Ielts-3 Flashcards
1
Q
poke
A
1【with a finger/stick etc】
2【through a space/hole】
3【be seen】
4 poke a hole
5 poke holes in something
6 poke fun at somebody
7 poke your nose into something
8 poke the fire
9【sex】
Phrasal verbs
poke along
poke around
poke into something
——————————————————————————–
【WITH A FINGER/STICK ETC】 [I and T]
to quickly push your finger or some other pointed object into something or someone
poke sb/sth with sth
Andy poked the fish with his finger to see if it was still alive.
poke sb in the eye/arm/ribs etc
Be careful with that umbrella or you’ll poke someone in the eye.
poke at
He was poking at the dust with a stick, making little patterns.
【THROUGH A SPACE/HOLE】 [T always + adverb/preposition]
to move or push something through a space or opening
poke sth in/into/through sth
He poked a hand into one of his pockets.
One of the nurses poked her head around the door.
【BE SEEN】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
if something is poking through or out of something else, you can see part of it but not all of it
poke out
Ella looked at the tiny face poking out of the blanket.
poke through
Weeds had started poking through the cracks in the patio.
poke a hole
to make a hole or hollow area in something by pushing something pointed into or through it
poke a hole into/in/through
Poke a hole in the dough, and then form it into a rounded shape.
poke holes in sth
to find mistakes or problems in a plan or in what someone has said
Defense attorneys tried to poke holes in Rodger’s story.
poke fun at sb
to make fun of someone in an unkind way
Some of the kids were poking fun at Judy because of the way she was dressed.
poke your nose into sth informal
to take an interest or get involved in someone else’s private affairs, in a way that annoys them
I’m sick of your mother poking her nose into our marriage.
poke the fire
to move coal or wood in a fire with a stick to make it burn better
【SEX】 [T]
spoken not polite to have sex with a woman
poke along phr v
to move very slowly
He kept the car in the slow lane, poking along at about 40 miles an hour.
poke around phr v
to look for something, especially by moving a lot of things around
poke around in
James began poking about in the cupboard, looking for the sugar.
to try to find out information about other people’s private lives, business etc, in a way that annoys them
poke around in
Stop poking around in my business!
poke around (sth)
to spend time in shops, markets etc looking at nothing in particular
= browse
I spent Sunday afternoon poking around an old bookshop.
poke into [poke into sth] phr v
to try to find out information about other people’s private lives, business etc, in a way that annoys them poke 2
poke2 n [C]
give sb/sth a poke
to quickly push your fingers, a stick etc into something or someone
Vanessa gave me a playful poke in the ribs.
AmE informal a criticism of someone or something
Bennett took a poke at the President’s refusal to sign the bill.
سیخونک ، ضربت با چیز نوک تیز، فشار با نوک انگشت، حرکت، سکه ، سکه زدن ، فضولی در کار دیگران ، سیخ زدن ، بهم زدن ، هل دادن ، سقلمه زدن ، کنجکاوی کردن ، بهم زدن آتش بخاری ( با سیخ )، زدن ، آماس.
n. dürtme, dürtüş, uyuşuk tip, mıymıy tip, ağırkanlı kimse, torba, çuval
v. dürtmek, sokmak, karıştırmak, kurcalamak, itelemek, dürtüklemek, araştırmak, aramak
n. poussé (donner un coup de foudre); insertion; tisonner; piquet
v. pousser; enfoncer; insérer; planter; donner un coup de poing
2
Q
philanthropist
A
phi·lan·thro·pist /fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/ n [C]
a rich person who gives a lot of money to help poor people
خیرخواه بشر، آدم نیک اندیش، بشردوست.
adj. hayırsever philanthropist 2 [phi·lan·thro·pist || fɪ’lænθrəpɪst]
n. insancıl kimse, hayırsever kimse
n. philanthrope; volontaire
3
Q
pang
A
pang /pæŋ/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Perhaps from prong]
a sudden feeling of pain, sadness etc
pang of jealousy/guilt/remorse/regret
She felt a sudden pang of guilt.
hunger pangs
درد سخت، اضطراب سخت و ناگهانی، تیر کشیدن ، درد، سوزش ناگهانی، حمله سخت.
i. ani olarak şiddetli ağrı, sancı, spazm.
n. douleur aigüe; tourments; agonie; souffrance
4
Q
insatiable
A
in·sa·tia·ble /ɪnˈseɪʃəbəl/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin insatiabilis, from satiare ‘to satisfy’]
always wanting more and more of something
insatiable appetite/desire/demand etc (for sth)
his insatiable appetite for power
our insatiable thirst for knowledge
>insatiably adv
سیر نشدنی.
s. doymak bilmez, doymaz, kanmaz; açgözlü, obur. insatiableness, insatiabil’ity i. doymazlık, açgözlülük. insatiably z. kanmayarak.
adj. insatiable; inapaisable; inassouvissable
insatiable hunger for knowledge
5
Q
quest
A
quest /kwest/ n [C] literary
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: queste, from Latin quaestus; QUESTION1]
a long search for something that is difficult to find
quest for
his long quest for truth
the quest for human happiness
World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.
in quest of sth
trying to find or get something
They journeyed to the distant Molucca islands in quest of spices.
جستجو، تلاش، جویش، طلب، بازجوئی، تحقیق، جستجو کردن .
n. arama, araştırma, soruşturma, bulmaya çalışma
v. av izini aramak, aramak, araştırmak
n. quête; recherche; poursuite de quelque chose, enquête, investigation; poursuite; expédition entreprise pour atteindre ou achever qqch
v. chercher; rechercher, être en quête; demander; se mettre à la recherche, poursuivre
The quest for achieving certain level of food security.
6
Q
elaborate
A
e·lab·o·rate1 /ɪˈlæbərɪt/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: elaboratus, past participle of elaborare ‘to work out’]
having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way
pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns
carefully planned and organized in great detail
a very elaborate telecommunications network
>elaborately adv
an elaborately carved wooden statue elaborate 2
e·lab·o·rate2 /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ v
[I and T]
to give more details or new information about something
He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further.
elaborate on
McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.
>elaboration /ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ n [U and C]
استادانه درست شده ، بزحمت درست شده ، به زحمت ساختن ، دارای جزئیات، بادقت شرح دادن .
v. özen göstermek, üzerinde durmak, ayrıntılara inmek, açmak
adj. özenli, dikkatle hazırlanmış, ayrıntılı
v. élaborer, développer, produire, planifier avec précision; améliorer, perfectionner
adj. raffiné, minutieux, soigné, compliqué
7
Q
scorch
A
scorch1 /skɔːtʃ US skɔːrtʃ/ v
[Date: 1100-1200; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
[I and T]
if you scorch something, or if it scorches, its surface burns slightly and changes colour
The walls had been blackened and scorched by fire.
[T]
if strong heat or wind scorches plants, it dries and damages them
Direct sunlight will scorch the plant’s leaves.
[T]
if strong heat scorches you, it burns you
The hot sand scorched our feet.
[I always + adverb/preposition] BrE informal to travel extremely fast
scorch along/down/across etc
He scorched out of the gate, almost crashing his new sports car.
>scorched adj scorch 2
scorch2 n
[C]
a mark made on something where its surface has been burnt
There were scorch marks on the kitchen worktop where a hot pan had been placed.
[U]
brown colouring on plants caused by some plant diseases
بطور سطحی سوختن ، تاول زدن ، سوزاندن ، بودادن ، سوختگی، تاول.
v. yakmak, alazlamak, kavurmak, kurutmak, ağır eleştirmek, ağır konuşmak, yanmak, hızlı gitmek (araba vb.), uçmak (araba vb.)
n. roussissement; “attention”(panneau); conduite à grande vitesse (argot)
v. brûler (légèrement ), roussir, dessécher
scorching summer days
8
Q
monopoly
A
mo·nop·o·ly /məˈnɔpəli US məˈnɑː-/ n plural monopolies
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: monopolium, from Greek, from mono- ( MONO-) + polein ‘to sell’]
[C]
if a company or government has a monopoly of a business or political activity, it has complete control of it so that other organizations cannot compete with it
monopoly of
They are demanding an end to the Communist Party’s monopoly of power .
the state monopoly of television
monopoly on/in
For years Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone services in the US.
a monopoly in copper trading
[C]
a large company that controls all or most of a business activity
The company will become a state-owned monopoly.
[singular]
if someone has a monopoly on something, that thing belongs to them, and no one else can share it
Teachers do not have a monopoly on educational debate.
Monopoly
Monopoly
trademark
a very popular type of board game that has been sold since the 1930s. Players use toy money to buy streets and buildings on squares on the board, and then make other players pay rent if they move onto those squares. The squares on the board show the names of real streets in cities in the US (=in an American Monopoly set), London (=in a British Monopoly set), or other big cities around the world. People sometimes use the expression Monopoly money to mean a very large amount of money
انحصار، امتیاز انحصاری، کالای انحصاری.
i. inhisar, tekel; inhisar maddesi; vurgunculuk.
n. monopole, situation de droit ou de fait dans laquelle on est seul à même de fabriquer, d’exploiter ou de vendre; contrôle exclusif, privilège absolu
9
Q
authentic
A
au·then·tic /ɔːˈθentɪk US ɔː-/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: autentique, from Late Latin, from Greek authentikos, from authentes ‘person who did a particular thing’]
done or made in the traditional or original way
= genuine
authentic French food
a painting, document, book etc that is authentic has been proved to be by a particular person
= genuine
an authentic work by Picasso
based on facts
an authentic account
used to describe a copy that is the same as, or as good as, the original
Actors dressed in authentic costumes re-enact the battle.
>authentically /-kli/ adv
صحیح، معتبر، درست، موثق، قابل اعتماد.
(s). güvenilir, inanılır, sahih, hakiki. authentic’ity (i). güvenilir olma, sıhhat, salâhiyet. authen’tically (z). güvenilir şekilde.
adj. authentique, vrai; véritable
10
Q
northernmost
A
adj. located furthest north
adj. en kuzeydeki
adj. le plus au nord
11
Q
European introduced law
A
Colo.
12
Q
provide excellent benefits for employees
A
Colo.
13
Q
private sector
A
exp
14
Q
have had enough (of something)
A
exp
15
Q
set out
A
set out phr v
to start a journey, especially a long journey
set out for
Kate set out for the house on the other side of the bay.
set out on a journey/drive/voyage etc
The band are setting out on a European tour in March.
to start doing something or making plans to do something in order to achieve a particular result
set out to do sth
salesmen who deliberately set out to defraud customers
set out with the idea/purpose/intention etc of doing sth
They set out with the aim of becoming the number one team in the league.
set sth⇔out
to explain ideas, facts, or opinions in a clearly organized way, in writing or in a speech
He set out the reasons for his decision in his report.
set sth⇔out
to put a group of things down and arrange them
The market traders began setting out their displays.
set out on sth
to start doing something, especially something new, difficult, or important
My nephew is just setting out on a career in journalism.
The government set out on a programme of economic reform.
عازم شدن ، تنظیم، شروع بکار کردن ، محدود کردن .
commencer; arranger, disposer
16
Q
take off
A
take off phr v
【REMOVE】
take sth⇔off
to remove a piece of clothing
≠ put on
He sat on the bed to take his boots off.
Charlie was taking off his shirt when the phone rang.
【AIRCRAFT】
if an aircraft takes off, it rises into the air from the ground
= lift off
→takeoff
I felt quite excited as the plane took off from Heathrow.
【SUCCESS】
to suddenly start being successful
Mimi became jealous when Jack’s career started taking off .
【HOLIDAY】
take sth off (sth)
to have a holiday from work on a particular day, or for a particular length of time
take time off (work/school)
I rang my boss and arranged to take some time off.
take a day/the afternoon etc off
Dad took the day off to come with me.
【COPY SOMEBODY】
take sb⇔off
BrE informal to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, in order to entertain people
بازرگانى : خيز . يکى از مراحل توسعه اقتصادى در نظريه روستو
ورزش : بلند شدن دونده از زمين
علوم نظامى : شروع به پرواز به پرواز درامدن
v. ôter; enlever; emporter, retirer; amputer (Chirurgie); emmener; imiter, singer; mimer; s’élancer; partir, quitter; abandonner; détruire, executer
17
Q
come up
A
if someone comes up to you, they come close to you, especially in order to speak to you
One of the teachers came up and started talking to me.
come up to
A man came up to him and asked for a light.
if someone comes up to a place, they travel north to the place where you are
come up to
Why don’t you come up to New York for the weekend?
if a subject comes up, people mention it and discuss it
= arise
His name came up in the conversation.
The subject of salaries didn’t come up.
if a problem or difficulty comes up, it appears or starts to affect you
= arise
I’m afraid I’ll have to cancel our date - something’s come up .
