as when it was first made
The car has been restored to pristine condition .
not spoiled or damaged in any way
pristine African rainforest
پیشین ، اولی، طبیعی ودست نخورده ، تر وتازه .
adj. eski zamana ait, eskiden kalma, önceki, ilk, bozulmamış, saf
adj. virginal; pure
38
fade
fade /feɪd/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: fader, from Latin fatuus; FATUOUS]
also fade away [I]
to gradually disappear
Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to fade.
Over the years her beauty had faded a little.
[I and T]
to lose colour and brightness, or to make something do this
the fading evening light
a pair of faded jeans
The sun had faded the curtains.
also fade away [I]
to become weaker physically, especially so that you become very ill or die
[I]
if a team fades, it stops playing as well as it did before
fade in phr v
to appear slowly or become louder, or to make a picture or sound do this
fade sth⇔in
Additional background sound is faded in at the beginning of the shot.
>'fade-in n [C]
fade out phr v
to disappear slowly or become quieter, or to make a picture or sound do this
fade sth⇔out
He slid a control to fade out the music.
>'fade-out n [C]
v. solmak, uçmak, rengi atmak, rengi solmak, gözden kaybolmak, unutulup gitmek, zayıflamak, güçten düşmek, gevşemek, sıvışmak, kaçmak, soldurmak, açmak, zayıflatmak, karartmak fade 2
adj. sararmış
محو کردن ، محو شدن .پژمردن ، خشک شدن ، کم رنگ شدن ، بی نور شدن ، کمکم ناپدیدی شدن .
v. se faner, se flétrir; se décolorer; déteindre; s'éteindre, s'affaiblir
39
feast
feast1 /fiːst/ n [C]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: feste 'occasion of celebration', from Latin festum]
a large meal where a lot of people celebrate a special occasion
→banquet
a wedding feast
The king promised to hold a great feast for all his people.
a very good large meal
all the ingredients for a spaghetti feast
midnight feast
(=a meal eaten secretly at night by children)
an occasion when there are a lot of enjoyable things to see or do
feast for
Next week's film festival should be a real feast for cinema-goers.
The play is also a visual feast .
a day or period when there is a religious celebration
the feast day of St. Francis
→ movable feast feast 2
feast2 v
feast on/upon sth
to eat a lot of a particular food with great enjoyment
We feasted on chicken and roast potatoes.
feast your eyes on sb/sth
to look at someone or something with great pleasure
If you like luxury cars, feast your eyes on these.
[I]
to eat and drink a lot to celebrate something
(i)., (f). ziyafet; bayram, yıl dönüşümü, yortu; (f). ziyafette yemek yemek, bol bol yemek; ziyafet vermek; sevindirmek. feast one's eyes on gözlerine zifayet çekmek, doya doya bakmak. movable feast her yıl değişik bir tarihe rastlayan yortu.
مهمانی، سور، ضیافت، جشن ، عید، خوشگذرانی کردن ، جشن گرفتن ، عیاشی کردن .
n. festin; banquet; régal; fête (pour les yeux; etc.)
v. banqueter; se régaler; faire un festin; repaître ses yeux
40
bud
bud1 /bʌd/ n [C]
[Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Origin unknown.]
[Sense: 2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: buddy]
a young tightly rolled up flower or leaf before it opens
rose buds
in bud
(=having buds but no flowers yet)
come into bud
(=start to produce buds)
spoken especially AmE buddy
Hey, bud, how's it going?
→ cotton bud, taste bud,nip sth in the bud at nip 1 (3) bud 2
bud2 past tense and past participle budded present participle budding
v [I]
to produce buds
جوانه ، غنچه ، شکوفه ، تکمه ، شکوفه کردن ، جوانه زدن .
1. i., f. tomurcuk, konca, sürgün; gelişmemiş, olgunlaşmamış sey veya kimse; f. sürmek, tomurcuklanmak, konca vermek; gelişme çağında olmak; tomurcuklandırmak; bahç. aşı yapmak, aşılamak. nip in the bud bir şeyin daha başlamadan önünü kesmek, gelişmesine engel olmak.
2. i., ABD, k.dili lan, ulan.
n. bourgeon; bouton; gars, type, mec, individu (Argot)
v. bourgeonner; boutonner; greffer; écusonner (arbre)
41
hassle
| hassle-free
has·sle1 /ˈhæsəl/ n
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Perhaps from haggle + tussle]
[U and C] spoken
something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do
I don't feel like cooking tonight, it's too much hassle.
It's such a hassle not having a washing machine.
[C] AmE informal an argument between two people or groups
hassles with the management hassle 2
hassle2 past tense and past participle hassled present participle hassling
v [T] informal
to annoy someone, especially by asking them many times to do something
Stop hassling me! I said I'll call them tomorrow.
n. uğraşma, zorluk, güçlük, tartışma, münakaşa, mücâdele
v. tartışma çıkarmak, kavga etmek, canını sıkmak, rahatsız etmek
n. dispute
v. se disputer
42
clump
clump1 /klʌmp/ n
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Probably from Low German klump]
[C]
a group of trees, bushes, or other plants growing very close together
clump of
a thick clump of grass
in a clump
The roses were planted in clumps across the park.
[C + of]
a small mass of something such as earth or mud
[U]
the sound of someone walking with heavy steps
I heard the clump of Ralph's boots going up the stairs. clump 2
clump2 v
[I always + adverb/preposition]
to walk with slow noisy steps
clump up/down/along etc
The kids clumped up the stairs in their boots.
also clump together [I and T]
if separate objects clump together, or are clumped together, they form a group or solid mass
This product will cause bacteria and loose dirt to clump together in the water tank.
انبوه ، دسته ، خوشه ، ضربه سنگین ، مشت، انبوه کردن .
(i)., (f). yığın, küme; (f). yığmak, kümelemek; ağır adımlarla yürümek.
n. broussaille d'arbuste; bloc; voix de contusion
v. marcher d'un pas lourd; planter
43
spore
Pronunciation: 'spȯr
Function: noun
Etymology: New Latin spora seed, spore, from Greek, act of sowing, seed, from speirein to sow ― more at SPERM
Date: 1836
: a primitive usually unicellular often environmentally resistant dormant or reproductive body produced by plants, fungi, and some microorganisms and capable of development into a new individual either directly or after fusion with another spore
–spored \'spȯrd\ adjective 2spore 2 n.
Function: intransitive verb
Inflected Form: spored ; spor·ing
Date: 1866
: to produce or reproduce by spores
هاگ ، تخم میکروب، تخم قارچ، هاگ آوردن .
i. , bot., zool. spor.
n. spore
44
Detain
de·tain /dɪˈteɪn/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: detenir, from Latin detinere, from tenere 'to hold']
to officially prevent someone from leaving a place
Two suspects have been detained by the police for questioning .
She was detained in hospital with a suspected broken leg.
[usually passive] formal
to stop someone from leaving as soon as they expected
= delay
He was detained in Washington on urgent business.
حبس کردن ،بازداشت کردن ،بازداشتن ،معطل کردن ،توقيف کردن
علوم نظامى : دستگير کردن
v. alıkoymak; mahrum etmek; hapsetmek, gözaltına almak
v. être arrêté, détenir, retenir, emprisonner, enfermer
45
rim
Pronunciation: 'rim
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English rima; akin to Old Norse rimi strip of land
Date: 13th century
1 a : BRINK b : the outer often curved or circular edge or border of something
2 a : the outer part of a wheel joined to the hub usually by spokes b : a removable outer metal band on an automobile wheel to which the tire is attached
3 : FRAME 4C(1)
–rim·less \-ləs\ adjective 2rim 2 n.
