Ielts-6 Flashcards
1
Q
wedge
A
n. tapering wood or metal block; peg; something with a triangular shape; something which causes division or an opening; golf club with a flat slanted face used to lift a ball in the swinging motion; triangular letter in cuneiform
v. fasten by driving in a tapering wood or metal block, split with a wedge; thrust or drive in like a wedge, cram; force oneself in like a wedge; become stuck or caught,
chock
wedge1 /wedʒ/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: wecg]
a piece of wood, metal etc that has one thick edge and one pointed edge and is used especially for keeping a door open or for splitting wood
a piece of food shaped like a wedge
Garnish with lemon wedges.
wedge of
a wedge of cheese
drive a wedge between sb
to make the relationship between two people or groups worse
Their divorce has driven a wedge between the two families.
→the thin end of the wedge at thin 1 (11) wedge 2
wedge2 v [T always + adverb/preposition]
to force something firmly into a narrow space
The phone was wedged under his chin.
Victoria wedged herself into the passenger seat.
wedge sth open/shut
to put something under a door, window etc to make it stay open or shut
گوه .گوه (goveh)، باگوه نگاه داشتن ، با گوه شکافتن ، از هم جدا کردن .گوه .
n. kama, takoz, çivi, golf sopası [amer.]
v. kama ile yarmak, sıkıştırmak, tıkmak
n. piquet; coin; semblant à un coin, triangulaire
v. caler; enfoncer; coincer
2
Q
pantry
A
n. granary, warehouse for storing food; small room next to the kitchen (used for storing food, dishes, etc.)
pan·try /ˈpæntri/ n plural pantries [C]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: paneterie, from pan ‘bread’]
a very small room in a house where food is kept
= larder
آبدار خانه ، شربت خانه ، مخصوص لوازم سفره .
n. kiler
n. garde-manger, placard à provisions; cellier
3
Q
clan
A
n. tribe, family, group related by common interests or characteristics
clan /klæn/ n [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Scottish Gaelic; Origin: clann ‘family, race, clan’, from Old Irish cland ‘new growth on a plant, offspring’, from Latin planta; PLANT1]
a large group of families that often share the same name
the Campbell clan
warring clans
informal a very large family
The whole clan will be here over Christmas.
خاندان ، خانواده ، طایفه ، قبیله ، دسته .
n. klan, boy, kabile, oymak, grup, zümre
n. tribu, clan
4
Q
kinsfolk
A
n. relatives, family, kin kins·folk /ˈkɪnzfəuk US -fouk/ n also kinfolk AmE [plural] old-fashioned your family n. akrabalar, soy sop n. parents, proches kin خویشاوند kinship e: Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage
5
Q
parity
A
n. equality; extra bit added to bytes of computer data and are used to detect transmission errors (Computers)
par·i·ty /ˈpærɪti/ n [U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: paritas, from par; PAR]
the state of being equal, especially having equal pay, rights, or power
= equality parity with
Women workers are demanding parity with their male colleagues.
technical equality between the units of money from two different countries
برابری، تساوی، زوج بودن ، تعادل، جفتی.توازن ، زوجیت.
n. eşitlik, benzerlik, parite
n. parité, égalité; conformité, ressemblance; code de détection d’éventuelles erreurs (Informatique) (Caractéristique de la somme de bits d’un octet qui peut être paire ou impaire)
<>disparity=di·spar·i·ty /dɪˈspærɪti/ n plural disparities [U and C] formal
a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one
→parity disparity in/between
We are still seeing a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women.