The same problems come up every time.
if a job or an opportunity comes up, it becomes available
A vacancy has come up in the accounts department.
to be dealt with in a law court
Your case comes up next week.
be coming up
to be going to happen soon
With Christmas coming up, few people have much money to spare.
if the sun or moon comes up, it moves up into the sky where you can see it
= rise
It was six o’clock, and the sun was just coming up.
if a plant comes up, it begins to appear above the ground
The first spring bulbs are just coming up.
if food comes up, it goes back through your mouth from your stomach after being swallowed
→vomit
coming (right) up!
spoken used to say that food or drink will be ready very soon
’Two martinis, please.’ ‘Coming up!’
پيش امدن ،مطرح شدن
çıkmak, yaklaşmak, sokulmak, mahkemeye çıkmak, yaygın olmak, tutulmak, üniversiteye başlamak, londra’ya gelmek
grimper, monter; apparaître; pousser; se lever
18
Q
get along
A
manage, handle, reach an agreement with someone; advance, move forward
geçinmek, yetmek, ilerlemek, iyi geçinmek, yeterli olmak, anlaşmak, uyuşmak, devam etmek
s’en aller, partir; se débrouiller; s’entendre
19
Q
turn up
A
turn up phr v
turn sth⇔up
to turn a switch on a machine such as an oven, radio etc so that it produces more heat, sound etc
≠ turn down
Turn the oven up to 220.
Turn up the radio!
to be found, especially by chance, after having been lost or searched for
Eventually my watch turned up in a coat pocket.
to arrive at a place, especially in a way that is unexpected
You can’t just turn up and expect a meal.
turn up late/early/on time etc
Steve turned up late, as usual.
if an opportunity or situation turns up, it happens, especially when you are not expecting it
Don’t worry, I’m sure a job will turn up soon.
turn sth⇔up
to find something by searching for it thoroughly
The police investigation hasn’t turned up any new evidence.
turn sth⇔up
BrE to shorten a skirt, trousers etc by folding up the bottom and sewing it
→turn up trumps at trump 1 (4)
turn upon / [turn upon sb/sth] phr v
to suddenly attack someone, using physical violence or unpleasant words
= turn on
if a situation, event, argument etc turns upon a particular thing or idea, it depends on that thing
= turn on
The court case turned upon a technicality of company law.
رخ دادن ، ظهور، ظاهر شدن .
kaldırmak, yukarı tutmak, bulmak, düzünü çevirmek, açmak, bakmak (kitap), sıvamak, kusturmak, vazgeçmek, dönmek, ortaya çıkmak, çıkagelmek, bulunmak (eşya), sapmak
plier; découvrir; agrandir; se dérouler
20
Q
run out
A
run out phr v
a) to use all of something and not have any more left
I’ve got some money you can borrow if you run out.
run out of
They ran out of money and had to abandon the project.
He’d run out of ideas.
b) if something is running out, there will soon be none left
We must act quickly because time is running out.
My patience was running out.
His luck had run out (=there was none left) .
if an agreement, official document etc runs out, the period for which it is legal or has an effect ends
= expire
My contract runs out in September.
run out of steam
informal also run out of gas AmE
to have no more energy or no longer be interested in what you are doing
The team seemed to have run out of gas.
run sb out of town
old-fashioned to force someone to leave a place, because they have done something wrong
run sb⇔out
to end a player’s innings in the game of cricket by hitting the stumps with the ball while they are running
باخر رسیدن ، خسته شدن ، مردود شدن
dışarı koşmak, akmak, sızmak, bitmek, tükenmek, sona ermek (süre), geçmek, çıkıntı yapmak, dışarı atmak, kovalamak, bitirmek
sortir en courant, abandonner; se retirer; expirer; s’épuiser; s’écouler
21
Q
go off
A
1 LEAVE to leave a place, especially in order to do something
John decided to go off on his own.
to
He went off to work as usual.
go off to do something
Geoff went off to play golf.
2 EXPLODE to explode or fire
The bomb went off at 6.30 this morning.
Fireworks were going off all over the city.
The gun went off and the bullet went flying over his head.
3 MAKE A NOISE if an alarm goes off, it makes a noise to warn you about something
The thieves ran away when the alarm went off.
I’ve set the alarm clock to go off at 7 am.
4 STOP LIKING go off somebody/something British English informal to stop liking something or someone
Many women go off coffee during pregnancy.
go off doing something
I’ve gone off cooking lately.
در رفتن (تفنگ )، بیرون رفتن (از صحنه نمایش)، آب شدن ، فاسد شدن ، مردن .
çıkmak, çürümek, ateş almak, patlamak, başlamak, kahkahayı basmak, bozulmak, ekşimek, kesilmek, sönmek, çoğalmak
exploser; tirer, tirer une balle (arme); s’endormir; dégager; arrêter d’aimer; passer, suivre son cours
22
Q
curse
A
curse1 /kəːs US kəːrs/ v
[I]
to swear
Gilbert was cursing under his breath.
[T]
to say or think bad things about someone or something because they have made you angry
He cursed his bad luck in arriving just after she’d left.
curse sb/sth for (doing) sth
Elsa cursed herself for believing his lies.
[T]
to ask God or a magical power to harm someone
curse out [curse sb⇔out] phr v
to swear at someone who has made you angry curse 2
curse2 n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: curs]
a swear word or words that you say because you are very angry
He muttered a curse under his breath.
a word or sentence used to ask God or a magical power to do something bad to someone or something
He believed that someone had put a curse on the house.
something that causes trouble, harm etc
curse of
Noise is one of the curses of modern-day life.
the curse
old-fashioned a menstrual period
نفرین ، دشنام، لعنت، بلا، مصیبت، نفرین کردن ، ناسزا گفتن ، فحش دادن .
n. lanet, beddua, küfretme, küfür, afaroz, belâ
v. küfretmek, lanetlemek, sövmek, lanet etmek, lanet okumak, beddua etmek
n. malédiction
v. maudire, jurer, blasphémer
23
Q
conjecture
A
con·jec·ture1 /kənˈdʒektʃə US -ər/ n formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: conjectura, from conicere ‘to throw together’, from com- ( COM-) + jacere ‘to throw’]
[U]
when you form ideas or opinions without having very much information to base them on
What she said was pure conjecture .
There has been some conjecture about a possible merger.
[C]
an idea or opinion formed by guessing
= guess, hypothesis hypothesis
My results show that this conjecture was, in fact, correct.
>conjectural adj conjecture 2
conjecture2 v [I and T] formal
to form an idea or opinion without having much information to base it on
= guess conjecture that
It seems reasonable to conjecture that these conditions breed violence.
گمان ، حدس.حدس، ظن ، گمان ، تخمین ، حدس زدن ، گمان بردن .
n. tahmin, varsayım
v. varsaymak; sanmak, zannetmek; kestirmek; tahmin etmek
n. conjecture, hypothèse, supposition
v. conjecturer, deviner
24
Q
rumble
A
rum·ble1 /ˈrʌmbəl/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from early Dutch rommelen, from the sound]
[I]
to make a series of long low sounds, especially a long distance away from you
We could hear thunder rumbling in the distance.
[I always + adverb/preposition]
to move slowly along while making a series of long low sounds
We watched the tanks rumbling past the window.
[I]
if your stomach rumbles, it makes a noise, especially because you are hungry
[T] BrE informal to find out what someone is secretly intending to do
How did you rumble them?
[I and T] AmE old-fashioned to fight with someone
rumble on phr v
if a disagreement rumbles on, it continues for a long time
The row about pay is still rumbling on. rumble 2
rumble2 n [singular]
a series of long low sounds
rumble of
the low rumble of traffic in the distance
the distant rumble of gunfire
صدای ریز و سنگین درآوردن ، غریدن ، چیز پرسر و صدا، شکایت، چغلی، غرولند.
n. gümbürtü, gürültü, gürleme, gurultu, guruldama, haykırış, perdah dolabı, arka koltuk, bagaj yeri, sokak kavgası
v. gürlemek, gümbürdemek, guruldamak, haykırmak, anlamak, çakmak, sezmek, içini okumak
n. grondement; roulement; bagarre; bruit, gémissement, tonnerre; siège de derrière
v. gronder, ébranler, gémir, tonner; comprendre, découvrir (Argot); se bagarrer, se quereller (Familier)
25
plague
plague1 /pleɪg/ n
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: plage, from Latin plaga 'hit, wound']
[C]
a disease that causes death and spreads quickly to a large number of people
drops in population levels due to plagues and famines
[U] also the plague
a very infectious disease that produces high fever and swollen places on the body, and often leads to death, especially bubonic plague
→Black Death
The plague caused 100,000 deaths in London alone in the 1600s.
a plague of rats/locusts etc
an uncontrolled and harmful increase in the numbers of a particular animal or insect
A plague of squirrels is threatening our forests.
→avoid sb/sth like the plague at avoid plague 2
plague2 v [T]
[usually passive]
to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone, especially for a long period of time
be plagued by/with sth
He was plagued by eye troubles.
Financial problems continued to plague the company.
to annoy someone, especially by asking for something many times or asking them many questions
plague sb with sth
The kids have been plaguing me with questions.
آفت، بلا، سرایت مرض، طاعون ، بستوه آوردن ، آزار رساندن ، دچار طاعون کردن .
n. veba, belâ, felâket, dert
v. belâ olmak, belâsını vermek, bezdirmek, cezalandırmak
n. fléau; peste
v. tourmenter; harceler; embêter; raser
26
mutter
mut·ter /ˈmʌtə US -ər/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from the sound]
[I and T]
to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about something, or you do not want people to hear you
mutter to yourself
'I never want to come here again,' he muttered to himself.
Elsie muttered something I couldn't catch and walked off.
'He's such an unpleasant man,' Alyssia muttered under her breath .
mutter about
What are you two muttering about?
[I]
to complain about something or express doubts about it, but without saying clearly and openly what you think
mutter about
Some senators muttered darkly about the threat to national security.
>mutter n [singular]
His voice subsided to a mutter.
>muttering n [U and C]
The mutterings about his leadership continued to grow.
من من ، غرغر، لند لند، سخن زیر لب، من من کردن ، جویده سخن گفتن ، غرغر کردن .
n. fısıltı, homurdanma, homurtu, mırıltı
v. fısıldamak, homurdanmak, mırıldanmak, mırıldamak
n. marmonner; mâchonner
v. murmurer, grogner, grommeler
27
ridicule
rid·i·cule1 /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/ n [U]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Latin ridiculum 'something funny', from ridere 'to laugh']
unkind laughter or remarks that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid
the ridicule of his peers
The government's proposals were held up to ridicule (=suffered ridicule) by opposition ministers.
He had become an object of ridicule among the other teachers. ridicule 2
ridicule2 v [T]
to laugh at a person, idea etc and say that they are stupid
At the time, his ideas were ridiculed.
استهزا، ریشخند، تمسخر کردن ، دست انداختن .
n. alay, dalga geçme
v. alay etmek, dalga geçmek, alay konusu yapmak, alaya almak
n. ridicule; dérision
v. se moquer, ridiculiser
28
trivial
triv·i·al /ˈtrɪviəl/ adj
insignificant, minor
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: trivialis 'found everywhere, common', from trivium 'place where three roads meet, crossroads', from tri- + via 'way']
not serious, important, or valuable
trivial problem/matter/complaint etc
We were punished for the most trivial offences.
a trivial sum
Her feelings for Simon seemed trivial by comparison .
جزئی، ناچیز، ناقابل، کم مایه ، مبتذل.بدیهی، ناچیز، مبتذل.
adj. küçük, değersiz, önemsiz, abes, saçma
adj. insignifiant, superficiel
29
converse
converse 1
con·verse1 /kənˈvəːs US -ˈvəːrs/ v [I] formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: converser, from Latin conversari 'to live with, be with', from convertere; CONVERT1]
to have a conversation with someone
converse with
She enjoyed the chance to converse with someone who spoke her language. converse 2
con·verse2 /ˈkɔnvəːs US ˈkɑːnvəːrs/ n formal
the converse
the converse of a fact, word, statement etc is the opposite of it
Some teachers welcomed the change; but for the majority of teachers, the converse was true . converse 3
con·verse3 /ˈkɔnvəːs US kənˈvəːrs/ adj formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of convertere; CONVERT1]
opposite
a converse example
(.n.vi.vt): صحبت کردن ، مذاکره کردن ، آمیزش، صحبت، (.n.adj):معکوس، واژگون ، وارونه ، مخالف، گفتگو.عکس، محاوره کردن .
n. evirtim, akis
v. sohbet etmek, söyleşmek
adj. ters, zıt, karşıt
n. inversion
v. parler, converser
adj. inverse
e:concersely, the view of other group is different
30
invective
in·vec·tive /ɪnˈvektɪv/ n [U] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: invectif, from Latin, from invehere; INVEIGH]
rude and insulting words that someone says when they are very angry
He let out a stream of invective.
پرخاش، سخن حمله آمیز، طعن ، ناسزا گوئی.
n. sövüp sayma, hakaret, küfür
n. invective, malédiction, injure; affront, atteinte
31
polemic
po·lem·ic /pəˈlemɪk/ n formal
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: polémique, from Greek polemikos 'liking to fight', from polemos 'war']
[C]
a written or spoken statement that strongly criticizes or defends a particular idea, opinion, or person
Before long, the dispute degenerated into fierce polemics.