Function: verb
Inflected Form: rimmed ; rim·ming
Date: 1621
transitive verb
1 : to run around the rim of
2 : to serve as a rim for : BORDER
intransitive verb : to form or show a rim
لبه ، دیواره ، قاب عینک ، دوره دار کردن ، زهوارگذاشتن ، لبه داریا حاشیه دارکردن .
n. kenar, jant, kasnak, çerçeve, kenar geçirmek, çember geçirmek
n. jante, cercle; bord; rebord; cadre
v. monture; jante
46
derailleur
n. mechanism which shifts gears on a bicycle
| n. dérailleur
47
spoke
spoke [spəʊk]
| n. any of the bars that extend from the hub to the rim of a wheel; rung of a ladder
48
catch up
Function: transitive verb
Date: 14th century
1 a : to pick up often abruptly b : ENSNARE, ENTANGLE c : ENTHRALL
2 : to provide with the latest information
intransitive verb
1 a : to travel fast enough to overtake an advance party b : to reach a state of parity or of being able to cope
2 : to bring about arrest for illicit activities
3 a : to complete or compensate for something belatedly b : to acquire belated information
1catch-up 1
Pronunciation: 'kach-ˌəp, 'kech-
Function: adjective
Date: 1945
: intended to catch up to a theoretical norm or a competitor's accomplishments 2catch-up 2
Function: noun
Date: 1948
: the act or fact of catching up or trying to catch up (as with a norm or competitor) also : an increase intended to achieve catch-up
kapıp kaçmak, etkilemek, büyülemek, donatmak, bilgilendirmek, yetişmek, geri kalmamak
saisir, obtenir; rattraper; s'embrouiller avec; noter les erreurs
49
Hostage
hos·tage /ˈhɔstɪdʒ US ˈhɑː-/ n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: hoste; HOST1]
someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands
→kidnap
The group are holding two western tourists hostage (=keeping them as hostages) .
a family taken hostage at gunpoint yesterday
be (a) hostage to sth
to be influenced and controlled by something, so that you are not free to do what you want
Our country must not be held hostage to our past.
a hostage to fortune
something that you have promised to do which may cause you problems in the future
گروگان
i. rehine, tutak.
n. otag
Iran hostage crisis
50
still
n. silence, quiet; photograph; apparatus for distilling liquids; distillery
v. calm; quiet, silence; make motionless; distill
adj. quiet; tranquil, calm; motionless
adv. without motion; as yet, even now; despite; but
(. advandadj):آرام، خاموش، ساکت، بی حرکت، راکد، همیشه ، هنوز، بازهم، هنوزهم معذلک ، (nandvi، vt): آرام کردن ، ساکت کردن ، خاموش شدن ، دستگاه تقطیر، عرقگرفتن از، سکوت، خاموشی.
conj. yine de, buna rağmen, ne de olsa still 2 [stɪl]
n. sükunet, hareketsizlik, sükut, tanıtım fotoğrafı (film), imbik, damıtıcı, içki fabrikası
v. susturmak, durdurmak, sakinleştirmek, yatıştırmak, sakinleşmek, yatışmak
adj. durgun, hareketsiz, sakin, sessiz, köpüksüz
adv. hâlâ, halâ, henüz, daha, daha da, yine, yine de, buna rağmen
n. silence; calme, tranquillité; alambic; distillerie; photographie; photo d'affichage
v. rester immobile, ne pas bouger
adj. calme; tranquille, silencieux; immobile
adv. encore; pourtant, néanmoins; pourtant
51
coin
Pronunciation: 'kȯin
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Anglo-French coing wedge, corner, from Latin cuneus wedge
Date: 14th century
1 archaic a : CORNER, CORNERSTONE, QUOIN b : WEDGE
2 a : a usually flat piece of metal issued by governmental authority as money b : metal money c : something resembling a coin especially in shape
3 : something used as if it were money (as in verbal or intellectual exchange)
4 : something having two different and usually opposing sides ― usually used in the phrase the other side of the coin
5 : MONEY 2coin 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
Date: 14th century
1 a : to make (a coin) especially by stamping : MINT b : to convert (metal) into coins
2 : CREATE, INVENT
–coin·er \'kȯi-nər\ noun
–coin money : to get rich quickly 3coin 3 n.
Function: adjective
Date: circa 1566
1 : of or relating to coins
2 : operated by coins coin (as used in expressions) 4 n.
coin money
coin of the realm
coin op
fleur de coin
sandwich coin
سکه ، سکه زدن ، اختراع وابداع کردن .
n. madeni para, bozuk para, bozukluk, demir para, para, sikke
v. para basmak, para bastırmak, para kazanmak; sözcük uydurmak, deyim bulmak
n. pièce de monnaie
v. frapper de la monnaie; inventer, créer (un mot nouveau)
52
allure
al·lure /əˈljuə US əˈlur/ n [singular, U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: allure 'to attract' (15-21 centuries), from Old French alurer, from luere; LURE2]
a mysterious, exciting, or desirable quality
allure of
the allure of foreign travel
At 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure.
>allure v [T]
harmonies that never fail to allure the listener
>alluring adj
the alluring magic of Hong Kong
>allurement n [U and C]
بطمع انداختن ، تطمیع کردن ، شیفتن .
v. baştan çıkarmak, ayartmak, aklını çelmek, aklını başından almak (Argo), büyülemek
Allure [al·lure || ə'ljʊə]
n. büyüleme, çekme, cazibe, albeni, cazip şey
v. ouvrir; être séduisant, attirer
Allure [al·lure || ə'ljʊə]
n. "allure", revue féminine exposant divers sujets (santé, carrière, beauté, mode, finances, etc...)
53
remittance
re·mit·tance /rɪˈmɪtəns/ n
[C] formal
an amount of money that you send to pay for something
[U]
when you send money
on remittance of sth
We will forward the goods on remittance of £10.
v. remit: re·mit1 /rɪˈmɪt/ v past tense and past participle remitted present participle remitting
formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: remittere 'to send back']
[I and T]
to send a payment
Please remit payment by cheque.
[T]
to free someone from a debt or punishment
→unremitting
remit to / [remit sth to sb/sth] phr v
to send a proposal, plan, or problem back to someone for them to make a decision about
The court remitted the matter to the agency for reconsideration. remit 2
re·mit2 /ˈriːmɪt US rɪˈmɪt, ˈriːmɪt/ n [singular, U]
BrE formal the particular piece of work that someone has been officially asked to deal with
the remit of a senior member of staff
be within/outside sb's remit
Marketing is outside our remit.
فرستادن پول، پول، پرداخت، تادیه .وجه ارسالی.
n. havale, para gönderme
n. remise, transfert de fonds, envoi de paiement
- Immigrants sent $45 billion in remittances to Latin America last year.
- About 1.5 million Dominicans live in the United States and help the economy by sending remittances back home.