6
Q
nomad
A
n. wanderer; member of a tribe that relocates seasonally in order to find better resources (e.g. pastureland, water, etc.)
adj. wandering, nomadic
adj:nomadic
کوچ گر، بدوی، چادر نشین ، ایلیاتی، خانه بدوش، صحرانشین .
n. göçebe
adj. göçebe
n. nomade
adj. nomade
7
Q
lineage
A
n. direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry, family, genealogy
lin·e·age /ˈlɪni-ɪdʒ/ n [U and C]
formal the way in which members of a family are descended from other members
→line, ancestry ancestry
a family of ancient lineage
سویه ، دودمان ، اصل ونسب، اجداد، اعقاب.سطربندی، سطر شماری.
n. soy, köken, nesil, sülale
n. lignée
8
Q
stratify
A
v. layer; be deposited in layers; separate into social classes or levels; develop different social classes or levels
strat·i·fi·ca·tion /ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ n [U and C]
when society is divided into separate social classes
The Indian caste system is an example of social stratification.
the way in which earth, rocks etc form layers over time
>stratify /ˈstrætɪfaɪ/ v [I and T]
چینه چینه کردن ، طبقه طبقه کردن .
v. tabakalaşmak, katmanlaşmak, toplumsal sınıfları oluşturmak, tabakalı yapmak
v. stratifier
stratification
9
Q
typology
A
n. classification according to general type
ty·pol·o·gy /taɪˈpɔlədʒi US -pɑː-/ n plural typologies [U and C]
a system or the study of dividing a group of things into smaller groups according to the similar qualities they have
>typological /ˌtaɪpəˈlɔdʒɪkəl US -ˈlɑː-/ adj
n. tipoloji, insan tiplerini belirleme bilimi
n. typologie
10
Q
carnivorous
A
adj. meat-eating, feeding on animal flesh
car·ni·vore /ˈkɑːnɪvɔː US ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/ n [C]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: carnivorus ‘flesh-eating’, from caro ( CARNAL) + -vorus ‘eating’]
an animal that eats flesh
→herbivore, omnivore omnivore
humorous someone who eats meat
→vegetarian
>carnivorous /kɑːˈnɪvərəs US kɑːr-/ adj
adj. meat-eating, feeding on animal flesh
حیوان گوشتخوار.
adj. etobur, etçil, etoburlarla ilgili
adj. carnivore, qui se nourrit de chair animal, carnassier
e: carnivorous plant eats flies
11
Q
fable
A
n. tale, story that is not based on fact; fictitious story having supernatural elements, legend, myth, fairy tale
fa·ble /ˈfeɪbəl/ n
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin fabula ‘conversation, story’]
[C]
a traditional short story that teaches a moral lesson, especially a story about animals
the fable of the fox and the crow
[U]
fables or other traditional stories
monsters of fable
افسانه ، داستان ، دروغ، حکایت اخلاقی، حکایت گفتن .
n. masal, efsane, kıssa
n. fable, légende; histoire fictive
12
Q
siege
A
n. blockade, act of surrounding and attacking a fortification in order to cut off supply and aid routes; prolonged period of difficulty or trouble
v. blockade, besiege, surround and attack a fortification in order to cut off supply and aid routes
siege /siːdʒ/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: sege ‘seat, siege’, from Vulgar Latin sedicum, from Latin sedere ‘to sit’]
a situation in which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it
The siege lasted almost four months.
a three-day police siege at a remote country cottage
siege of
the siege of Leningrad
end/lift/raise a siege
(=end a siege)
lay siege to sb/sth
a) if the army or police lay siege to a place, they start a siege against it
In June 1176 King Richard laid siege to Limoges.
b) if you lay siege to someone, you do everything you can to try and get them to talk to you
Then he set to work laying siege to her with letters.
be under siege
a) to be surrounded by an army in a siege
b) to be being criticized, attacked, or threatened all the time
The TV station has been under siege from irate viewers phoning in to complain.
siege mentality
the feeling among a group of people that they are surrounded by enemies and must do everything they can to protect themselves
n. kuşatma, çevresini sarma, ele geçirmeye uğraşma, hastalık devresi, tezgâh (iş)
. siège, blocus, attaque d’une fortification; période prolongée d’une difficulté ou d’un trouble
v. assiéger, entourer et attaquer une fortification en coupant les routes pour y empêcher l’accès
e: i was under besiege by television crews
13
Q
comb
A
n. toothed object used to arrange hair; fowl’s fleshy crest; honeycomb; narrow valley
v. arrange with a comb (of hair); groom a horse; search thoroughly
comb1 /kəum US koum/ n
[Language: Old English; Origin: camb]
[C]
a flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair look tidy
→brush
[C]
a small flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for keeping your hair back or for decoration
[singular]
if you give your hair a comb, you make it tidy using a comb
Your hair needs a good comb.