[U] also polemics
the practice or skill of making written or spoken statements that strongly criticize or defend a particular idea, opinion, or person
جدلی، اهل جدل، بحث، بحث وجدل.
n. polemik, fikir savaşı, inanç tartışması, zıtlaşma, polemiğe giren kimse
adj. tartışmalı, ihtilaflı
n. polémique; argument, controverse
adj. polémique, disputé; contreversé; argumenté
32
aptitude
ap·ti·tude /ˈæptɪtjuːd US -tuːd/ n [U and C]
natural ability or skill, especially in learning
aptitude for
He has a natural aptitude for teaching.
aptitude test
a test that measures your natural skills or abilities
استعداد، گنجایش، شایستگی، لیاقت، تمایل طبیعی، میل ذاتی.
(i). istidat, yetenek, kabiliyet , meyil, anıklık.
n. aptitude; disposition
33
proscribe
pro·scribe /prəuˈskraɪb US prou-/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: proscribere, from scribere 'to write']
formal to officially say that something is not allowed to exist or be done
= forbid, prohibit prohibit
The Act proscribes discrimination on the grounds of race.
>proscription /-ˈskrɪpʃən/ n [U and C]
تبعید کردن ، ممنوع ساختن ، تحریم کردن ، نهی کردن ، بد دانستن ، بازداشتن از.
f. yasak etmek, memnu kılmak; medeni haklarını elinden almak; mahkum etmek. proscriptive s. yasaklayıcı.
v. prescrire (proscrire une ordonnance); bannir, mettre hors la loi; prohiber; excommunier; interdire, défendre
34
tenet
n. principle; belief
ten·et /ˈtenɪt/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: 'he or she holds', from tenere; TENOR]
a principle or belief, especially one that is part of a larger system of beliefs
central/basic/fundamental etc tenet
one of the basic tenets of democracy
tenet of
the main tenet of his philosophy
انگاشته ، انگاره ، عقیده ، اصول، مرام، متعقدات مذهبی، پایه تفکر.
i. inan, doktrin, akide, öğreti, prensip, ilke, görüş .
tenet [ten·et || 'tenɪt]
n. principe; foi
35
elite
upper-class, aristocratic
elite 1
e·lite1 /eɪˈliːt, ɪ-/ n [C]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of élire 'to choose', from Latin eligere; ELECT1]
a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money, knowledge, or special skills
political/social/economic etc elite
the domination of power by a small political elite
a struggle for power within the ruling elite elite 2
elite2 adj
an elite group contains the best, most skilled or most experienced people or members of a larger group
an elite group of artists
elite universities
سرآمدن ، برگزیدن ، نخبه ، زبده ، گلچین ، ممتاز.
n. elit tabaka, seçkinler, seçme kısım
n. élite, ce qu'il y a de meilleur; classe supérieure, groupe de personnes considérées comme les meilleurs (les plus remarquables d'une communauté); caractère d'imprimerie
adj. d'élite
elitism
36
propound
v. put forward, as of an idea
pro·pound /prəˈpaund/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: propone 'to propose' (14-19 centuries), from Latin proponere, from ponere 'to put']
formal to suggest an idea, explanation etc for other people to consider
The theory of natural selection was first propounded by Charles Darwin.
مطرح کردن ، پیشنهاد کردن ، ارائه دادن ، تقدیم کردن ، رواج دادن .
v. ileri sürmek, ortaya koymak, onaya sunmak, arzetmek, önermek, teklif etmek
propound [pro·pound || prə'paʊnd]
v. faire une suggestion; proposer une idée; soumettre; émettre; présenter; exposer
37
adherent
n. supporter; follower, devotee
adj. sticking, clinging; modifying a noun (Grammar)
ad·her·ent /ədˈhɪərənt US -ˈhɪr-/ n [C]
someone who supports a particular belief, plan, political party etc
adherent of
adherents of the Greek Orthodox church
adherent to
The anti-globalization movement is attracting new adherents to its principles.
(گ . ش. ) بهم چسبیده ، تابع، پیرو، هواخواه ، طرفدار.
n. taraftar, yandaş
adj. yapışık, yapışkan, bağlı
n. adhérent; partisan
adj. adhérent
38
authority
n. power, control, jurisdiction
authority
au·thor·i·ty
W1 /ɔːˈθɔrɪti, ə- US əˈθɑː-, əˈθɔː-/ n plural authorities
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【power】
2 the authorities
3【organization】
4【expert】
5【permission】
6 authority figure
7【personal quality】
8 I have it on good authority
9 speak with authority
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: auctorité, from Latin auctoritas 'opinion, decision, power', from auctor; AUTHOR1]
【POWER】[U]
the power you have because of your official position
people in positions of authority
in authority
Could I speak to someone in authority (=who has a position of power) please?
authority over
Several countries claim authority over the islands.
authority to do sth
The court held that school officials have the authority to dismiss teachers.
the authorities
the people or organizations that are in charge of a particular country or area
an agreement between the US and Columbian authorities
【ORGANIZATION】 [C]
an official organization or a government department that has the power to make decisions, and has particular responsibilities
the local authority
East Sussex Education Authority
the San Diego Water Authority
Welsh health authorities face a £13m deficit this year.
【EXPERT】 [C]
someone who knows a lot about a subject and whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected
authority on
Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food.
【PERMISSION】 [U and C]
official permission to do something
under the authority of sb
The attack took place under the authority of the UN security council.
without sb's authority
No one may enter without my authority.
authority figure
someone who has a position of power, especially because of their job
teenage rebellion against authority figures
【PERSONAL QUALITY】[U]
a quality in the way you speak or behave which makes people obey you
Jack's air of quiet authority
I have it on good authority
used to say that you are sure that something is true because you trust the person who told you about it
speak with authority
to be sure of what you are saying, because of your knowledge or experience
قدرت، توانائی، اختیار، اجازه ، اعتبار، نفوذ، مدرک یا ماخذی از کتاب معتبریا سندی، نویسنده ئ معتبر، منبع صحیح و موثق، (در جمع) اولیائ امور.
n. otorite, yetki, yetki belgesi, hüküm, nüfuz, itibar; uzman, bilirkişi; hak
n. autorité; pouvoir; contrôle; juridiction; domination, force, puissance; gouvernement; administration
39
tide
tide1 /taɪd/ n
[Language: Old English; Origin: tid 'time']
the tide
the regular rising and falling of the level of the sea
the tide is in/out
(=the sea is at a high or low level)
Is the tide going out or coming in ?
We went for a walk and got cut off by the tide .
→ high tide , low tide
[C]
a current of water caused by the tide
Strong tides make swimming dangerous.
[>C,usually singular]
the way in which events or people's opinions are developing
tide of
With the tide of public opinion against him, the president may lose.
It was their first major victory. The tide had turned (=changed) .
The tide of battle turned against the Mexican army.
swim with/against the tide
(=support or oppose what most people think)
[>C,usually singular]
a large amount of something that is increasing and is difficult to control
tide of violence/crime etc
The crisis prompted a rising tide of protest.
She swallowed back a tide of emotion.
efforts to stem the tide of hysteria caused by the shootings (=prevent it from getting worse)
[singular]
a large number of people or things moving along together
tide of
the tide of refugees flowing over the border
Christmastide/eveningtide/morningtide etc
old use a particular time of the year or day tide 2
tide2
tide over () [tide sb over (sth)] phr v
to help someone through a difficult period, especially by lending them money
Could you lend me £10 to tide me over till next week?
جریان ، عید، کشند داشتن ، جزر ومد ایجاد کردن ، اتفاق افتادن ، کشند.
n. gelgit, met cezir, cereyan, akış, eğilim, meyil, mevsim, met
v. akıntı ile yüzmek
n. marée; tendance
v. suivre le courant; refluer
40
cardiac
```
car·di·ac /ˈkɑːdi-æk US ˈkɑːr-/ adj [only before noun] medical
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: cardiacus, from Greek, from kardia; CARDIO-]
relating to the heart
cardiac surgery
cardiac arrest/failure
(=when the heart stops working)
وابسته بدل، قلبی، فم المعدی.
adj. kâlp ile ilgili, kâlp cardiac 2
n. kâlp ilacı, kâlp hastası
adj. cardiaque, relatif au coeur
```
41
push up
'push-up
n [C usually plural] AmE
an exercise in which you lie on the floor on your chest and push yourself up with your arms
British Equivalent: press-up
شنا روى زمين
pompe (sport)
v. relever en poussant; aider à monter, augmenter
push-up
adj. soutien gorge à baleine, soutien-gorge de maintien
n. tractions, pompes (exercices de gymnastique)
42
crunch
crunch1 /krʌntʃ/ n
[singular]
a noise like the sound of something being crushed
The only sound was the crunch of tyres on gravel.
[C, singular] AmE
a difficult situation caused by a lack of something, especially money or time
Three new teachers were hired to help ease the crunch.
cash/budget/financial etc crunch
Cost cutting had enabled the organization to survive a previous cash crunch.
the crunch also crunch time AmE
an important time, especially one when a difficult decision has to be made
The crunch came when my bank asked for my credit card back.
When it came to the crunch , she couldn't agree to marry him.
[C]
an exercise in which you lie on your back and lift your head and shoulders off the ground to make your stomach muscles strong
= sit-up crunch 2
crunch2 v
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: cranch 'to crunch' (17-19 centuries), probably from the sound; influenced by munch]
[I]
to make a sound like something being crushed
Their boots crunched loudly on the frozen snow.
[I always + adverb/preposition, T]
to eat hard food in a way that makes a noise
crunch on
The dog was crunching on a bone.
crunch (the) numbers
to do a lot of calculations in order to find an answer
The computer will crunch all the numbers to determine the final score.
صدای خرد کردن یا خرد شدن چیزی زیر دندان یا زیر چرخ وغیره ، خرد شدن . درازنشست
n. çatırtı, hışırtı, çıtırtı; çıkmaz, zor durum
v. çıtırdamak, kıtır kıtır yemek; hışırdamak; çiğnemek, ezmek
n. mastication, craquement
v. mâcher, mastiquer; écraser, broyer
43
archery
```
ar·cher·y /ˈɑːtʃəri US ˈɑːr-/ n [U]
the sport of shooting arrows from a bow
تیراندازی، کمانداری.
n. okçuluk, okçular
n. tir à l'arc
```
44
farce
n. satirical comedy; something ridiculous, absurdity; mockery
نمایش خنده آور، تقلید، لودگی، مسخرگی، کار بیهوده .
1. (f). saçma sapan sözlerle süslemek.
2. (i)., tiyatro gülünçlü tiyatro oyunu, fars; maskaralık, saçma.
n. pièce comique; quelque chose de ridicule; farce
45
extent
n. scope, range; size, measure
ex·tent
W1S2 /ɪkˈstent/ n
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: extente, from Latin extendere; EXTEND]
to ... extent
used to say how true something is or how great an effect or change is
to a certain extent/to some extent/to an extent
(=partly)
We all to some extent remember the good times and forget the bad.
I do agree with him to an extent.
to a great/large extent
Its success will depend to a large extent on local attitudes.
to a lesser/greater extent
(=less or more)
It will affect farmers in Spain and to a lesser extent in France.
They examined the extent to which (=how much) age affected language-learning ability.
To what extent (=how much) did she influence his decision?
to such an extent that/to the extent that
(=so much that)
Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their homes.
[U]
how large, important, or serious something is, especially something such as a problem or injury
extent of
Considering the extent of his injuries he's lucky to be alive.
It's too early to assess the full extent of the damage.
[U]
the length or size of something
They opened out the nets to their full extent .
in extent
The region is over 10,000 square kilometres in extent.
وسعت، اندازه .وسعت، فراخی، اندازه ، حد، مقدار، حوزه .
n. uzunluk, genişlik, yükseklik, alan, boyut, kapsam, derece, ölçü
n. étendue, dimension; superficie; mesure
46
self sufficient
خود بس، خودبسنده ، مستغنی، بی نیاز از غیر، خود استوار.
kendine yeten, kendi kendine yeten, kendi kendini idare eden, kendini beğenmiş
indépendant, auto-suffisant, pouvoir à ses propres besoins
47
drastic
adj. extreme, intense, severe
dras·tic /ˈdræstɪk/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: drastikos, from dran 'to do']
extreme and sudden
drastic action/measures
NATO threatened drastic action if its terms were not met.
drastic cuts in government spending
Drastic changes are needed if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.
>drastically /-kli/ adv
The size of the army was drastically cut.