54
consign
con·sign /kənˈsaɪn/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: consigner, from Latin consignare, from com- ( COM-) + signum 'mark, seal']
[T] formal
to send something somewhere, especially in order to sell it
consign to [consign sb/sth to sth] phr v
to make someone or something be in a particular situation, especially a bad one
It was a decision which consigned him to political obscurity.
consign sb/sth to the dustbin/scrapheap/rubbish heap etc BrE
Many older people feel they have been consigned to the medical scrapheap.
to put something somewhere, especially in order to get rid of it
The shoes looked so tatty that I consigned them to the back of the cupboard.
سپردن ، تسلیم کردن ، امانت گذاردن ، ارسال کردن .
v. teslim etmek,emanet etmek, bırakmak, göndermek, sevketmek
v. consigner, envoyer; expédier
55
oblivion
o·bliv·i·on /əˈblɪviən/ n [U]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin oblivio, from oblivisci 'to forget']
when something is completely forgotten or no longer important
sink/slip/pass etc into oblivion
Wind power presents too many advantages to be allowed to sink into oblivion.
The loser's name has been consigned to oblivion (=completely forgotten) .
the state of being unconscious or of not noticing what is happening
the oblivion of sleep
He had drunk himself into oblivion.
فراموشی، نسیان ، از خاطر زدائی، گمنامی.
n. unutulma, unutma, farkında olmama, kayıtsızlık, af, genel af
n. oublie, amnésie
56
Abolish
a·bol·ish /əˈbɔlɪʃ US əˈbɑː-/ v [T]
syn.: cancel destroy do away with exterminate put an end to wipe out
ant.: establish
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: abolir, from Latin abolere, probably from abolescere 'to disappear']
to officially end a law, system etc, especially one that has existed for a long time
Slavery was abolished in the US in the 19th century.
برانداختن ،ازميان بردن ،منسوخ کردن
(f) kaldırmak, bozmak; ilga etmek, feshetmek, iptal etmek
v. abolir
57
Freaky
freak1 /friːk/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Old English frician 'to dance']
informal someone who is extremely interested in a particular subject so that other people think they are strange or unusual
a fitness freak
a religious freak
a computer freak
someone who is considered to be very strange because of the way they look, behave, or think
= weirdo
These glasses make me look like a freak.
Women who studied engineering used to be considered freaks.
a control freak
someone who always wants to control situations and other people
also freak of nature
something in nature that is very unusual
Due to some freak of nature, it snowed in June.
an unexpected and very unusual event
By some freak of fate, he walked away from the crash completely unhurt.
April's sales figures were a freak. freak 2
freak2 adj [only before noun]
unexpected and very unusual
a freak result
He was crushed to death in a freak accident .
freak wind/wave/storm etc
The men drowned when a freak wave sank their boat. freak 3
freak3 v [I] informal
to become suddenly angry or afraid, especially so that you cannot control your behaviour
= flip
When Ben heard about the accident, he just freaked.
freak out phr v
to become very anxious, upset or afraid, or make someone very anxious, upset or afraid
People just freaked out when they heard the news.
freak sb⇔out
The whole idea freaked me out.
دمدمی مزاجی، وسواس، چیز غریب، غرابت، خط دارکردن ، رگه دارکردن ، دمدمی بودن .
n. acayip yaratık, anormal şey, hilkat garibesi, kapris, maymun iştahlılık, heves, uyuşturucu bağımlısı, bağımlı, meraklı
v. aşırı heyecanlandırmak
adj. acayip, garip, anormal
n. caprice, quelque chose d'étrange; exception, déviation; anomalie; créature bizarre, phénomène; fou, débile, cinglé(Argot); hippie; drogué; homosexuel (Argot)
v. faire des points, ponctuer, tacheter, droguer (argot), être drogué (argot)
adj. anormal, étrange, différent, irrégulière
58
suffocate
suf·fo·cate /ˈsʌfəkeɪt/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of suffocare, from sub- ( SUB-) + fauces 'throat']
[I and T]
to die or make someone die by preventing them from breathing
The animal seizes its prey by the throat and suffocates it to death.
One of the puppies suffocated inside the plastic bag.
be suffocating
to feel uncomfortable because there is not enough fresh air
Can you open a window? I'm suffocating.
[T]
to prevent a relationship, plan, business etc from developing well or being successful
Jealousy can suffocate any relationship.
>suffocation /ˌsʌfəˈkeɪʃən/ n [U]
خفه کردن ، خاموشکردن .
f. boğmak, nefesini kesmek; bastırarak söndürmek; boğulmak, nefes alamamak. suffocating s. bunaltıcı, boğucu. suffoca'tion i. boğulma bunalma.
v. suffoquer; étouffer
59
smother
smoth·er /ˈsmʌðə US -ər/ v [T]
[Date: 1100-1200; Origin: smother 'thick smoke' (12-19 centuries), from Old English smorian 'to suffocate']
to completely cover the whole surface of something with something else, often in a way that seems unnecessary or unpleasant
smother sth with/in sth
noodles smothered in garlic sauce
to kill someone by putting something over their face to stop them breathing
→suffocate
A teenage mother was accused of smothering her 3-month-old daughter.
to stop yourself from showing your feelings or from doing an action
= stifle
The girls tried to smother their giggles.
to give someone so much love and attention that they feel as if they are not free and become unhappy
I don't want him to feel smothered.
smother sb with kisses
to kiss someone a lot
to make a fire stop burning by preventing air from reaching it
We used a wet towel to smother the fire.
to get rid of anyone who opposes you - used to show disapproval
They ruthlessly smother all opposition.
خفه کردن ، در دل نگاه داشتن ، خفه شدن ، خاموش کردن .
n. baskı altında kalma, boğucu duman, yoğun duman, boğucu madde
v. boğmak, boğarak öldürmek, bastırmak, kontrol altına almak, boğulmak, yenilmek
n. étouffement; suffocation
v. étouffer; étrangler; éteindre; opprimer, conquérir; cacher, couvrir; faire ruisseler, répandre des bénédictions sur, inonder; suffoquer
60
fleet
fleet1 /fliːt/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: fleot 'ship', from fleotan; FLEETING]
a group of ships, or all the ships in a navy
the US seventh fleet
a group of vehicles that are controlled by one company
fleet of
a fleet of taxis
fleet2 adj literary
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from fleet 'to go quickly'; FLEETING]
fast or quick
Atalanta was fleet of foot (=able to run quickly) .
ناوگان ، عبور سریع، زود گذر، بادپا، بسرعت گذشتن ، تندرفتن .
1. (i). donanma, filo. fleet of trucks bir firmanın bütün kamyonları.
2. (s). çevik, çabuk, çabuk geçen.