[C]
the red piece of flesh that grows on top of a male chicken’s head
[C]
a honeycomb
→ fine-tooth comb comb 2
comb2 v [T]
to make hair look tidy using a comb
Melanie ran upstairs to comb her hair .
to search a place thoroughly
comb sth for sb/sth
Police are still combing the woods for the missing boy.
comb out [comb sth⇔out] phr v
to use a comb to make untidy hair look smooth and tidy
She sat combing out her hair in front of the kitchen mirror.
comb through [comb through sth] phr v
to search through a lot of objects or information in order to find a specific thing or piece of information
We spent weeks combing through huge piles of old documents.
n. tarak, fırça, ibik; tepelik, sorguç, tepe kısmı
v. taramak, arayıp taramak, aramak, ayırmak, kaşağılamak
n. peigne, crête, cimier; rayon de miel
v. peigner, se peigner; se briser
e: Government and private search parties combed the region
14
Q
lair
A
n. den of a wild animal; hideout, secret place
lair /leə US ler/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: leger ‘act of lying, bed’]
the place where a wild animal hides and sleeps
= den
a place where you go to hide or to be alone
= den
a smuggler’s lair
محل استراحت جانور، کنام، لانه ، گل، لجن ، گل آلود کردن ، استراحت کردن ، بلانه پناه بردن .
n. in, ağıl, yatacak yer, haydut yatağı, sığınak
n. tanière, repaire
15
Q
consensus
A
n. general agreement, majority
con·sen·sus /kənˈsensəs/ n [singular, U]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , from the past participle of consentire; CONSENT2]
an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts
consensus on/about
a lack of consensus about the aims of the project
consensus that
There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
The EU Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration.
the current consensus of opinion
The general consensus was that technology was a good thing.
the consensus politics of the fifties
توافق عام، رضایت وموافقت عمومی، وفاق، اجماع.
n. fikir birliği, ortak görüş, oybirliği; organların etkileşimi
n. consensus, unanimité; accord
e: The consensus among conservationists is that
16
Q
tick
A
n. ticking sound; credit; small parasitic bloodsucking arachnid which can sometimes be the carrier of infectious diseases; light mattress; cover of a mattress or pillow; mark that indicates that something has been noted or done
v. make a ticking sound (like a clock); mark, indicate, check off (as a list), put a check mark on; sew (a mattress); go on credit
tick1 /tɪk/ n
[Sense: 1,3-5; Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Origin unknown.]
[Sense: 2; Origin: Old English ticia]
[C] BrE
a mark written next to an answer, something on a list etc, to show that it is correct or has been dealt with
American Equivalent: check
Put a tick in the box if you agree with this statement.
→ cross 2 (2b)
[C]
a very small animal like an insect that lives under the skin of other animals and sucks their blood
[singular]
the short repeated sound that a clock or watch makes every second
[C] spoken especially BrE a very short time
= moment
I’ll be with you in a tick (=soon) .
It’ll only take two ticks.
on tick
BrE informal old-fashioned if you buy something on tick, you arrange to take it now and pay later
= credit tick 2
tick2 v
[I] also tick away
if a clock or watch ticks, it makes a short repeated sound
The old clock ticked noisily.
[T] BrE
to mark a test, list of questions etc with a tick, in order to show that something is correct, to choose something etc
American Equivalent: check
Tick the description that best fits you.
Just tick the box on your order form.
what makes sb tick informal
the thoughts, feelings, opinions etc that give someone their character or make them behave in a particular way
I’ve never really understood what makes her tick.
tick away/by/past phr v
if time ticks away, by, or past, it passes, especially when you are waiting for something to happen
We need a decision - time’s ticking away.