موثر، قوی، جدی، عنیف، کاری، شدید.
adj. şiddetli, sert, zorlayıcı, yasaklayıcı
adj. draconien, énergique, vigoureux, drastique
48
Malnutrition
mal·nu·tri·tion /ˌmælnjuˈtrɪʃən US -nu-/ n [U]
when someone becomes ill or weak because they have not eaten enough good food
refugees suffering from malnutrition
سوئ تغذیه ، تغذیه ناقص، نرسیدن مواد غذائی.
n. yetersiz beslenme, gıdasızlık, beslenme bozukluğu
n. malnutrition, undernourishment
49
stand
stand1 W1S1 /stænd/ v past tense and past participle stood /stud/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【be on feet】
2【rise】
3【step】
4【in a particular position】
5【in a state/condition】
6【not like】
7【accept a situation】
8【be good enough】
9 stand to do something
10【not move】
11【height】
12【level/amount】
13【rank/position】
14【election】
15【decision/offer】
16 if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen
17 somebody/something could stand something
18 I stand corrected
19 where somebody stands
20 from where I stand
21 know where you stand (with somebody)
22 stand to attention
23 stand on your head/hands
24 stand in line
25 stand firm/stand fast
26 stand pat
27 stand alone
28 stand still
29 stand a chance/hope (of doing something)
30 stand in somebody's way
31 stand on your own (two) feet
32 it stands to reason (that)
33 stand or fall by/on something
34【liquid】
35 stand guard (over somebody/something)
36 stand bail
37 stand trial
38 stand accused (of something)
39 stand tall
40 somebody can do something standing on their head
41 be stood on its head
42 not stand on ceremony
43 stand somebody a drink/meal etc
Phrasal verbs
stand against somebody/something
stand around
stand by
stand down
stand for something
stand in
stand out
stand out against something
stand over somebody
stand to
stand up
stand up for somebody/something
stand up to somebody/something
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Language: Old English; Origin: standan]
【BE ON FEET】 also be standing up [I]
to support yourself on your feet or be in an upright position
It looks like we'll have to stand - there are no seats left.
She stood in the doorway.
Stand still (=do not move) and listen to me.
Don't just stand there (=stand and not do anything) - help me!
stand on tiptoe/stand on your toes
(=support yourself on your toes)
If he stood on tiptoe, he could reach the shelf.
stand (somewhere) doing sth
They just stood there laughing.
We stood watching the rain fall.
【RISE】 also stand up [I]
to rise to an upright position
Smiling, she stood and closed the blinds.
【STEP】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
a) to step a short distance
stand back/aside
She stood back to let him in.
stand clear of sth
BrE (=step away from something in order to be safe)
Stand clear of the doors, please.
b) BrE to accidentally step on or in something
stand on/in
Don't stand in that puddle!
【IN A PARTICULAR POSITION】 [I,T usually + adverb/preposition]
to be upright in a particular position, or to put something or someone somewhere in an upright position
A lamp stood on the table.
Near the railway station stood a hotel.
Some remains of the original house still stand.
stand sth on/in etc sth
Can you stand that pole in the corner for now?
I closed the lid and stood the case against the wall.
stand sb (up) on sth
Stand Molly up on a chair so she can see.
【IN A STATE/CONDITION】 [linking verb]
to be or stay in a particular state or condition
The kitchen door stood open so she went in.
stand empty/idle
(=not being used)
scores of derelict houses standing empty
I'm not too thrilled with the way things stand (=the state that the situation is in) at the moment.
The evidence as it stands (=as it is now) cannot be conclusive.
where/how do things stand?
(=used to ask what is happening in a situation)
Where do things stand in terms of the budget?
I will know within the next month or two how I stand (=what my situation is) .
stand united/divided
(=agree or disagree completely)
He urged the whole community to stand united and to reject terrorism.
stand prepared/ready to do sth
(=be prepared to do something whenever it is necessary)
We should stand ready to do what is necessary to guarantee the peace.
countries that have stood together (=stayed united) in times of crisis
stand in awe of sb
(=admire them, be afraid of them, or both)
【NOT LIKE】
can't stand
spoken used to say that you do not like someone or something at all, or that you think that something is extremely unpleasant
= can't bear
I can't stand bad manners.
I know he can't stand the sight of me.
can't stand (sb/sth) doing sth
Lily can't stand working in an office.
I can't stand people smoking around me when I'm eating.
can't stand to do sth
She can't stand to hear them arguing.
【ACCEPT A SITUATION】 [T usually in questions and negatives]
to be able to accept or deal well with a difficult situation
= tolerate can/could stand sth
I couldn't stand the thought of leaving Danielle.
I've had about as much as I can stand of your arguing!
I don't know if I can stand the waiting any longer.
can stand sb doing sth
How can you stand Marty coming home late all the time?
She's a strong woman who stands no nonsense from anyone.
【BE GOOD ENOUGH】 [T]
to be good or strong enough to last a long time or to experience a particular situation without being harmed, damaged, etc
Linen can stand very high temperatures.
His poetry will stand the test of time (=stay popular) .
stand to do sth
to be likely to do or have something
stand to gain/lose/win/make
What do firms think they stand to gain by merging?
After the oil spill, thousands of fishermen stand to lose their livelihoods.
【NOT MOVE】 [I]
to stay in a particular place without moving
→standstill
The car's been standing in the garage for weeks.
The mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes.
The train was already standing at the platform.
【HEIGHT】 [linking verb] formal
to be a particular height
The trophy stands 5 feet high .
John stood 6 feet tall .
【LEVEL/AMOUNT】 [linking verb]
to be at a particular level or amount
stand at
His former workforce of 1,300 now stands at 220.
Illiteracy rates are still thought to stand above 50 percent.
【RANK/POSITION】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
to have a particular rank or position when compared with similar things or people
= rank
The president stands high in the public opinion polls.
How do their sales stand in relation to those of similar firms?
His book could stand alongside the best.
【ELECTION】 [I]
BrE to try to become elected to a council, parliament etc
American Equivalent: runstand for
She announced her intention to stand for Parliament.
【DECISION/OFFER】 [I not in progressive]
if a decision, offer etc stands, it continues to exist, be correct, or be valid
Despite protests, the official decision stood.
My offer of help still stands.
if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen
used to tell someone that they should leave a job or situation if they cannot deal with its difficulties
sb/sth could stand sth
used to say very directly that it would be a good idea for someone to do something or for something to happen
His smile exposed teeth that could stand a good scrubbing.
sb could stand to do sth
My doctor told me I could stand to lose a few pounds.
I stand corrected
spoken formal used to admit that your opinion or something that you just said was wrong
where sb stands
someone's opinion about something
where somebody stands on
We still do not know where he stands on the matter.
You must decide where you stand.
from where I stand
spoken according to what I know or feel
I knew from where I stood that the stocks were practically worthless.
know where you stand (with sb)
to know how someone feels about you, or what you are allowed to do in a particular situation
At least we know where we stand with Steven now.
I'd like to know where I stand.
It helps to know where you stand legally.
stand to attention
BrE stand at attention AmE
if soldiers stand to attention, they stand very straight and stiff to show respect
stand on your head/hands
to support yourself on your head or hands, with your feet in the air
stand in line
AmE to wait in a line of people until it is your turn to do something
British Equivalent: queue
Customers stood in line for 20 minutes at the cash register.
stand firm/stand fast
a) to refuse to be forced to move backwards
She stood firm, blocking the entrance.
b) to refuse to change your opinions, intentions, or behaviour
The government continued to stand firm and no concessions were made.
stand firm/stand fast on/against
He stands firm on his convictions.
stand pat
AmE to refuse to change a decision, plan etc
stand pat on
Harry's standing pat on his decision to fire Janice.
stand alone
a) to continue to do something alone, without help from anyone else
Some of the Pacific islands are too small to stand alone as independent states.
b) to be much better than anything or anyone else
For sheer entertainment value, Kelly stood alone.
stand still
to not change or progress at all, even though time has passed
No industry can stand still.
Time seems to have stood still in this lovely hotel.
stand a chance/hope (of doing sth)
to be likely to be able to do something or to succeed
You'll stand a better chance of getting a job with a degree.
Maybe their relationship had never really stood a chance.
stand in sb's way also stand in the way
to prevent someone from doing something
I always encouraged Brian. I didn't want to stand in his way.
You can't stand in the way of progress!
stand on your own (two) feet
to be able to do what you need to do, earn your own money, etc without help from others
She's never learned to stand on her own feet.
it stands to reason (that)
used to say that something should be completely clear to anyone who is sensible
It stands to reason that you cannot find the right person to do a job unless you know exactly what that job is.
stand or fall by/on sth
to depend on something for success
The case against him will stand or fall on its own merits.
【LIQUID】 [I]
a liquid that stands does not flow or is not made to move
standing pools of marsh water
stand guard (over sb/sth)
to watch someone or something so that they do not do anything wrong or so that nothing bad happens to them
Soldiers stand guard on street corners.
You must stand guard over him at all times.
stand bail
BrE to promise to pay money if someone does not return to a court of law to be judged
stand trial
to be brought to a court of law to have your case examined and judged
stand trial for/on
Gresham will stand trial for murder.
The accused was ordered to stand trial on a number of charges.
stand accused (of sth)
a) to be the person in a court of law who is being judged for a crime
The former president stands accused of lying to the nation's parliament.
b) if you stand accused of doing something bad or wrong, other people say that you have done it
The radio station stands accused of racism.
stand tall
a) to stand with your back straight and your head raised
Stand tall with your feet comfortably apart.
b) AmE to be proud and feel ready to deal with anything
We will stand tall and fight for issues of concern to our community.
sb can do sth standing on their head informal
used to say that someone is able to do something easily
This is basic stuff. I can do it standing on my head.
be stood on its head
if something is stood on its head, it becomes the opposite of what it was before
One area of the business which has been stood on its head is internal communications.
not stand on ceremony
BrE to not worry about the formal rules of polite behaviour
Come on, Mal, don't stand on ceremony here at home.
stand sb a drink/meal etc
BrE to pay for something as a gift to someone
Come on, Jack, I'll stand you a drink if you like.
→make sb's hair stand on end at hair
→leave sb/sth standing at leave 1 (15)
→not have a leg to stand on at leg 1 (7)
→stand/serve/hold sb in good stead at stead
→stand your ground at ground 1 (7)
stand against / [stand against sb/sth] phr v
to oppose a person, organization, plan, decision etc
She hadn't the strength to stand against her aunt's demands.
There are only a hundred of them standing against an army of 42,000 troops.
stand around phr v
to stand somewhere and not do anything
We stood around saying goodbye for a while.
stand by phr v
to not do anything to help someone or prevent something from happening
→bystander
I'm not going to stand by and see her hurt.
stand by sth
to keep a promise, agreement etc, or to say that something is still true
I stand by what I said earlier.
He stood by his convictions.
stand by sb
to stay loyal to someone and support them, especially in a difficult situation
His wife stood by him during his years in prison.
to be ready to do something if necessary
→standby
Rescue crews were standing by in case of a breakdown.
stand by for
Stand by for our Christmas competition.
stand by to do sth
Police stood by to arrest any violent fans.
stand down phr v
to agree to leave your position or to stop trying to be elected, so that someone else can have a chance
American Equivalent: step downstand down as
He was obliged to stand down as a Parliamentary candidate.
to leave the witness box in a court of law
stand (sb) down
if a soldier stands down or is stood down, he stops working for the day
stand for [stand for sth] phr v
if a letter or symbol stands for something, it represents a word or idea, especially as a short form
What does ATM stand for?
to support a particular set of ideas, values, or principles
It's hard to tell what the party stands for these days.
not stand for sth
BrE to not allow something to continue to happen or someone to do something
She's been lying about me, and I won't stand for it.
stand in phr v
to temporarily do someone else's job or take their place
→stand-in stand in for
Would you mind standing in for me for a while?
stand out phr v
to be very easy to see or notice
The outlines of rooftops and chimneys stood out against the pale sky.
She always stood out in a crowd .
I am sure illnesses stand out in all childhood memories.
to be much better than other similar people or things
→standout stand out as
That day still stands out as the greatest day in my life.
stand out from/among/above
Three of the cars we tested stood out among the rest.
to rise up from a surface
The veins stood out on his throat and temples.
stand out against [stand out against sth] phr v
to be strongly opposed to an idea, plan etc
We must stand out against bigotry.
stand over [stand over sb] phr v
to stand very close behind someone and watch as they work to make sure they do nothing wrong
I can't concentrate with him standing over me like that.
stand to phr v
to order a soldier to move into a position so that they are ready for action, or to move into this position
stand sb⇔to
The men have been stood to.
stand up phr v
to be on your feet or to rise to your feet
→stand-up
I've been standing up all day.
Stand up straight and don't slouch!
Jim stood up stiffly.
[always + adverb/preposition]
to stay healthy or in good condition in a difficult environment or after a lot of hard use
stand up to
Most of the plants stood up well to the heat.
to be proved to be true, correct, useful etc when tested
stand up to/under
The memoirs stand up well to cross-checking with other records.
Without a witness, the charges will never stand up in court (=be successfully proved in a court of law) .
stand sb up informal
to not meet someone who you have arranged to meet
I was supposed to go to a concert with Kyle on Friday, but he stood me up.
stand up and be counted
to make it very clear what you think about something when this is dangerous or might cause trouble for you
stand up for / [stand up for sb/sth] phr v
to support or defend a person or idea when they are being attacked
It's time we stood up for our rights.