3. (f). çabuk geçmek; (den). gitmek, seyretmek, hareket etmek. fleeting (s). çabuk geçen, ömürsüz, fani. fleetingly (z). çabuk geçerek, fani olarak.
n. flotte; batellerie; flotte de guerre
v. se déplacer très rapidement, être éphémère
adj. léger, rapide (poétique)
61
nomenclature
no·men·cla·ture /nəuˈmeŋklətʃə US ˈnoumənkleɪtʃər/ n [U] formal
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: nomenclatura 'calling by name, list of names', from nomen ( NOMINAL) + calatus 'called']
a system of naming things, especially in science
nomenclature of
the nomenclature of science
zoological nomenclature
فهرست واژه ها و اصطلاحات یک علم یا یک فن ، مجموعه لغات، نام، فهرست علائم و اختصارات.
n. terminoloji, adlar dizini, isimlerno·men·cla·ture || nə;ʊ;'mə;nkleə;tʃ;ə;r /nə;ʊ;'menklə;tʃ;ə;
n. momenclature; terminologie; classificationno·men·cla·ture || nə;ʊ;'mə;nkleə;tʃ;ə;r /nə;ʊ;'menklə;tʃ;ə;
62
dividend
div·i·dend
W3 /ˈdɪvɪdənd, -dend/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: dividendum 'thing to be divided', from dividere; DIVIDE1]
a part of a company's profit that is divided among the people with shares in the company
BrE prize money offered in a national competition called the football pools which people can win by correctly guessing the results of football games
technical a number that is to be divided by another number
pay/bring dividends
to be very useful and bring a lot of advantages, especially later in the future
Good eating habits will pay dividends later on in life.
سودسهام، سود.مقسوم، سود سهام.
n. bölünen sayı; kâr payı; iflas halinde alacaklılara ödenen pay
n. dividende, participation (économie)
63
subsidiary
sub·sid·i·a·ry1 /səbˈsɪdiəri US -dieri/ n plural subsidiaries [C]
a company that is owned or controlled by another larger company
a subsidiary of a US company
one of our Japanese subsidiaries subsidiary 2
subsidiary2 adj formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: subsidiarius, from subsidium; SUBSIDY]
connected with, but less important than something else
= secondary
a subsidiary hypothesis
subsidiary to
All other issues are subsidiary to this one.
کمکی، معین ، موید، متمم، فرعی، تابع.
n. yardımcı, bağlı kimse, yan kuruluş
adj. bağımlı, yardımcı, tâli, ikinci derecede, ikincil
n. filiale, subsidiaire; compagnie auxiliaire
adj. subsidiaire; auxiliaire; secondaire; supplémentaire
subsidiary account
64
Smash
smash1 /smæʃ/ v
calculator, hammer
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Perhaps from smack + mash]
[I and T]
to break into pieces violently or noisily, or to make something do this by dropping, throwing, or hitting it
Vandals had smashed all the windows.
Firemen had to smash the lock to get in.
Several cups fell to the floor and smashed to pieces .
[I,T always + adverb/preposition]
to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this
A stolen car smashed into the bus.
He smashed his fist down on the table.
smash a record
to do something much faster, better etc than anyone has done before
The film smashed all box office records.
[T]
to destroy something such as a political system or criminal organization
Police say they have smashed a major crime ring.
[T]
to hit a high ball with a strong downward action, in tennis or similar games
smash down [smash sth⇔down] phr v
to hit a door, wall etc violently so that it falls to the ground
smash in [smash sth⇔in] phr v
to hit something so violently that you break it and make a hole in it
The door had been smashed in.
smash sb's face/head in
(=hit someone hard in the face or head)
I'll smash his head in if he comes here again!
smash up [smash sth⇔up] phr v
to deliberately destroy something by hitting it
Hooligans started smashing the place up. smash 2
smash2 n
[C] BrE
a serious road or railway accident - used especially in newspapers
= crash
Young boy hurt in car smash.
[C] also smash hit
a new film, song etc which is very successful
a box-office smash (=a film which many people go to see at the cinema)
[C]
a hard downward shot in tennis or similar games
[singular]
the loud sound of something breaking
smash of
تصادم، خردشدگی، برخورد، خرد کردن ، شکست دادن ، درهم شکستن ، بشدت زدن ، منگنه کردن ، پرس کردن ، ورشکست شدن ، درهم کوبیدن
adv. gürültüyle, şangır şungur, şangırtı ile
interj. şangır şungur, şangır smash 2 [smæʃ]
n. şangırtı, çatırtı, parçalanma, kırılma, çarpışma, kaza, iflas, başarı, buzlu konyak
v. parçalamak, mahvetmek, yenmek, ezmek, vurmak, sert vurmak, paramparça olmak, parçalanmak, çarpmak, çakılmak, iflas etmek, mahvolmak, bozguna uğramak
n. fracas, écrasement; brisement, éclatement; contusion, coup; chute, faillite; atterissage; collision
v. casser, écraser; démolir; éclater; se fracasser; ruiner; faire faillite; se heurter violemment
adj. fracassant; hystérique, triomphant, célèbre, connu (succès, réussite, ...) (Argot)
65
exempt
ex·empt1 /ɪgˈzempt/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: exemptus, past participle of eximere; EXAMPLE]
not affected by something, or not having to do it or pay it
exempt from
The interest is exempt from income tax .
Children are exempt from the charges. exempt 2
exempt2 v [T]
to give someone permission not to do or pay something
exempt sb from sth
Charities are exempted from paying the tax .
a document that exempts the owner from liability in case of accidents
معاف، آزاد، مستثنی، معاف کردن .
v. muaf tutmak, çürüğe çıkarmak
adj. muaf, özgür, serbest
v. dispenser, exempter
adj. exempt, dispensé
these employees and their status as being exempt or not exempt from overtime.
66
Massacre
mas·sa·cre1 /ˈmæsəkə US -ər/ n
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Frenc]
[U and C]
when a lot of people are killed violently, especially people who cannot defend themselves
the only survivor of the massacre
massacre of
the massacre of several hundred pro-democracy demonstrators
the Boston/Peterloo/Harperville etc massacre
the infamous Peterloo massacre of 1819
[C] informal
a very bad defeat in a game or competition
United lost in a 9-0 massacre. massacre 2
massacre2 v [T]
to kill a lot of people or animals in a violent way, especially when they cannot defend themselves
The army massacred more than 150 unarmed civilians.
Tens of thousands of dolphins and small whales are brutally massacred every year.
see usage note kill 1
informal to defeat someone very badly in a game, competition etc
The Cougars massacred the Bucs last night, 38 - 7.
informal to spoil part of a play, a song etc by performing it very badly
Unfortunately, Jones absolutely massacres the role of Ophelia.
قتل عام کردن ، کشتار.
n. katliam, kılıçtan geçirme, toplu cinayet
v. kılıçtan geçirmek, toplu katliam yapmak, katliam yapmak
v. massacre, murder, butcher, slay
67
Boar
(ج. ش. ) گرازنر، جنس نر حیوانات پستاندار، گراز وحشی.
i. erkek domuz; yabani domuz, zool. Sus scrofa.
n. sanglier; marcassin
68
Scandal
scan·dal /ˈskændl/ n
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Late Latin; Origin: scandalum 'offense', from Greek skandalon]
[C]
an event in which someone, especially someone important, behaves in a bad way that shocks people
It caused quite a scandal when he left his wife.
The college has recently been involved in a drugs scandal .
He has been at the centre of a political scandal .
a major scandal involving the government
a series of financial scandals
a sex scandal that ruined his reputation
They had already left the country when the scandal broke .