The minutes ticked past and still she didn’t call.
tick off [tick sb/sth⇔off] phr v
BrE informal to tell someone angrily that you are annoyed with them or disapprove of them
Mrs Watts will tick you off if you’re late again.
BrE to mark the things on a list with a tick to show that they have been dealt with, chosen etc
American Equivalent: check off
As you finish each task, tick it off.
Have you ticked off Kate’s name on the list?
AmE informal to annoy someone
Her attitude is really ticking me off.
AmE to tell someone a list of things, especially when you touch a different finger as you say each thing on the list
Carville began ticking off points on his fingers.
tick over phr v
if an engine ticks over, it works while the vehicle is not moving
Mark left the engine ticking over and went back inside.
if a system, business etc ticks over, it continues working but without producing very much or without much happening
The business is just about ticking over.
Jane will keep things ticking over while I’m away.
تیک تیک ، چوبخط، سخت ترین مرحله ، علامت، نشانی که دررسیدگی و تطبیق ارقام بکارمیرود، خطنشان گذاردن ، خط کشیدن ، چوبخط زدن ، نسیه بردن ، انواع ساس وکنه وغریب گز وغیره .
n. kene, saat sesi, saniye, tıkırtı, doğrulama işareti, kılıf, kot kumaş, kredi, veresiye
v. tıkırdamak, tık tık etmek, işaretlemek
n. tic-tac, son ou mécanisme d’une horloge; instant, moment, crédit; tique, petit parasite Acarien du chien, des ruminants; coche, marque ou signe qui indique que l’on a noté qqch; coutil; toile à matelas
v. faire tic tac (horloge); indiquer, marquer, cocher, pointer (liste); coudre (matelas); prendre un crédit
17
Q
elusive
A
adj. hard to grasp, difficult to understand; evasive, tending to escape
e·lu·sive /ɪˈluːsɪv/ adj
an elusive person or animal is difficult to find or not often seen
She managed to get an interview with that elusive man.
an elusive result is difficult to achieve
She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but wider international success has been elusive.
an elusive idea or quality is difficult to describe or understand
For me, the poem has an elusive quality.
>elusively adv
>elusiveness n [U]
گریزان ، فراری، کسی که از دیگران دوری میکند، طفره زن .
adj. kaçamaklı, yakalanması zor, akla gelmeyen, anlaşılmaz, güvenilmez, kaypak
adj. insaisissable, fuyant
e: animals can be notoriously elusive
18
Q
plausible
A
adj. conceivable, imaginable; believable, credible; superficially pleasing, making a good impression (about a person)
plau·si·ble /ˈplɔːzɪbəl US ˈplɔː-/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: plausibilis ‘worth applauding’, from plaudere; PLAUDITS]
reasonable and likely to be true or successful
≠ implausible
His story certainly sounds plausible.
a plausible explanation
someone who is plausible is good at talking in a way that sounds reasonable and truthful, although they may in fact be lying
a plausible liar
>plausibly adv
>plausibility /ˌplɔːzɪˈbɪlɪti US ˌplɔː-/ n [U]
باورکردنی، پذیرفتنی، قابل استماع، محتمل.
adj. akla yakın, makul, mantıklı, yüze gülücü, olası
adj. plausible, vraisemblable; qui fait une bonne impression
19
Q
hoax
A
n. mischievous deception, act intended to deceive or trick
v. trick, deceive, dupe
hoax /həuks US houks/ n [C]
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Probably from hocus; HOCUS-POCUS]
a false warning about something dangerous
a bomb hoax
hoax calls (=telephone calls giving false information) to the police
an attempt to make people believe something that is not true
an elaborate hoax
شوخی فریب آمیز، گول زدن ، دست انداختن .
n. muziplik, sazanlama, oyun, işletme, kafese koyma
v. işletmek, oyun etmek, sazanlamak
n. farce; attrape
v. monter un canular
20
Q
notion
A
n. concept; opinion; idea, urge
no·tion
W3 /ˈnəuʃən US ˈnou-/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: notio, from notus; NOTICE2]
an idea, belief, or opinion
notion of
misguided notions of male superiority
The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
She had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.