Silvia is capable of standing up for herself.
stand up to / [stand up to sb/sth] phr v
to refuse to accept unfair treatment from a person or organization
He'll respect you more if you stand up to him.
Cliff couldn't stand up to bullying. stand 2
stand2 n [C]
saddle, stand
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【for support】
2【for selling】
3【opinion/attitude】
4【oppose/defend】
5 the stands
6 the stand
7【cricket】
8【taxis/buses】
9【trees】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【FOR SUPPORT】
a piece of furniture or equipment used to hold or support something
a music stand
a cake stand
He adjusted the microphone stand.
coat stand/hat stand
(=for hanging coats or hats on)
【FOR SELLING】
a table or small structure used for selling or showing things
British Equivalent: stall
a hotdog stand
an exhibition stand
The shop was crowded with display stands and boxes.
One week three magazines hit the stands (=became available to buy) with Peace Corps stories.
【OPINION/ATTITUDE】 [usually singular]
a position or opinion that you state firmly and publicly
stand on
the Republicans' conservative stand on social and environmental issues
She was accused of not taking a stand on feminism or civil rights.
【OPPOSE/DEFEND】
a strong effort to defend yourself or to oppose something
take/make/mount a stand (against sth)
We have to take a stand against racism.
the stands [plural] also stand BrE
a building where people stand or sit to watch the game at a sports ground
→grandstand
In the stands, fifty of Jess's friends and family have come to watch her last game.
the stand
a witness box
Will the next witness please take the stand (=go into the witness box) ?
【CRICKET】
the period of time in which two batsmen are playing together in a game of cricket, or the points that they get during this time
【TAXIS/BUSES】
a place where taxis or buses stop and wait for passengers
There's a taxi stand on Glen Road.
【TREES】
a group of trees of one type growing close together
stand of
a stand of eucalyptus trees
ایستادن ، تحمل کردن ، موضع، دکه ، بساط.ایستادن ، ایست کردن ، توقف کردن ، ماندن ، راست شدن ، قرار گرفتن ، بودن ، واقعبودن ، واداشتن ، عهده دار شدن .ایست، توقف، مکث، وضع، موقعیت، شهرت، مقام، پایه ، میز کوچک ، سه پایه ، دکه دکان ، بساط، ایستگاه ، توقفگاه ، جایگاه گواه در دادگاه ، سکوب تماشاچیان مسابقات.
n. duruş, durum, hal, yer, dayanma, direnme, katlanma, durak, işyeri, tezgâh, kürsü, tribün, sehpa, ayaklık, ayak, ayaklı askılık, ormanda yetişen ağaç, ekim alanı
v. dikilmek, ayakta durmak, ayağa kalkmak, kalmak, durmak, bulunmak, dayanmak, katlanmak, direnmek, göğüs germek, karşı koymak, devam etmek, sineye çekmek, üstlenmek, desteklemek, ısmarlamak, ihtiyaç duymak, kanıtlamak, çekilmek
n. position debout; résistance; tribune, défense; station de taxis
v. être debout; se tenir debout; rester debout; se lever; s'élever; rester; supporter, subir; défendre; honorer
50
stroll
n. ramble, slow leisurely walk
v. walk along at a leisurely pace; wander, meander
stroll /strəul US stroul/ v [I]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Probably from German dialect strollen]
to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way
stroll down/over/along
We were strolling along, laughing and joking.
>stroll n [C]
They went for a stroll in the park.
قدم زنی، گردش، پرسه زنی، قدم زدن .
n. gezinti
v. gezinmek, dolaşmak, ağır ağır gezinmek
n. marche placide, promenade tranquille
v. flâner, déambuler
51
gracious
adj. courteous, polite; friendly; merciful; kind, benevolent; pleasant
gra·cious /ˈgreɪʃəs/ adj
behaving in a polite, kind, and generous way, especially to people of a lower rank
Sibyl was the most gracious, helpful, and generous person to work with.
a gracious apology
having the kind of expensive style, comfort, and beauty that only rich people can afford
a gracious manor house
a magazine about gracious living
gracious (me)!/good gracious!/goodness gracious!
old-fashioned used to express surprise or to emphasize 'yes' or 'no'
Good gracious! What on earth has happened to your feet?
'Did you ever go back?' 'Good gracious, no.'
a gracious act by or gift from God is kind and forgiving
[only before noun]
used as a polite way of describing a royal person
our gracious Queen
>graciously adv
>graciousness n [U]
توفیق دهنده ، فیض بخش، بخشنده ، رئوف، مهربان ، دلپذیر، زیر دست نواز، خیر خواه ، (ک . )خوشایند، مطبوع دارای لطف.
adj. nazik, cana yakın, iyi niyetli, yardımsever, kerim, bağışlayıcı, merhametli, ince, zarif, zevkli
adj. courtois, aimable; plaisant; chéri; charitable; gracieux
52
scone
scone /skɔn, skəun US skoun, skɑːn/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Dutch schoonbrood 'fine white bread', from schoon 'clean' + brood 'bread']
a small round cake, sometimes containing dried fruit, which is usually eaten with butter
tea and scones
(scon) کلوچه یاکیک چای، بیسکویت.
n. saç pidesi, çörek
n. petit pain rond au lait, brioche au lait
53
munch
munch /mʌntʃ/ v [I and T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from the sound of food being crushed]
to eat something noisily
munch on/at
Barry sat munching on an apple.
They'd munched their way through (=eaten all of) three packets of biscuits.
Munch
Munch, Ed·vard
(1863-1944) a Norwegian painter whose most famous picture is 'The Scream'
جویدن ، چیزهای جویدنی، ملچ ملوچ کردن .
v. sesli yemek, katur kutur yemek, hart hurt çiğnemek
v. mâcher bruyamment, écraser; broyer
54
foyer
foy·er /ˈfɔɪeɪ US ˈfɔɪər/ n [C]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin focus; FOCUS1]
a room or hall at the entrance to a public building
= lobby
hotel/theatre/cinema etc foyer
AmE a small room or hall at the entrance to a house or apartment
سرسرای تاتر، مرکز اجتماع، راهرو بزرگ .
n. fuaye, giriş salonu
n. foyer
55
mingle
min·gle /ˈmɪŋgəl/ v past tense and past participle mingled present participle mingling
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: meng 'to mix' (11-19 centuries), from Old English mengan]
[I and T]
if two feelings, sounds, smells etc mingle, they mix together with each other
Add the mint and allow the flavours to mingle.
mingle with
Her perfume mingled with the smell of woodsmoke from the fire.
be mingled with sth
Her excitement was mingled with a slight feeling of fear.
[I]
if you mingle at a party, you move around the room and talk to lots of different people
mingle with
She was eager to mingle with the other guests.
ممزوج شدن ، آمیختن ، بخاطر آوردن ، ذکر کردن ، مخلوط کردن .
v. katmak, karıştırmak, karışmak, katılmak
v. mélanger, mêler; mixer; se mélanger; se confondre; associer, fraterniser
56
veterinarian
vet·e·ri·na·ri·an /ˌvetərɪˈneəriən US -ˈner-/ n [C]
AmE someone who is trained to give medical care and treatment to sick animals
British Equivalent: vet
دامپزشک ، بیطار.
adj. veterinerlik ile ilgili veterinarian 2 [vet·er·i·nar·i·an || ‚vetərə'nerɪən /‚vetrɪ'neər-]
n. veteriner, baytar
n. vétérinaire; véto (médecin spécialiste de l'élevage des animaux et de la pathologie animale)
57
freshman
fresh·man /ˈfreʃmən/ n plural freshmen /-mən/ [C] AmE
a student in the first year of high school or university
جدید الورود، دانشجوی سال اول دانشکده .
(i). bir işe yeni başlayan kimse; kolej veya üniversitenin birinci sınıf öğrencisi.
n. étudiant de première année, jeune recrue
adj. d'étudiant de première année, de recrue; subalterne, premier, initial
58
sophomore
soph·o·more /ˈsɔfəmɔː US ˈsɑːfəmɔːr/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Probably from Greek sophos ( SOPHISTRY) + moros 'stupid']
AmE a student who is in their second year of study at a college or high school
→freshman, junior junior, senior senior
( آمر. ) دانشجوی سال دوم.
n. ikinci sınıf öğrencisi (üniv.), ikinci yıl öğrencisi [amer.]
n. étudiant en deuxième année de fac
59
warp
warp1 /wɔːp US wɔːrp/ v
[Language: Old English; Origin: weorpan 'to throw']
[I and T]
if something warps, or if heat or cold warps it, it becomes bent or twisted, and loses its original shape
The door must be warped. It won't close properly.
[T]
to influence someone in a way that has a harmful effect on how they think or behave
You mustn't allow your dislike of her to warp your judgement . warp 2
warp2 n
[Sense: 1; Origin: Old English wearp]
[Sense: 2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: WARP1]
the warp
technical the threads used in weaving cloth that go from the top to the bottom of the machine
→weft
[singular]
a part of something that has become bent or twisted from its original shape
→ time warp
تار (در مقابل پود)، ریسمان ، پیچ و تاب، تاب دار کردن ، منحرف کردن ، تاب برداشتن .
n. eğrilik, yamukluk, çarpıklık, sapma, palamar, alüvyonlu tortu (tarım)
v. yamultmak, saptırmak, çarpıtmak, eğmek, yanlış yorumlamak, eğilmek, çarpılmak, yamulmak, yoldan sapmak, palamarı çekerek hareket etmek, sualtında bırakarak verimini artırmak
n. tordre; deux; chaîne
v. fausser; se déformer, se gondoler, se tordre; tracter un bateau avec un câble
e: Plastic also does not warp like wood
time warp!
60
sleazy
adj. shabby; base, despicable, contemptible; cheap, tawdry; flimsy
slea·zy /ˈsliːzi/ adj comparative sleazier
superlative sleaziest
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: sleazy (of cloth) 'too thin or light' (17-20 centuries)]
a sleazy place is dirty, cheap, or in bad condition
a sleazy bar
relating to sex or dishonest behaviour - used to show disapproval
a sleazy lawyer
>sleaziness n [U]
سست، شل (shol).
s. gevşek, dayanıksız; adi; bakımsız. sleaziness i. gevşeklik, dayanıksızlık
adj. répugnant, méprisable, méprisé, dédaigné; mince, fin; sale, crasseux, négligé, vil
e: sleazy hotel
61
lumber
lum·ber1 /ˈlʌmbə US -ər/ v
[Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from a Scandinavian language.]
[Sense: 2-3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: LUMBER2]
[I always + adverb/preposition]
to move in a slow, awkward way
lumber up/towards/into/along etc
They lumbered along slowly.
A blue bus lumbered past.
[T] informal
to give someone a job or responsibility that they do not want
get/be lumbered with sth
A career was less easy once I was lumbered with a husband and children.
[I] AmE
to cut down trees in a large area and prepare them to be sold
تخته ، الوار، تیربریده ، الوار را قطع کردن ، چوب بری کردن ، سنگین حرکت کردن ، سلانه سلانه راه رفتن .
n. gereksiz eşya, lüzumsuz eşya, kereste
v. ağaç kesmek, hantal hantal yürümek, kereste kesmek, lüzumsuz eşya ile doldurmak
n. planches; bois de charpente; vieux meubles; surplus de graisse; fardeau
v. bouger avec lourdeur; couper du bois; amasser, amonceler; entasser
62
quarry
n. pit where stone is mined; game, animals which are hunted; prey, victim; thing which is chased, object of a pursuit; windowpane; rich source of something
v. hew, chisel; dig, excavate, mine; look for, seek
quar·ry1 /ˈkwɔri US ˈkwɔː-, ˈkwɑː-/ n plural quarries
[Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: quarriere, from an unrecorded quarre 'square stone', from Latin quadrum 'square']
[Sense: 2; Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: cuiree 'inside parts of a killed animal given to the hunting dogs', probably from Late Latin corata, from Latin cor 'heart']
[C]
a place where large amounts of stone or sand are dug out of the ground
a slate quarry
[singular]
the person or animal that you are hunting or chasing
Briefly, the hunter and his quarry glared at each other. quarry 2
quarry2 past tense and past participle quarried present participle quarrying third person singular quarries
v [T]
to dig stone or sand from a quarry
quarry sth for sth
The rock here is quarried for building stones.
quarry sth from sth
Chalk is quarried from the surrounding area.