[U]
talk about dishonest or immoral things that famous or important people are believed to have done
The magazine is full of gossip and scandal.
be a scandal
BrE spoken to be very shocking or unacceptable
The price of petrol these days is an absolute scandal!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLLOCATES for sense 1
cause a scandal
be involved in a scandal
be (at) the centre of a scandal
big/major scandal
financial/political scandal
corruption/sex/drugs etc scandal
a scandal breaks (=a scandal becomes known)
رسوائی، افتضاح، ننگ ، تهمت، تهمت زدن .
n. skandal, rezalet, dedikodu, iftira, karalama, rezil, yüz karası
n. scandale; outrage, médisance; offense; rumeur; déshonneur
69
Glaciated
Pronunciation: 'glā-shē-ˌāt, -sē-
Function: transitive verb
Inflected Form: -at·ed ; -at·ing
Date: circa 1623
1 : FREEZE
2 a : to subject to glacial action also : to produce glacial effects in or on b : to cover with a glacier
–gla·ci·a·tion \ˌglā-shē-'ā-shən, -sē-\ noun
يخ بستن ،منجمد شدن ،منجمد کردن ،يخ زدن ،با برف يا يخ پوشاندن
v. glacer; mettre du sucre glace; recouvrir de sucre
Sweden along with vast boreal forests and glaciated mountains
70
confiscate
con·fis·cate /ˈkɔnfɪskeɪt US ˈkɑːn-/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of confiscare, from com- ( COM-) + fiscus ( FISCAL)]
to officially take private property away from someone, usually as a punishment
Miss Williams confiscated all our sweets.
Many opposition supporters had their goods confiscated.
>confiscation /ˌkɔnfɪˈskeɪʃən US ˌkɑːn-/ n [U and C]
the confiscation of pornographic material
ضبط کردن ، توقیف کردن ، مصادره کردن .
(f). müsadere etmek; haczetmek; istimlâk etmek, kamulaştırmak. confisca'tion (i). müsadere, haciz. confis'catory (s) müsadere ve haciz kabilinden.
v. confisquer, saisir
71
haste
```
haste /heɪst/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Frenc]
great speed in doing something, especially because you do not have enough time
= hurry
I soon regretted my haste.
in your haste to do sth
In his haste to leave, he forgot his briefcase.
in haste
written or formal quickly or in a hurry
They left in haste, without even saying goodbye.
make haste
old use to hurry or do something quickly
more haste less speed
BrE haste makes waste AmE
used to say that it is better to do something slowly, because if you do it too quickly you will make mistakes
hastily adj
عجله ، شتاب، سرعت، عجله کردن .
n. acele, telaş, hız, çabukluk
n. hâte, célérité
v. se hâter, se dépêcher
```
72
alchemy
al·che·my /ˈælkəmi/ n [U]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: alquemie, from Medieval Latin alchymia, from Arabic al-kimiya 'the alchemy', from Late Greek chemeia; CHEMOTHERAPY]
a science studied in the Middle Ages, that involved trying to change ordinary metals into gold
literary magic
>alchemist n [C]
علم کیمیا، کیمیاگری، ترکیب فلزی با فلز پست تر.
n. simya, alşimi
n. alchimie, forme médiévale de la chimie qui cherchait à opérer la transmutation des métaux notamment en or
73
freelance
free·lance /ˈfriːlɑːns US -læns/ adj, adv
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: free lance 'soldier in former times who sold his fighting skills to anyone']
working independently for different companies rather than being employed by one particular company
She works freelance from home.
freelance journalist/writer/photographer etc
>freelance v [I]
He's freelancing for several translation agencies.
>freelance also freelancer
n. bağımsız yazar, bağımsız politikacı, paralı asker
v. serbest çalışmak, bağımsız çalışmak
adj. bağımsız yazara ait, serbest sanatçı tarafından
üretilmiş
n. indépendant (ouvrier ou professionnel qui n'est pas lié par contrat à son travail)
v. travailler indépendamment (pour travailleur ou artisan engagé sans contrat par un employeur)
74
profit and nonprofit
like university and school
75
satire
sat·ire /ˈsætaɪə US -taɪr/ n
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin satura, satira, from (lanx) satura 'full plate, mixture', from satur; SATURATE]
[U]
a way of criticizing something such as a group of people or a system, in which you deliberately make them seem funny so that people will see their faults
the characteristic use of satire in Jonson's work
political/social satire
a comedy group that does political satire
[C]
a piece of writing, film, play etc that uses this type of criticism
satire on
a satire on American politics
savage/stinging/vicious/biting satire
a biting satire of the television industry
>satirical /səˈtɪrɪkəl/ adj
a well-known satirical magazine
>satiric adj
>satirically /-kli/ adv
طنز، هجونامه ، طعنه ، سخریه ، هزلیات.
i. hiciv, taşlama, yergi, yerme; hiciv söyleme.
n. satire, oeuvre littéraire qui montre les aspects négatifs de l'homme en utilisant la moquerie; critique moqueuse; écrit qui s'attaque à quelque chose
76
prominent
prom·i·nent /ˈprɔmɪnənt US ˈprɑː-/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of prominere 'to stick out']
important
a prominent Russian scientist
play a prominent part/role (in sth)
Mandela played a prominent role in the early years of the ANC.
The World Cup will have a prominent place on the agenda.
something that is in a prominent place is easily seen
prominent place/position
The statue was in a prominent position outside the railway station.
something that is prominent is large and sticks out
a prominent nose
>prominently adv
Her photo was prominently displayed on his desk.
برجسته ، والا.
s., meşhur, mühim; göze çarpan; çıkıntılı, ileriye fırlamış. prominence i. şöhret, ehemmiyet; göze çarpan şey; burun, dil, çıkıntı, tümsek; astr. güneş üzerindeki ateş parçalarından biri. prominently z. göze çarpacak surette; ehemmiyetle.
adj. important; saillant; remarquable, éminent; fameux
77
Once Upon a Time
bir varmış bir yokmuş, bir zamanlar
روزى ،روزگارى ،يکى بود يکى نبود
il fut un temps, autrefois, il était une fois
78
Velvet
```
vel·vet /ˈvelvɪt/ n [U]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: veluotte, from velu 'hairy', from Vulgar Latin villutus, from Latin villus 'rough hair']
a type of expensive cloth with a soft surface on one side
green velvet drapes
مخمل، مخملی، نرم، مخمل نما، مخملی کردن .
n. kadife
adj. kadife gibi, yumuşak, kadife
n. velours
adj. délicat, tendre, velouté, velouteux
```
79
roll down
به پایین غلط خوردن
| roll down a hill
80
deploy
de·ploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: déployer, from Latin displicare 'to scatter']
[I and T]
to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used
deploy forces/troops/weapons etc
NATO's decision to deploy cruise missiles
[T] formal
to use something for a particular purpose, especially ideas, arguments etc
a job in which a variety of professional skills will be deployed
>deployment n [U and C]
گسترش، جبهه ، گسترش یافتن ، بحالت صف درآوردن ، قرار دادن قشون .
v. yaymak, dağıtmak; görevlendirmek; uygulamak, harekete geçirmek deploy 2
n. açılma, yayılma, dağıtım, istihdam
v. se déployer
e; US to deploy thousands of additional troops to Middle East
81
snatch
snatch1 /snætʃ/ v [T]
[Date: 1100-1200; Origin: Perhaps from Middle Dutch snacken; SNACK2]
to take something away from someone with a quick, often violent, movement
= grab
The thief snatched her purse and ran.
snatch sth away/back from sb
Keith snatches toys away from the other children.
to take someone away from a person or place, especially by force
Vargas was snatched from his home by two armed men.
to quickly get something, especially sleep or rest, because you do not have very much time
= grab
I managed to snatch an hour's sleep on the train.
snatch at [snatch at sth] phr v
to quickly put out your hand to try to take or hold something
Jessie snatched at the bag but I pulled it away. snatch 2
snatch2 n [C]
a snatch of conversation/music/song etc
a short part of a conversation, song etc that you hear
I could hear snatches of the conversation from across the room.
in snatches
for short periods
I only slept in snatches during the night.
when someone quickly takes or steals something
reports of a bag snatch
taboo informal a very offensive word for a woman's sex organ. Do not use this word.