notion that
the notion that human beings are basically good
She had no notion what he meant.
accept/challenge/reject etc a notion
They reject the notion of group guilt.
notions [plural] AmE
small things such as thread and buttons that are used for sewing
(notional) تصور، اندیشه ، فکر، نظریه ، خیال، ادراک ، فکری.تصور، مفهوم.
n. kavram, fikir, görüş, kanı, eğilim, heves
n. notion, concept; opinion; idée
e: you have no notion of what you are looking for
e2 :notional loads
21
Q
induction
A
n. causing, bringing about; introduction, initiation; formal installation in an office; act or process of deriving a general proposition from certain facts; production of an electric or magnetic state without direct contact (Electricity)
in·duc·tion /ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ n
[U and C]
the introduction of someone into a new job, company, official position etc, or the ceremony at which this is done
induction course/programme/period etc
a two-day induction course
Mrs Simpson is responsible for the induction of new library staff.
[U and C] medical
the process of making a woman give birth to her baby by giving her a special drug
[U] technical
the production of electricity in one object by another that already has electrical or magnetic power
[U] technical
a process of thought that uses known facts to produce general rules or principles
→ deduction
قیاس، قیاس کل از جزئ، استنتاج، القائ، ایراد، ذکر، پیش سخن ، مقدمه ، استقرائ.استقرائ، القائ.
n. resmen göreve başlatma, başlatma, askere alma, giriş, ileri sürme, neden olma, tümevarım, indüksiyon, indükleme
n. installation; apport; induction; admission, entrée; aspiration
e: inductive and deductive reasoning
22
Q
serendipity
A
n. ability to make valuable discoveries by accident
ser·en·dip·i·ty /ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/ n [U] literary
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Serendip ancient name of Sri Lanka; because it was an ability possessed by the main characters in the old Persian story The Three Princes of Serendip]
when interesting or valuable discoveries are made by accident
→luck
خوشبختی، تحصیل نعمت غیر مترقبه ، نعمت غیر مترقبه .
(i.) beklenmedik şeyler bulma şansı.
n. sérendipité, habilité à faire des découvertes de valeurs fortuitement
23
Q
sagacity
A
n. wisdom, shrewdness, judiciousness, cleverness
sa·ga·ci·ty /səˈgæsɪti/ n [U] formal
good judgment and understanding
= wisdom
هوشمندی، فراست، هوش، دانائی، عقل، زیرکی، ذکاوت.
i. ariflik, akıllılık, zeka.
n. sagacité, perspicacité; claivoyance; vivacité d’esprit
e: were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity
24
Q
rummage
A
n. thorough and diligent search; old things, miscellaneous items
v. make a thorough search, look for diligently
rum·mage1 /ˈrʌmɪdʒ/ v [I always + adverb/preposition]
also rummage around/about
to search for something by moving things around in a careless or hurried way
rummage in/through etc
Looks like someone’s been rummaging around in my desk. rummage 2
rummage2 n
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: arrimage ‘arranging the load in a ship’]
[C usually singular] informal
a careless or hurried search for something
Have a rummage in my jewellery box and see if you can find something you like.
[U] especially AmE old clothes, toys etc that you no longer want
British Equivalent: jumble
جستجو، تحقیق، کاوش، بازرس کشتی، اغتشاش، آشفتگی، خاکروبه ، کاویدن ، زیر و رو کردن ، بهم زدن ، خوب گشتن .
n. mezat malı
v. didik didik aramak, aramak, araştırmak
e: wn. fouille (de vieux objets), vieillerie; choses de rébut; résidus, objets vieillot
v. fouiller, fureter; dénicher
e: were always rummaging about for curiosities
25
knack
n. special skill, ability; crackle; gist, feel, hang
knack /næk/ n informal
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from Dutch or Low German knak '(sound of) a sudden blow', from the sound]
[singular]
a natural skill or ability
→talent knack for doing sth
Some people seem to have a knack for making money.
knack of doing sth
Thomson's knack of scoring vital goals makes him important to the team.
have a knack of doing sth
BrE to have a tendency to do something
He has a knack of saying the wrong thing.