>quarrying n [U]
لاشه شکار، شکار، صید، توده انباشته ، شیشه الماسی چهارگوش، آشکار کردن ، معدن سنگ .
n. taş ocağı, yontma yapı taşı, karo, baklava şeklinde cam, maden, av, tuzağa düşürülen kimse
v. taş ocağından çıkarmak, taş ocağı açmak, araştırmak
n. proie, gibier; carreau (de céramique); carrière (minerai)
v. extaire, tirer; exploiter (carrière); fouiller; chercher
63
grain
n. cereal; seed; granule; plants producing grain; particle; small portion of; texture, weave
v. manufacture grains; crumble into granules; paint in imitation of a grain (such as wood grain)
grain /greɪn/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【food】
2【lines in wood etc】
3【small piece】
4 a grain of something
5 against the grain
6【measure】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin granum 'seed']
【FOOD】
a) [U]
the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
big sacks of grain
Last year's grain harvest was the biggest ever.
b) [C]
a single seed of corn, wheat etc
grains of rice
【LINES IN WOOD ETC】 [singular]
the natural lines you can see in a substance such as wood, which are the result of its structure
along the grain
(=in the same direction as the grain)
Cut along the grain of the wood.
across the grain
(=at 90 degrees to the grain)
【SMALL PIECE】 [C]
a single very small piece of a substance such as sand or salt
grain of
a grain of sand
There were crumbs and grains of sugar on the table.
a grain of sth
a very small amount of something
The story was so silly it wouldn't have fooled anyone with a grain of sense.
There is a grain of truth in all folklore and legend.
against the grain
if something goes against the grain, it is not what you would naturally or normally do
Mary is always honest and it went against the grain to tell lies.
【MEASURE】 [C]
the smallest unit for measuring weight, equal to about 0.06 grams. It is used for weighing medicines
→take sth with a pinch/grain of salt at salt 1 (3)
دانه ، جو، حبه ، حبوبات، دان ، تفاله حبوبات، یک گندم( مقیاس وزن ) معادل /گرم، خرده ، ذره ، رنگ ، رگه ، (مج. ) مشرب، خوی، حالت، بازو، شاخه ، چنگال، دانه دانه کردن ، جوانه زدن ، دانه زدن ، تراشیدن ، پشمکندن ، (در سنگ ) رگه ، طبقه .
n. tane, tahıl, tanecik, zerre, granül, damar, çizgi, damarlı yüzey
v. tanelemek, öğütmek, ağacı damarlı boyamak, damarlı yapmak
n. grains; céréales; noyau; baie; petite mesure; contexture
v. granuler; effriter en grains; peindre en imitant le grain du bois
e: grain patterns of wood
64
hue
```
hue /hjuː/ n [C] literary
[Language: Old English; Origin: hiw]
a colour or type of colour
→tint, shade shade
a golden hue
a type of opinion, belief etc
of every hue/of all hues
(=of many kinds)
political opinions of every hue
چرده ، رنگ ، شکل، تصویر، ظاهر، نما، صورت، هیئت، منظر.
n. renk
n. teinte, nuance; clameur
```
65
slate
slate1 /sleɪt/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【rock】
2【on a roof】
3 slate blue/grey
4【politics】
5【for writing on】
6 put something on the slate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: esclat 'thin piece split off', from esclater 'to burst, splinter']
【ROCK】[U]
a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces
【ON A ROOF】 [C] especially BrE a small piece of slate or similar material that is used for covering roofs
= tile
There were several slates missing from the roof.
slate blue/grey
a dark blue or grey colour
【POLITICS】 [C]
a list of people that voters can choose in an election, or who are being considered for an important job
【FOR WRITING ON】 [C]
a small black board or a flat piece of slate in a wooden frame used for writing on in the past
put sth on the slate
BrE old-fashioned to arrange to pay for something later, especially food or drink
→a clean slate at clean 1 (9) slate 2
slate2 v [T usually passive]
BrE informal to criticize a book, film etc severely, especially in a newspaper
= slam
Doherty's most recent novel has been slated by the critics.
be slated to do sth/be slated for sth
especially AmE a) if something is slated to happen, it is planned to happen in the future, especially at a particular time
He is slated to appear at the Cambridge Jazz Festival next year.
Every house on this block is slated for demolition.
تخته سنگ ، لوح سنگ ، ورقه سنگ ، تورق، سنگ متورق، سنگ لوح، ذغال سنگ سخت وسنگی شرح وقایع ( اعم از نوشته یا ننوشته )، فهرست نامزدهای انتخاباتی، با لوح سنگ پوشاندن ، واقعه ای را ثبت کردن ، تعیین کردن ، مقدر کردن .
slate 2 [sleɪt]
n. barut rengi, kayağantaş, arduvaz, yazı taşı, yazı tahtası, film çekim tahtası, aday listesi
v. arduvaz kaplamak, belirlemek, kararlaştırmak, önermek (aday), kınamak, azarlamak, cezalandırmak, şiddetle eleştirmek
n. ardoise; table d'ardoise; tuile; liste de candidature; teinte bleu-gris
v. couvrir d'ardoises; s'inscrire sur une liste
66
lodge
n. cabin; hut, crude shelter; small house on an estate; inn; any of a number of American Indian dwellings; local chapter of some fraternal organizations; animal's den (especially a beaver)
v. live, reside; stay overnight; accommodate someone; rent a room to; contain; stick in, implant; become stuck in, become embedded; enter or file a complaint; deposit, entrust to
lodge1 /lɔdʒ US lɑːdʒ/ v
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 lodge a complaint/protest/appeal etc
2【become stuck】
3【put somebody somewhere】
4【put something somewhere】
5【stay somewhere】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lodge a complaint/protest/appeal etc
BrE to make a formal or official complaint, protest etc
lodge a complaint/protest/appeal etc with
He lodged an appeal with the High Court.
lodge a complaint/protest/appeal etc against
They lodged a complaint against the doctor for negligence.
【BECOME STUCK】 [I always + adverb/preposition, T usually passive]
to become firmly stuck somewhere, or to make something become stuck
≠ dislodge lodge in
The fishbone lodged in her throat.
be lodged in/between/behind etc sth
The bullet was lodged in his spine.
【PUT SOMEBODY SOMEWHERE】 [T]
to provide someone with a place to stay for a short time
a building used to lodge prisoners of war
lodge sb in/at sth
The refugees were lodged in old army barracks.
【PUT SOMETHING SOMEWHERE】 [T]
BrE formal to put something important in an official place so that it is safe
lodge sth with sb
Be sure to lodge a copy of the contract with your solicitor.
lodge sth in sth
The money was lodged in a Swiss bank account.
【STAY SOMEWHERE】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
old-fashioned to pay to live in a room in someone's house
lodge at/with etc
John lodged with a family in Bristol when he first started work. lodge 2
lodge2 n [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: loge 'small building']
a small house on the land of a large country house, usually at the main entrance gate
a room or small building at the entrance to a college, institution etc for someone whose job is to watch who enters and leaves
the porter's lodge
a house or hotel in the country or mountains where people can stay when they want to go hunting, shooting etc
a local meeting place for some organizations, or the group of people who belong to one of these organizations
He was a member of a Masonic lodge.
a beaver's home
AmE a traditional home of Native Americans, or the group of people that live in it
منزل، جا، خانه ، کلبه ، شعبه فراماسون ها، انبار، منزل دادن ، پذیرائی کردن ، گذاشتن ، تسلیم کردن ، قرار دادن ، منزل کردن ، بیتوته کردن ، تفویض کردن ، خیمه زدن ، به لانه پناه
n. kulübe, loca, kızılderili çadırı, merkez bina
v. oturmak, kiracı olarak kalmak, misafir olmak, yatıya kalmak, misafir etmek, para yatırmak, sunmak, arzetmek, bildirmek, vurmak, saplamak
n. loge; pavillon; barraque; habitation provisoire, hôtel garni; salle
v. habiter,loger, héberger; louer une chambre; coincer, se loger; présenter; déposer, remettre, consigner
67
off-campus
outside of the area of land that contains the main buildings of a university or college
We moved out of the dormitory at the start of our third year, and lived off-campus in a small flat.
She organized lavish off-campus seminars held in various plush locations.
The students are looking for off-campus housing that is affordable and of good quality.
68
lavish
v. give in large amounts, expend in great quantities
adj. expended in large quantities; generous; extravagant, wasteful
lav·ish1 /ˈlævɪʃ/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: lavish 'too great quantity' (15-16 centuries), from Old French lavasse 'heavy rain', from laver 'to wash']
large, impressive, or expensive
a royal palace on a lavish scale
a lavish lifestyle
The food was lavish.
very generous
lavish with/in
We were always lavish with financial aid in times of crisis.
He was always lavish in his praise of my efforts.
>lavishly adv
their lavishly illustrated catalogue
>lavishness n [U] lavish 2
lavish2 v [T]
to give someone or something a lot of love, praise, money etc
lavish sth on/upon sb
He lavished attention on her.
lavish sb with sth
Hug your children and lavish them with love.
فراوانی، وفور، ولخرجی، اسراف کردن ، ولخرجی کردن ، افراط کردن .
v. çok harcamak, boşa harcamak
adj. çok, bol, savurgan, müsrif
v. prodiguer; répandre; dépenser; disperser
adj. dépensier; qui donne en abondance; de façon prodigue; sans limite
69
plush
n. velvet, fabric with a soft pile
adj. velvety, with a soft pile; luxurious, rich
plush1 /plʌʃ/ adj informal
very comfortable, expensive, and of good quality
a plush hotel
Their casino is the plushest in town. plush 2
plush2 n [U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: pluche, from Latin pilus 'hair']
a silk or cotton material with a thick soft surface
plush curtains
مخمل خواب دار، مجلل، باشکوه .
n. peluş
adj. peluş, konforlu, lüks
n. peluche
adj. en peluche; somptueux, luxueux; de luxe
70
come over
v. visit; drop in; come, participate, join
a) if someone comes over, they visit you at your house
Do you want to come over on Friday evening?
b) if someone comes over, they come to the country where you are
come over to/from
When did your family first come over to America?
come over sb
if a strong feeling comes over you, you suddenly experience it
A wave of sleepiness came over me.
I'm sorry about that - I don't know what came over me (=I do not know why I behaved in that way) .
if an idea comes over well, people can understand it easily
I thought that the points he was making came over quite clearly.
if someone comes over in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities
= come across
He didn't come over very well (=seem to have good qualities) in the interview.
come over as
She comes over as a very efficient businesswoman.
come over (all) shy/nervous etc informal
to suddenly become very shy, nervous etc
v. olmak, başına gelmek, üzerine çökmek, uzaktan gelmek, yön değiştirmek, uğramak, ziyaret etmek
v. venir, arriver, participer
71
abhor
v. hate, detest, dislike
ab·hor /əbˈhɔː US əbˈhɔːr, æb-/ v past tense and past participle abhorred present participle abhorring [T not in progressive] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: abhorrere, from ab- 'away' + horrere 'to shake in fear']
to hate a kind of behaviour or way of thinking, especially because you think it is morally wrong
I abhor discrimination of any kind.
تنفر داشتن از، بیم داشتن از، ترس داشتن از، ترساندن ، ترسیدن .
v. nefret etmek, iğrenmek, tiksinmek
v. abhorrer
72
deception
n. deceit, fraud, misleading act
de·cep·tion /dɪˈsepʃən/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin deceptio, from Latin decipere; DECEIVE]
the act of deliberately making someone believe something that is not true
→deceive
She didn't have the courage to admit to her deception.
He was convicted of obtaining money by deception .
نیرنگ ، فریب، گول، حیله ، فریب خوردگی، اغفال.
n. kandırma, aldatma, dalavere, hile, aldanma; ayartma; kanma; utanç
n. tromperie, supercherie, fraude; déception
73
feign
v. fake, pretend; make up, fabricate; imitate
feign /feɪn/ v [T] formal
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: feindre, from Latin fingere 'to shape, pretend']
to pretend to have a particular feeling or to be ill, asleep etc
Feigning a headache, I went upstairs to my room.
وانمود کردن ، بخود بستن ، جعل کردن .
v. yalandan yapmak, numarası yapmak, rol yapmak, uydurmak
74
desguise
n. costume that hides one's identity; concealment
v. hide, conceal, impersonate, camouflage
dis·guise1 /dɪsˈgaɪz/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: desguiser, from guise 'appearance']
to change someone's appearance so that people cannot recognize them
disguise yourself as sb/sth
Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and sneak in there.
He escaped across the border disguised as a priest.
to change the appearance, sound, taste etc of something so that people do not recognize it
There's no way you can disguise that southern accent.
disguise sth as sth
a letter bomb disguised as a musical greetings card
to hide a fact or feeling so that people will not notice it
Try as he might, Dan couldn't disguise his feelings for Katie.
disguise the fact (that)
There's no disguising the fact that business is bad.
The speech was seen by many as a thinly disguised attack on the president. disguise 2
disguise2 n
[U and C]
something that you wear to change your appearance and hide who you are, or the act of wearing this
His disguise didn't fool anyone.
She wore dark glasses in an absurd attempt at disguise.
in disguise
a) wearing a disguise
The woman in the park turned out to be a police officer in disguise.
b) made to seem like something else that is better
'Tax reform' is just a tax increase in disguise.