ربایش، ربودگی، قاپ زنی، ربودن ، قاپیدن ، بردن ، گرفتن ، مقدار کم، جزئی.
n. kapma, yakalama, an, kısa süre, çok kısa süren şey, am, kadın cinsel organı, ilişkiye girme, parça
v. kapmak, yakalamak, fırsattan istifade etmek, çabucak yapmak, kapışmak, zorla almak, koparmak, kaçırmak, koparmada kaldırmak (halter)
n. vol; fragments, bribes
v. saisir, attraper; essayer d'enlever; sauter (sur l'occasion etc.)
82
enterprise
en·ter·prise
W2 /ˈentəpraɪz US -tər-/ n
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: entreprise, from entreprendre 'to undertake', from prendre 'to take']
[C]
a company, organization, or business
commercial enterprises such as banks and food manufacturers
state/public enterprise
especially BrE (=one owned by the government)
[U]
the activity of starting and running businesses
the management of state enterprise (=done by the government)
→ free enterprise, private enterprise
[C]
a large and complicated project, especially one that is done with a group of other people
= initiative
The programme is a joint enterprise with the London Business School.
[U]
the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work
We're looking for young people with enterprise and creativity.
عمل تهورآمیز، امرخطیر، اقدام مهم، ( مانند تاسیس کارخانه وغیره )، سرمایه گذاری، تشکیلات اقتصادی، مبادرت بکاری کردن ، اقدام کردن .
n. girişim, atılım, girişkenlik, teşebbüs, kuruluş, atılganlık, cesaret
n. entreprise; initiative; compagnie, société, firme, entreprise; projet; audace, courage, témérité
enterprising ['en·ter·pris·ing || 'entə(r)praɪzɪŋ]
adj. energetic, venturesome, resourceful, inventive
83
parch
parched ['pɑrtʃt /'pɑːt-]
adj. dried out, dry, thirsty
parch [pɑrtʃ /pɑː-]
v. dry, remove moisture; toast, roast, cook slightly over dry heat
parched /pɑːtʃt US pɑːrtʃt/ adj
very dry, especially because of hot weather
the parched African landscape
He raised the water bottle to his parched lips.
be parched informal
to be very thirsty
برشته کردن ، بریان کردن ، نیم سوز کردن ، خشک شدن ( باحرارت )، تفتیدن ، آفتابسوخته کردن .
f. kavurmak, kavurup kurutmak, yakmak; aşırı sıcaktan kavrulmak, çok kurumak. parchedness i. kavrulmuşluk.
adj. tari; desséché; assoiffé
parch [pɑrtʃ /pɑː-]
v. sécher; griller
e: parched deserts
84
revert
re·vert /rɪˈvəːt US -əːrt/ v
revert to / [revert to sb/sth] phr v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revertir, from Latin revertere 'to turn back', from vertere 'to turn']
to change back to a situation that existed in the past
= go back to
The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
After a few weeks, everything reverted to normal .
formal to return to an earlier subject of conversation
= go back to
To revert to the question of exams, I'd like to explain further.
law if land or a building reverts to its former owner, it becomes their property again
برگشتن ، رجوع کردن ، اعاده دادن ، برگشت.
v. eski haline dönmek, ilkel haline dönmek, yeniden dönmek, dönmek, tekrar değinmek, çevirmek (bakış)
n. retour, revireur
v. retourner (à la situation précédente)
85
incarnation
in·car·na·tion /ˌɪnkɑːˈneɪʃən US -ɑːr-/ n
[U and C]
the state of living in the form of a particular person or animal. According to some religions, people have several different incarnations
→reincarnation
She believes she was an Egyptian queen in a previous incarnation .
[C]
a period of time when someone or something has a particular job, use etc
The building has gone through several incarnations, as a station, cafe, and most recently a club.
the/an incarnation of sth
someone who has a lot of a particular quality, or represents it
She was the incarnation of wisdom.
[singular]
the act of God coming to Earth in the human form of Christ, according to the Christian religion
تجسم، صورت خارجی.
n. vücut bulma, cisimleşme, canlı örnek
n. incarnation, métempsycose
86
amphibious
am·phib·i·ous /æmˈfɪbiəs/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: amphibios 'living a double life', from amphi- 'round, on both sides, both' + bios 'way of life']
able to live on both land and water
amphibious creatures
amphibious vehicle
a vehicle that is able to move on both land and water
amphibious operation/force/assault
an amphibious operation etc involves both sea and land vehicles
خاکی و آبی، دوجنسه ، ذوحیاتین .
adj. amfibi, yüzergezer, karada ve denizde yaşayan
adj. amphibie; ambigu; brumeux
87
acquire
ac·quire
W2 /əˈkwaɪə US əˈkwaɪr/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: aquerre, from Latin acquirere, from ad- 'to' + quaerere 'to look for, obtain']
formal to obtain something by buying it or being given it
Manning hoped to acquire valuable works of art as cheaply as possible.
She has acquired an email address and a site on the WorldWide Web.
to get or gain something
The college acquired a reputation for very high standards.
to gain knowledge or learn a skill
He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.
Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Chinese.
acquire a taste for sth
to begin to like something
She had acquired a taste for European beer.
an acquired taste
بدست آوردن ، حاصل کردن ، اندوختن ، پیداکردن .
(f). ele geçirmek, elde etmek, kazanmak, istihsal etmek, tedarik etmek. acquired (s). kazanılmış, müktesep. acquired characteristics doğuştan olmayıp sonradan kazanılan özellikler.
v. acquérir; obtenir
e: the way in which children acquire language
88
diary
di·a·ry /ˈdaɪəri US ˈdaɪri/ n plural diaries [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: diarium, from dies 'day']
a book in which you write down the things that happen to you each day
= journal
Inge kept a diary (=wrote in a diary) during the war years.
diary entry
(=what you have written for a particular day)
especially BrE a book with separate spaces for each day of the year, in which you write down the meetings, events etc that are planned for each day
American Equivalent: calendar
Did you put the meeting date in your diary ?
دفتر خاطرات روزانه .
n. günlük, hatıra defteri, ajanda; jurnal
n. journal intime, agenda
89
layabout
lay·a·bout /ˈleɪəbaut/ n [C]
BrE informal a lazy person who avoids work
n. boş gezenin boş kalfası, aylak, serseri
n. inactif, garnement
e: How did you get mixed up with that layabout?