→blessing in disguise at blessing
تغییر قیافه دادن ، جامه مبدل پوشیدن ، نهان داشتن ، پنهان کردن ، لباس مبدل، تغییر قیافه .
n. kılık değiştirme, maske, değiştirme, tanınmaz hale getirme, sahtelik, dış görünüş
v. kılık değiştirmek, kimliğini gizlemek, değiştirmek, gizlemek, saklamak
n. déguisement; feinte
v. déguiser, travestir, masquer, feindre, contrefaire; se déguiser
75
deceit
n. deception, trickery, cheating
de·ceit /dɪˈsiːt/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin decipere; DECEIVE]
behaviour that is intended to make someone believe something that is not true
an atmosphere of hypocrisy and deceit
deliberate/calculated/outright deceit
فریب، حیله ، خدعه .
n. yalan, hilekârlık, düzenbazlık, kazık, dolandırıcılık, aldatma, hile; kötüye kullanma
n. tromperie, fraude
76
swindle
n. cheating, fraud, deception
v. defraud, cheat, deceive, con
swin·dle1 /ˈswɪndl/ v [T]
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: swindler 'person who swindles' (18-21 centuries), from German schwindler 'someone confused or unbalanced']
to get money from someone by deceiving them
= cheat swindle sb out of sth
a businessman who swindled investors out of millions of pounds
>swindler n [C] swindle 2
swindle2 n [C]
a situation in which someone gets money by deceiving someone else
a big tax swindle
گوش بری کردن ، گول زدن ، مغبون کردن ، فریب، کلاه برداری.
n. dolandırıcılık, dolandırma, dalavere, üçkâğıt
v. dolandırmak, hile yapmak, hile ile almak, tokatlamak
n. escroquerie, tromperie, fraude
v. escroquer, filouter
77
scrupulous
adj. conscientious, moral, adhering to ethical principles; meticulous, precise, strict, exact
scru·pu·lous /ˈskruːpjʊləs/ adj
very careful to be completely honest and fair
≠ unscrupulous
Not all lawyers are as scrupulous as she is.
scrupulous honesty
scrupulous in (doing) sth
The organization will be scrupulous in maintaining the highest moral standards.
doing something very carefully so that nothing is left out
scrupulous about (doing) sth
He was not very scrupulous about keeping himself clean.
scrupulous attention to detail
>scrupulously adv
scrupulously clean
scrupulously fair
محتاط، وسواسی، ناشی از وسواس یا دقت زیاد.
adj. vicdanlı, evhamlı, adil, özenli, dikkatli, titiz
adj. scrupuleux,ayant des sentiments; attentionné; ponctuel
78
hoodwink
v. cheat, deceive
hood·wink /ˈhudˌwɪŋk/ v [T + into]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: hoodwink 'to cover the eyes with a hood' (16-19 centuries), from hood + wink]
to trick someone in a clever way so that you can get an advantage for yourself
چشم بندی کردن ، فریب دادن ، اغفال کردن .
v. gözlerini bağlamak, göz boyamak, aldatmak, oyuna getirmek, gizlemek
v. tromper
79
devious
adj. deceptive; crooked; twisting, circuitous; roundabout; indirect; errant
de·vi·ous /ˈdiːviəs/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: devius, from via 'way']
using dishonest tricks and deceiving people in order to get what you want
→deceitful
a devious politician
formal not going in the most direct way to get to a place
a devious route
>deviously adv
>deviousness n [U]
بی راهه ، کج، غیر مستقیم، منحرف، گمراه .
adj. dolambaçlı; aldatıcı, dürüst olamayan; sapa
adj. rusé; détourné, tortueux
80
cue
n. signal (for an actor, singer, etc.); example; long tapering wooden rod used in a billiards game; long stick with a concave attachment at the end which is used in the game of shuffleboard
v. give a signal, indicate
cue1 /kjuː/ n [C]
[Sense: 1-4; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from qu, short form of Latin quando 'when', used as a direction in actors' copies of plays.]
[Sense: 5; Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: queue 'tail, cue', from Latin cauda]
an action or event that is a signal for something else to happen
cue for
Our success was the cue for other companies to press ahead with new investment.
sb's cue to do sth
I think that's my cue to explain why I'm here.
a word, phrase, or action in a play that is a signal for the next person to speak or act
She stood nervously in the wings waiting for her cue.
miss your cue
(=not speak or act when you are supposed to)
(right/as if) on cue
happening or done at exactly the right moment
And then, on cue, the weather changed.
As if on cue, Sam arrived.
take your cue from sb
to use someone else's actions or behaviour to show you what you should do or how you should behave
With interest rates, the smaller banks will take their cue from the Federal Bank.
baize, cue, pocket
a long straight wooden stick used for hitting the ball in games such as billiards and pool cue 2
cue2 v [T]
to give someone a sign that it is the right moment for them to speak or do something, especially during a performance
The studio manager will cue you when it's your turn to come on.
cue up [cue sth⇔up] phr v
to make a cassette, video, or CD be exactly in the position you want it to be in, so that you can play something immediately when you are ready
The videotape's cued up and ready to go!
اشارت، اشاره کردن .سخن رهنما، ایمائ، اشاره برای راهنمائی خواننده یاگوینده یا بازیگر، چوب بیلیارد، صف، ردیف، (.vtand .vi): اشاره کردن ، راهنمائی کردن ، باچوب بیلیارد زدن ، صف بستن .
n. işaret, başlama işareti, replik; isteka, bilardo sopası; kuyruk
v. işaret vermek, sufle etmek
n. signe, allusion; exemple; queue de billard
v. faire signe, suggérer, insinuer
81
perspire
v. sweat
per·spire /pəˈspaɪə US pərˈspaɪr/ v [I] formal
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: perspirer, from Latin spirare 'to breathe']
if you perspire, parts of your body become wet, especially because you are hot or have been doing hard work
= sweat
Willie was perspiring heavily .
تعریق، عرق ریختن ، عرق کردن ، دفع کردن .
v. terlemek, ter dökmek
v. suer, transpirer
82
spontaneous
adj. instinctive, natural; not premeditated, impromptu, unplanned; arising from internal forces (of a natural phenomena)
spon·ta·ne·ous /spɔnˈteɪniəs US spɑːn-/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: spontaneus, from Latin sponte 'of your own free will']
something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it
The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer.
My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
someone who is spontaneous does things without planning them first - used to show approval
>spontaneously adv
She laughed spontaneously.
>spontaneity /ˌspɔntˈniːɪti, -ˈneɪɪti US ˌspɑːn-/ n [U]
خود بخود، خود انگیز، بی اختیار، فوری.
adj. içten gelen, kendiliğinden olan, doğal, düşünmeden yapılan, çabuk büyüyen [bot.], otomatik olarak olan
adj. spontané; automatique; volontaire
83
wrinkle
n. crease; fold; trick, maneuver (Slang)
v. crease; become creased
wrin·kle1 /ˈrɪŋkəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: wrinkled 'twisted, winding' (14-16 centuries), probably from Old English gewrinclian 'to wind']
wrinkles are lines on your face and skin that you get when you are old
Her face was a mass of wrinkles.
a small untidy fold in a piece of clothing or paper
= crease
She walked over to the bed and smoothed out the wrinkles.
iron out the wrinkles
to solve the small problems in something
>wrinkly adj
her thin, wrinkly face wrinkle 2
wrinkle2 v
[I and T] also wrinkle up
if you wrinkle a part of your face, or if it wrinkles, small lines appear on it
Alex wrinkled up her nose at the smell.
Carter wrinkled his forehead in concentration.
His brow wrinkled when he saw us.
[I]
if a piece of clothing wrinkles, it gets small untidy folds in it
= crease
The trouble with linen is that it wrinkles so easily.
آژنگ ، چین ، چروک ، چین خوردگی، چین و چروک خوردن ، چروکیده شدن ، چروکیدن ، چین دادن .
n. kırışıklık, kırışık, buruşukluk, buruşma, ustaca çözüm, kurnazlık, marifet, teknik, ipucu
v. kırışmak, buruşmak, kırıştırmak, buruşturmak, çatmak
n. ride; faux pli, pli; astuce, stratagème, truc, manoeuvre; tuyau (figuré), arnaque, magouille (Familier)
v. plier, rider; se plisser, se froisser
84
scowl
n. angry or gloomy facial expression; frown, glower
v. contract the forehead in displeasure; frown, glower, have an angry or gloomy facial expression
scowl1 /skaul/ v [I]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
to look at someone in an angry way
→frown
Patrick scowled, but did as he was told.
scowl at
Mum scowled at him and refused to say anything. scowl 2
scowl2 n [C]
an angry or disapproving expression on someone's face
→frown
She looked at me with a scowl on her face.
ابرو درهم کشی، اخم، ترشروئی، اخم کردن .
n. kaş çatma, sert bakış
v. kaş çatmak, sert sert bakmak, sinirli bakmak
n. air menaçant; froncement des sourcils
v. se renfrogner; froncer les sourcils
85
counterfeit
v. make a fraudulent replica, copy, forge (i.e. money or documents)
adj. forged, copied, fake, false
n. forgery, fake, imitation, simulation
coun·ter·feit1 /ˈkauntəfɪt US -tər-/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: , past participle of contrefaire 'to copy', from contre- ( COUNTER-) + faire 'to make']
made to look exactly like something else, in order to deceive people
= fake
counterfeit currency/money etc
counterfeit £10 notes
counterfeit goods/software etc counterfeit 2
counterfeit2 v [T]
to copy something exactly in order to deceive people
= fake
They admitted counterfeiting documents.
جعلی، قلب، بدلی، جعل کردن .
v. contrefaire (la monnaie)
adj. faux, contrefait
n. contrefaçon
86
grin
n. broad smile; grimace, baring of the teeth
v. smile broadly; bare the teeth, grimace
grin1 /grɪn/ v [I] past tense and past participle grinned present participle grinning
[Language: Old English; Origin: grennian]
to smile widely
grin at
She grinned at me, her eyes sparkling.
grin broadly/widely
He walked out of the pool, grinning widely.
grin like
He was grinning like an idiot (=grinning in a silly way) .
grin from ear to ear
(=grin very widely)
grin and bear it
to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation without complaining, usually because you realize there is nothing you can do to make it better grin 2
grin2 n [C]
a wide smile
He came into the room with a friendly grin on his face .
wide/broad/big etc grin
'Of course,' he agreed with a wide grin.
→wipe the grin off sb's face at wipe 1 (7)
نیش وا کردن ، پوزخند زدن ، دام، تله ، دام افکنی، خنده نیشی، پوزخند، دندان نمائی.
n. sırıtma, sırıtış
v. sırıtmak
n. grimace; large sourire, sourire épanoui
v. grimacer en montrant les dents; rire, sourire, d'une oreille à l'autre
87
crinkle
v. crease, rumple, wrinkle; make a rustling sound
n. crease, wrinkle; rustling sound
crin·kle1 /ˈkrɪŋkəl/ v also crinkle up [I and T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from Old English cringan; CRINGE]
if you crinkle part of your face, or if it crinkles, you move it so that small lines appear on it
His mouth crinkled into a smile.
He smiled boyishly, crinkling his eyes.
Her face crinkled up in disgust.
to become covered with small folds, or make something do this
The heat was beginning to make the cellophane crinkle.
>crinkled adj
The pages were brown and crinkled. crinkle 2
crinkle2 n [C]
a thin fold, especially in your skin or on cloth, paper etc
The first crinkles of age were beginning to appear round her eyes.
پیچاندن ، تاب دادن ، مضرس، زیگ زاگ ، دندانه دندانه .
v. buruşmak, kırışmak, hışırdamak, buruşturmak, kırıştırmak, hışırdatmak
n. kırışık
v. rider; froisser
n. ride, pli
88
falsehood
n. lie, falsity, something which is not true; deceit, falseness; forgery, counterfeit
false·hood /ˈfɔːlshud US ˈfɔːls-/ n formal
[C]
a statement that is untrue
= lie
Saunders is deliberately telling a falsehood.
[U]
the practice of telling lies
= lying
No one had accused me of falsehood before.
[U]
the state of not being true
Most people believe in right and wrong, truth and falsehood.
کذب.دروغ، کذب، سخن دروغ.
n. gerçek dışılık, temele dayanmayış, sahtelik, yalan
n. fausseté, mensonge, tromperie, falsification, artificialité
89
tangle
n. disorderly mass, jumble; confusing or complicated condition; fight (Informal)
v. cause to become intertwined in a confused mass; cause to become involved in a confusing or complicated situation, entangle; become twisted and tangled; fight (Informal)
tan·gle1 /ˈtæŋgəl/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
[I and T] also tangle up
to become twisted together, or make something become twisted together, in an untidy mass
My hair tangles easily.
His parachute became tangled in the wheels of the plane.
[I] informal
to argue or fight with someone
tangle with
It was not an animal you'd care to tangle with. tangle 2
tangle2 n [C]
a twisted mass of something such as hair or thread
Her hair was full of tangles after being out in the wind.
tangle of
John was sitting on the floor in a tangle of blankets.
tangle of bushes/branches/vegetation etc
She followed him, pushing through the dense tangle of bushes and branches.
a confused state or situation
tangle of
Her brain was teeming with a whole tangle of emotions .
informal a quarrel or fight
tangle with
She got into a tangle with the staff.
درهم وبرهم کردن ، درهم پیچیدن ، گرفتار کردن ، گیر افتادن ، درهم گیر انداختن ، گوریده کردن .
n. düğüm, dolaşıklık, karışıklık, dolaşık şey, arapsaçı
v. dolaştırmak, karıştırmak, arapsaçına çevirmek, içinden çıkılmaz hale getirmek
n. emmêlement; enchevêtrement; fouillis; confusion, embrouille: complexité, complication; dispute, bagarre, querelle (Informel)
v. embrouiller, emmêler, provoquer une confusion; entraîner une situation complexe
90
dissemble
n. one who disguises his true motives, one who acts in a false or misleading manner, hypocrite
Inflected Form: dis·sem·bled ; dis·sem·bling \-b(ə-)liŋ\
Etymology: Middle English dissymblen, alteration of dissimulen, from Middle French dissimuler, from Latin dissimulare ― more at DISSIMULATE
n. duygularını gizleyen kimse, iki yüzlü, içten pazarlıklı kimse
رياکار،دورو،اهل تلبيس
n. dissimulateur; hypocrite
91
telltale
n. gossiper, informer, tattler, talebearer
n. one who reveals secrets, one who spreads rumors
tell·tale1 /ˈtelteɪl/ adj
telltale signs/marks etc
signs etc that clearly show something has happened or exists, often something that is a secret
They examined the child carefully, looking for telltale signs of abuse. telltale 2
telltale2 n [C] BrE
a child who tells adults about other children's secrets or bad behaviour - used by children to show disapproval
American Equivalent: tattletale
سخن چین ، خبرکشی کردن .
adj. sahte, yalan
n. dedikoducu, sırrı açığa vuran kimse, ispiyoncu, sayaç, işe giriş saatini yazan makine
n. rapporteur
n. rapporteur, révélateur de secrets
92
gief
n. sadness, deep sorrow
grief /griːf/ n
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: gref, from Latin gravis; GRAVE1]
[U]
extreme sadness, especially because someone you love has died
grief over/at
The grief she felt over Helen's death was almost unbearable.
with grief
Charles was overcome with grief.
[C]
something that makes you feel extremely sad
Every change in our lives brings with it griefs.
good grief!
spoken used when you are slightly surprised or annoyed
Good grief! What a mess!
come to grief
to fail, or to be harmed or destroyed in an accident
candidates who come to grief in exams
give sb grief informal
to criticize someone in an annoying way
[U] informal
trouble or problems
You'll save yourself a lot of grief if you check the measurements first.
غم، اندوه ، غصه ، حزن ، رنجش.
n. acı, üzüntü, dert, gam, keder
n. douleur, peine; chagrin, affliction
93
rough
n. unpleasant or difficult aspect; draft, work still in the preliminary stages; uneven rocky terrain; hoodlum, ruffian (British)
v. coarsen, become rough; behave violently; prepare in preliminary form, sketch
adj. harsh, severe; coarse, having a jagged or uneven surface; unrefined, raw, crude; approximate; undefined, unclear
adv. in a rough manner; rudely, vulgarly; without attention to detail or accuracy
rough1 W3S2 /rʌf/ adj comparative rougher superlative roughest
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【not smooth】
2【not exact】
3【problems/difficulties】
4【not gentle】
5【town/area etc】
6【weather/sea】
7【voice/sound】
8【simple/not well made】
9【not comfortable】
10 have rough edges
11 rough night
12 a rough deal
13 feel rough
14 look rough
15 rough and ready
16 rough justice
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Language: Old English; Origin: ruh]
【NOT SMOOTH】
having an uneven surface
≠ smooth
Her hands were rough from hard work.
the rough terrain at the base of the mountains
We were bumping over the rough ground.
【NOT EXACT】 [usually before noun]
not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form
= approximate
a rough sketch of the house
a rough translation
Could you give me a rough idea what time you'll be home?
a rough estimate of the cost
First do a rough draft of your essay.
【PROBLEMS/DIFFICULTIES】
a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
= tough
The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.
Sounds like you had a rough day .
We've been through some rough times together.
My boyfriend and I were going through a rough patch .
The bill is in for a rough ride in the Senate.
It's been rough going , but we've almost finished now.
【NOT GENTLE】
using force, anger, or violence
≠ gentle
Rugby is a very rough sport.
Don't be too rough - she's only little.
Paul gave her a rough shake.
equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment
The referee won't allow any rough stuff (=violent behaviour) .
be rough on sb
(=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way)
Don't you think you were a little rough on her?
【TOWN/AREA ETC】
a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime
a rough part of town
【WEATHER/SEA】
with strong wind or storms
≠ calm
The ship went down in rough seas .
【VOICE/SOUND】
a) not sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry
Barton's deep, rough voice
b) having an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine
The clutch sounds rough - better get it checked.
【SIMPLE/NOT WELL MADE】
simple and often not very well made
a rough wooden table
【NOT COMFORTABLE】
uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions
The journey was long and rough.
have rough edges also be rough around the edges
a) to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem
The team has a few rough edges, but they're winning more games.
b) if a person is rough around the edges, they are not very polite, educated etc
rough night
a night when you did not sleep well
Mickey had a rough night last night.
a rough deal
something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant
He's had a rough deal with his wife leaving him like that.
feel rough
BrE informal to feel ill
look rough
BrE informal to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy
After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough.
rough and ready
not perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose
The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil's future development.
rough justice
punishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair
Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members.
>roughness n [U]
→ rough diamond, rough paper, roughly
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLLOCATES for sense 3
a rough day/week etc
rough times
hit a rough patch/spot
go through a rough patch/spot
have a rough time (of it)
be in for/face a rough ride (=be going to have a difficult time)
rough going (=a period when you have a lot of difficulties)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rough 2
rough2 n
the rough
uneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf
≠ green
take the rough with the smooth
to accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones
You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth.
[C]
a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details
= sketch
a rough of the proposed housing development
in rough
BrE if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later
It's best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly.
a bit of rough
BrE informal someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship
→ diamond in the rough rough 3
rough3 v
rough it informal
to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable
I don't mind roughing it for a while.
rough out [rough sth⇔out] phr v
to draw or write something without including all the details
a diagram the engineer had roughed out on his notepad
rough up [rough sb⇔up] phr v
informal to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them rough 4
rough4 adv
sleep rough
BrE to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in
the number of people sleeping rough on the street
play rough
to play in a fairly violent way
→cut up rough at cut 1 (6)
زبر، خشن ، درشت، زمخت، ناهموار، ناهنجار، دست مالی کردن ، بهم زدن ، زمخت کردن .
n. taslak, müsvedde, zorluk, kaba tip, külhanbeyi, kabadayı, işlenmemiş şey, engebeli arazi, nal kayarı
v. pürüzlendirmek, pütür pütür yapmak, itip kakmak, kötü davranmak, terbiye etmek (at), nal kayarı takmak, sert çıkmak
adj. kabataslak, pürüzlü, pürtüklü, dik (saç), engebeli, taslak halinde olan, fırtınalı, haşin, dalgalı, sert, kaba, kaba saba, gürültücü, hoyrat, işlenmemiş, yaklaşık, aşağı yukarı, cilasız, kulak tırmalayıcı, rahatsız edici, zor, kötü, açık saçık, müstehcen
adv. kabaca, sertçe, geçici olarak, eğreti
n. situation difficile; aspect désagréable; terrain accidenté; brouillon; rough, avant-projet donnant une idée première de la réalisation publicitaire envisagée;esquisse; voyou, brute, truand (Britannique)
v. rendre rugueux; ébouriffer; se comporter violemment
adj. rude, rapeux; rugueux, raboteux; rêche, brutal; inégal; brut; brusque; bourru; dur; revêche; frustre; âpre; brut; grossier; approximatif; agité (mer); vague, obscur
adv. rudement; de façon rugueuse
94
offence
n. attack; (Sports) side that pursues (rather than defends); misdeed; insult; state of being offended; transgression (also offense)
of·fence
W3 BrE offense AmE /əˈfens/ n
[C]
an illegal action or a crime
The possession of stolen property is a criminal offence.
Punishment for a first offence is a fine.
His solicitor said he committed the offence because he was heavily in debt.
The bill makes it an offence to carry a knife.
offence against
sexual offences against children
[U]
when you offend or upset someone by something you do or say
cause/give offence
The problem was how to say 'no' to her without causing offence.
Don't be upset by what he said; he meant no offence (=did not intend to offend anyone) .
no offence
spoken used to tell someone that you hope that what you are going to say or do will not offend them
No offense, but this cheese tastes like rubber.
take offence (at sth)
to feel offended because of something someone says or does
I think he took offence at my lack of enthusiasm.
[U] formal
the act of attacking
the weapon of offence used during the attack
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLLOCATES for sense 1
criminal offence
serious/minor offence
first offence (=the first illegal thing that someone has done)
commit an offence
capital offence (=a crime for which death is the punishment)
federal offense American English (=a very serious offence against the law of the US, rather than against state law)
driving/parking etc offence
it is an offence to do something
make something an offence/make it an offence to do something
a punishable offence
an offence punishable by/with something
( offense) گناه ، تقصیر، حمله ، یورش، هجوم، اهانت، توهین ، دلخوری، رنجش، تجاوز، قانون شکنی- بزه .
n. suç, saldırı, tecâvüz, gücenme, kâlbini kırma, kırılma
n. offense; transgression; agression; faute
e: Minor traffic offences like a parking ticket
95
adverse
adj. hostile; contrary; opposed
ad·verse /ˈædvəːs US -əːrs/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Early French advers, from Latin adversus, past participle of advertere; ADVERT]
not good or favourable
They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.
Miller's campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity .
adverse conditions
conditions that make it difficult for something to happen or exist
The expedition was abandoned because of adverse weather conditions.
>adversely adv
developments which had adversely affected their business
adj. ters, aksi, zıt, karşıt, aleyhte
adj. adverse; hostile
96
first rate
```
top of the line, finest quality, choice, select, excellent, superlative
.first-'rate
adj
of the very best quality
= excellent
He's a first-rate surgeon.
عالی، درجه اول، نخستین درجه .
üstün kâliteli, birinci sınıf
excellent, de première qualité, de premier ordre; de premier choix
```
97
dismiss
v. send away; fire; release, free
dis·miss
W3 /dɪsˈmɪs/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: dimissus, past participle of dimittere 'to send away']
to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important
The government has dismissed criticisms that the country's health policy is a mess.
dismiss sth as sth
He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.
It's an idea that shouldn't be dismissed out of hand (=dismissed immediately and completely) .
to remove someone from their job
= fire, sack sack dismiss sb from sth
Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post.
dismiss sb for sth
Employees can be dismissed for sending obscene emails.
formal to tell someone that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed
The class will be dismissed early today.
if a judge dismisses a court case, he or she stops it from continuing
The case was dismissed owing to lack of evidence.
to end the innings of a player or team in the game of cricket
روانه کردن ، مرخص کردن ، معاف کردن .
v. bırakmak, işten atmak, işten çıkarmak, görevden almak, işten kovmak, kovmak; açığa çıkarmak, azletmek, salıvermek, affetmek, ihraç etmek, savmak; reddetmek (dava) dismiss 2
n. azletme
interj. dağılın
v. congédier, renvoyer; envoyer, expédier, libérer
98
gist
n. essential part; main point
gist /dʒɪst/ n
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: 'it lies, it can be presented in a court of law', from Old French gesir 'to lie']
the gist
the main idea and meaning of what someone has said or written
the gist of
The gist of his argument is that full employment is impossible.
Don't worry about all the details as long as you get the gist (=understand the main meaning) of it.
جان کلام، ملخص، لب کلام، نکته مهم، مطلب عمده ، مراد.
n. öz, özet, ana fikir, asıl
n. principal; fond; point essentiel
suffocate
99
go through
experience, undergo; carry out; examine
مرور کردن ،بحث کردن ،انجام دادن
essayer, passer
100
frustrate
v. foil, thwart; disappoint; make frustrated; defeat; baffle, confound
frus·trate /frʌˈstreɪt US ˈfrʌstreɪt/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: frustrare, from frustra 'without effect']
if something frustrates you, it makes you feel annoyed or angry because you are unable to do what you want
The fact that he's working with amateurs really frustrates him.
[usually passive]
to prevent someone's plans, efforts, or attempts from succeeding
Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards.
خنثی کردن ، هیچ کردن ، باطل کردن ، ناامید کردن ، فکر کسی را خراب کردن ، فاسدشدن .
v. önlemek, engel olmak, işini bozmak, boşa çıkarmak, hayal kırıklığına uğratmak, yıldırmak
v. frustrer; rendre sot; décevoir, veiller sur; devenir frustré