90
associate
as·so·ci·ate1 W2S3 /əˈsəuʃieɪt, əˈsəusi- US əˈsou-/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of associare, from ad- 'to' + sociare 'to join']
[T]
to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another
associate sb/sth with sth
I don't associate him with energetic sports.
be associated (with sb/sth)
a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc
problems associated with cancer treatment
b) also associate yourself with sb/sth
to show that you support someone or something
He did not associate himself with the pro-democracy movement.
associate with sb
to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of
I don't like these layabouts you're associating with. associate 2
as·so·ci·ate2 /əˈsəuʃiɪt, əˈsəusi- US əˈsou-/ n [C]
someone who you work or do business with
= colleague
one of his business associates associate 3
associate3 adj
associate member/director/head etc
someone who is a member etc of something, but who is at a lower level and has fewer rights
هم پیوند، همبسته ، آمیزش کردن ، معاشرت کردن ، همدم شدن ، پیوستن ، مربوط ساختن ، دانشبهری، شریک کردن ، همدست، همقطار، عضو پیوسته ، شریک ، همسر، رفیق.وابسته ، وابسته کردن .
n. ortak; arkadaş, dost; öğretim üyesi, üye
v. birleştirmek, ortak olmak, ortak etmek, işbirliği yapmak, bağdaştırmak; benzetmek; çağrıştırmak; arkadaşlık etmek
adj. birleşmiş, bağlı olan, arkadaş olan, ikinci derece statüsü olan
n. associé, partenaire; collègue, confrère; compagnon; ami
v. associer: s'associer; être associé; associer, définir un type de fichier ou une terminaison comme appartenant à un logiciel spécifique (informatique)
adj. allié, associé, attaché; confrère; collègue; compagnon
91
soothe
soothe /suːð/ v [T]
[Language: Old English; Origin: sothian 'to prove the truth', from soth 'true']
to make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset, or angry
Lucy soothed the baby by rocking it in her arms.
She made a cup of tea to soothe her nerves.
also soothe sth⇔away
to make a pain become less severe, or slowly disappear
I bought some lozenges to soothe my sore throat.
Massage can gently soothe away your aches and pains.
>soothing adj
gentle, soothing music
>soothingly adv
آرام کردن ، تسکین دادن ، دل بدست آوردن ، دلجوئی کردن ، استمالت کردن f. yatıştırmak, teskin etmek, yumuşatmak; rahat ettirmek, mülâyimleştirmek, hafifleştirmek. soothing s. yatıştırıcı. soothingly z. yatıştırıcı bir şekilde.
v. calmer, apaiser; tranquilliser
92
testimony
tes·ti·mo·ny /ˈtestɪməni US -mouni/ n plural testimonies [U and C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: testimonium, from testis; TESTIFY]
a formal statement saying that something is true, especially one a witness makes in a court of law
Barker's testimony is crucial to the prosecution's case.
In his testimony, he denied that the company had ignored safety procedures.
a fact or situation that shows or proves very clearly that something exists or is true
be a testimony to/of sth
These results are a testimony to the coach's skill and hard work.
گواهی، شهادت، تصدیق، مدرک ، دلیل، اظهار.
n. şahitlik, tanıklık, ifade verme, şahadet, vahiy
n. témoignage; attestation; déposition
93
aviation
a·vi·a·tion /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃən US ˌeɪ-, ˌæ-/ n [U]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin avis; AVIARY]
the science or practice of flying in aircraft
the industry that makes aircraft
هواپیمائی، هوانوردی.
n. havacılık
n. aviation, flying, flight; air force
94
retaliate
re·tal·i·ate /rɪˈtælieɪt/ v [I]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of retaliare, from talio 'suitable punishment']
to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you
→hit back retaliate by doing sth
The British government retaliated by breaking off diplomatic relations.
retaliate against
The army began to retaliate against the civilian population.
تلافی کردن ، تاوان دادن ، عین چیزی را بکسی برگرداندن .
v. öç almak, intikamını almak, misilleme yapmak, aynını yapmak, aynı şekilde karşılık verilmek
v. rendre la pareille); user de représailles
95
coroner
cor·o·ner /ˈkɔrənə US ˈkɔːrənər, ˈkɑː-/ n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: 'royal official', from Old French corone; CROWN1]
an official whose job is to discover the cause of someone's death, especially if they died in a sudden or unusual way
The coroner recorded a verdict of death by natural causes.
The coroner's court heard how Mr Banner had been shot twice in the head.
طبیب قانونی.
n. coroner (officier civil chargé d'instruire, assisté d'un jury, en cas de mort violente ou subite)
96
revenge
re·venge1 /rɪˈvendʒ/ n [U]
something you do in order to punish someone who has harmed or offended you
get/have/take (your) revenge (on sb)
He took revenge on his employers by setting fire to the factory.
revenge for
She is seeking revenge for the murder of her husband.
in revenge for sth
a bomb attack in revenge for the imprisonment of the terrorists
The murder was an act of revenge for the earlier killings.
revenge attacks on British troops
the defeat of someone who has previously defeated you in a sport
revenge for
The Australians took revenge for their defeat here last time.
a revenge match
>revengeful adj revenge 2
revenge2 v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revengier, from avengier; AVENGE]
formal to punish someone who has done something to harm you or someone else
revenge yourself on sb
The terrorist group is still looking to revenge itself on its attackers.
The poor murdered girl must be revenged.
خونخواهی کردن ، کینه جوئی کردن ، انتقام کشیدن ، انتقام.
n. hınç, öç, intikam, rövanş, hesaplaşma, acısını çıkarma, intikam hırsı, kin, öç alma isteği
v. öcünü almak, hıncını almak, intikamını almak
n. vengeance
v. se venger
97
row
n.
1. an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line
2. an angry dispute
3. a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally)
4. (construction) a layer of masonry
5. a linear array of numbers side by side
6. a continuous chronological succession without an interruption
7. the act of rowing as a sport
v. propel with oars
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
row 1
row1 W2S2 /rəu US rou/ n [C]
a line of things or people next to each other
→column row of
a row of houses
rows of trees
in a row
The children were asked to stand in a row.
row upon row (=many rows) of shelves stacked with books
a line of seats in a theatre or cinema
We sat in the front row.
in a row
happening a number of times, one after the other
= consecutively
4 nights/3 weeks etc in a row
She's been out four nights in a row.
I've beaten her three times in a row .
used in the name of some roads
22 Church Row
a hard/tough row to hoe
used to say that a particular situation is difficult row 2
row2 /rau/ n BrE
[C]
a short angry argument, especially between people who know each other well
= quarrel row with
He had just had a row with his wife.
row about
What was the row about?
a family row
a blazing row (=a very angry argument)
[C]
a situation in which people disagree strongly about important public matters
= controversy row about/over
a new row over government secrecy
[singular]
a loud unpleasant noise that continues for a long time
= racket
Stop that row - I'm trying to get to sleep! row 3
row3 /rəu US rou/ v
[I and T]
to make a boat move across water using oars
row away/towards/across
She rowed across the lake.
Jenny used to row at college (=as a sport) .
>row n [singular]
Why don't we go for a row ?
>rower n [C] row 4
row4 /rau/ v [I]
BrE to argue in an angry way
row about
They rowed about money all the time.
سطر، ردیف.پارو زدن ، راندن ، ردیف، رج، قطار، راسته ، صف، ردیف چند خانه ، ردیف کردن ، قرار دادن ، بخط کردن ، قیل و قال.
n. sıra, dizi, sıralı evleri olan sokak, evlerin hiza çizgisi, kürek çekme, sandal gezisi, gürültü, şamata, kavga, patırtı, ağız kavgası, tartışma
v. kürek çekmek, sandalla gezdirmek, kürekle donatmak, kıyameti koparmak, kavgaya karışmak, gürültü yapmak
n. rangée, ligne; journée en canot; argument, dispute, querelle; buit, vacarme
v. ramer; nager; conduire (aviron); reprimander, engueuler
98
paddle
pad·dle1 /ˈpædl/ n
hat, life jacket, paddle
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Perhaps from Medieval Latin padela, from Latin patella; PATELLA]
[C]
a short pole that is wide and flat at the end, used for moving a small boat in water
→oar
[singular] BrE
when you walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep
If it's not too cold, we can go for a paddle .
[C] AmE
a small round flat bat with a short handle, used for hitting the ball in table tennis
a ping-pong paddle
[C]
a tool like a flat spoon, used for mixing food
→ dog paddle paddle 2
paddle2 v past tense and past participle paddled present participle paddling
[Sense: 1,4-5; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: PADDLE1]
[Sense: 2-3; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from PAD21]
[I and T]
to move a small light boat through water, using one or more paddles
paddle along/upstream/towards etc
I desperately tried to paddle for the shore.
She and her husband paddled a canoe down the Mississippi.
→ row 3
[I] BrE
to walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep
American Equivalent: wade
children paddling in the sea
[I]
to swim with short, quick movements
The dog was paddling furiously after the ducks.
[T] AmE informal to hit a child with a piece of wood as a punishment
paddle your own canoe
BrE informal to do things yourself, without help from anyone else
بیلچه ، پاروی پهن قایقرانی، پارو زدن ، با باله شنا حرکت کردن ، دست و پا زدن ، با دست نوازش کردن ، ور رفتن ، با چوب پهن کتک زدن .
n. kısa kürek, bel, pala, tokaç, çark kanadı, kaplumbağa yüzgeci
v. kürek çekmek, kano kullanmak (kısa kürekle), ayaklarını suda oynatmak, badi badi yürümek, kıça şaplak atmak
n. pagaie, palette; barbotage; nageoire; patte
v. ramer, nager; barboter; donner une fessée à un enfant (familier)
99
staple
sta·ple1 /ˈsteɪpəl/ n [C]
[Sense: 1-2; Origin: Old English stapol 'post']
[Sense: 3-4; Date: 1300-1400; Origin: . Middle Dutch stapel 'place of trade']
a small piece of thin wire that is pushed into sheets of paper and bent over to hold them together
a small U-shaped piece of metal with pointed ends, used to hold something in place
a food that is needed and used all the time
staples like flour and rice
the main product that is produced in a country
Bananas and sugar are the staples of Jamaica. staple 2
staple2 v [T]
to fasten two or more things together with a staple
staple sth together
The handouts are all stapled together.
staple sth to sth
I stapled the order form to the invoice. staple 3
staple3 adj [only before noun]
forming the greatest or most important part of something
Oil is Nigeria's staple export.
a staple ingredient of comedy
staple diet
a) the food that you normally eat
staple diet of
They live on a staple diet of rice and vegetables.
b) something that is always being produced, seen, bought etc
staple diet of
television's staple diet of soap operas and quiz shows
used all the time
Marty's staple excuses
رزه ، ستون ، تیر، عمود، چهارپایه تخت، گیره کاغذ، بست آهنی، کالایاصلی بازار مصنوعات مهم واصلی یک محل، جزئ اصلی هر چیزی، قلم اصلی، فقره اصلی، طبقه بندییا جور کردن ، مواد خام.
n. esas, tel zımba, zımba, raptiye, çatal çivi, başlıca mahsül, kapı sürgü, esas ürün, hammadde, lif, iplikçik, elyaf, başlıca öğe, satış yeri, pazar
v. zımbalamak, raptiyelemek, çatal çivi ile tutturmak, liflerine göre ayırmak, sınıflamak (yün vb.)
adj. temel, başlıca, ana, esas, piyasada tutulmuş, yerleşmiş
n. agrafe; produit de base
v. agrafer, rattacher par des agrafes
adj. essentiel, principal; primaire, de base
100
escalate
es·ca·late /ˈeskəleɪt/ v [I and T]
v. make worse, aggravate; raise, increase, intensify
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: escalator]
if fighting, violence, or a bad situation escalates, or if someone escalates it, it becomes much worse
escalate into
Her fear was escalating into panic.
The fighting on the border is escalating.
We do not want to escalate the war.
to become higher or increase, or to make something do this
The costs were escalating alarmingly.
policies that escalate their own costs
escalating crime
>escalation /ˌeskəˈleɪʃən/ n [U and C]
the escalation of fighting in June
a rapid escalation in value
v. yükseltmek, artırmak, kızıştırmak, yükselmek, çıkmak
v. escalader, monter en flèche; s'aggraver
101
cram
cram /kræm/ v past tense and past participle crammed present participle cramming
[Language: Old English; Origin: crammian]
[T always + adverb/preposition]
to force something into a small space
cram sth into/onto etc sth
Jill crammed her clothes into the bag.
A lot of information has been crammed into this book.
[I always + adverb/preposition]
if a lot of people cram into a place or vehicle, they go into it so it is then full
cram in/into
We all crammed in and Pete started the car.
36,000 spectators crammed into the stadium to see the game.
[T] especially AmE if a lot of people cram a place, they fill it
Thousands of people crammed the mall Sunday.
[I]
to prepare yourself for an examination by learning a lot of information quickly
British Equivalent: swot خر زدن!
She's been cramming hard all week.
cram for
I have to cram for my chemistry test tomorrow.
cram in [cram sth⇔in] phr v
to do a lot of activities in a short period of time
= pack in
We crammed in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.
پرکردن ، چپاندن ، خودرا برای امتحان آماده کردن ، باشتاب یاد گرفتن .
v. tıkmak, tıkıştırmak, tıka basa yedirmek, tıka basa doldurmak, tıkınmak; semirtmek; inekletmek, sınava hazırlamak, ineklemek cram 2
n. kalabalık, izdiham, sınav öncesi yoğun çalışma, inekleme ile öğrenilen şeyler
v. fourrer; s'entasser
102
swot
n. (British slang) diligent student; hard-worker
v. (British slang) work hard; study diligently
swot1 /swɔt US swɑːt/ n [C]
BrE informal someone who spends too much time studying and seems to have no other interests - used in order to show disapproval
>swotty adj swot 2
swot2 past tense and past participle swotted present participle swotting
v [I]
BrE informal to study a lot in a short time, especially for an examination
= revise swot for
students swotting for exams
swot up phr v
BrE to learn as much as you can about a subject, especially in order to prepare for an examination
swot up on
It's worth swotting up on all the different types of computer before you buy one.
swot sth⇔up
I spent all last night swotting up German verbs.
SWOT
SWOT /swɔt US swɑːt/ n [U]
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats a system for examining the way a company is run or the way someone works in order to see what the good and bad features are
a SWOT analysis
کارگر زحمتکش، پرکار، حفار، حفر کننده ، خردکننده ، خردکردن ، جان
کندن ، سخت درس خواندن، خر زدن .
n. inek öğrenci, inekleme, çok çalışma
v. ineklemek, hafızlamak, çok çalışmak, kafa patlatmak
v. bûcher, bosser, étudier ardemment, travailler dur