صدای شکستگی، صدای شلاق، استعداد، حقه ، طرح، ابتکار، زرنگی، مهارت.
n. beceri, ustalık, işin sırrı, püf noktası
n. tour de main, talent, don, habilité; capacité, pouvoir, compétence; truc, chic
e: Some people just seemed to have a knack for that sort of thing
26
nose-thumbing
مسخره کردن با انگشت روی دماغ
27
benign
adj. non-malignant; favorable; kind, gentle; compassionate
be·nign /bɪˈnaɪn/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: benigne, from Latin benignus, from bene 'well' + gigni 'to be born']
kind and gentle
He shook his head in benign amusement.
a benign tumour (=unnatural growth in the body) is not caused by cancer
≠ malignant
مهربان ، ملایم، لطیف، ( طب ) خوش خیم، بی خطر.
adj. iyi huylu, sevecen, iyi kâlpli, iyicil (tümör), tehlikesiz, yararlı
adj. bénin; beau, bon; au coeur généreux; favorable, gentil, plaisant, agréable; compatissant; doux
e: Medawar took as a benign nose-thumbing at Dreams of Method
28
denigrate
v. criticize; treat in a disrespectful manner; defame
den·i·grate /ˈdenɪˈgreɪt/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: denigrare, from niger 'black']
to say things to make someone or something seem less important or good
people who denigrate their own country
>denigration /ˌdenɪˈgreɪʃən/ n [U]
v. karalamak, iftira etmek, kötülemek; çekiştirmek
لکه دار کردن ،سياه کردن ،بد نام کردن
v. dénigrer
e: aspect was taken by some as dangerous denigration
29
aphorism
n. concise saying which expresses a general truth
aph·o·ris·m /ˈæfərɪzəm/ n [C] formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: aphorisme, from Late Latin, from Greek aphorismos 'definition, aphorism', from aphorizein 'to define']
a short phrase that contains a wise idea
>aphoristic /ˌæfəˈrɪstɪk/ adj
سخن کوتاه ، کلام موجز، پند، کلمات قصار، پند و موعظه .
n. özdeyiş, vecize
n. aphorisme; mots d'esprits
e: the aphorism of choice came from no less an authority
30
regiment
n. military unit composed of two or more battalions
v. organize, arrange systematically; control, impose authority on
re·gi·ment1 /ˈredʒɪmənt/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin regimentum, from Latin regere; REGENT]
a large group of soldiers, usually consisting of several battalions
a large number of people, animals, or things
regiment of
a regiment of ants
>regimental /ˌredʒɪˈmentl/ adj
the regimental commander regiment 2
re·gi·ment2 /ˈredʒɪment/ v [T usually passive]
to organize and control people firmly and usually too strictly
the regimented routine of boarding school
>regimentation /ˌredʒɪmenˈteɪʃən/ n [U]
نظ. ) هنگ ، گروه بسیار، دسته دسته کردن ، تنظیم کردن .
n. alay, sürü, kalabalık
v. alay haline getirmek, gruplaştırmak, sistematik olarak düzene sokmak, disiplin altına almak
n. régiment, brigade; escadron, bataillon
v. embrigader, enrégimenter; réglementer
e: The notion that industry was invariably committed to the regimentation of scientific research just doesn’t wash
31
buttress
n. support, brace
v. support, reinforce
but·tress1 /ˈbʌtrəs/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: boterez, from boter; BUTT2]
a brick or stone structure built to support a wall buttress 2
buttress2 v [T] formal
to support a system, idea, argument etc, especially by providing money
The evidence seemed to buttress their argument.
شمع پشتیبان دیوار، حائل، نگهدار، پایه ، شمع زدن ، محکم بستن ، دارای شمع یاحائل.
n. destek, ayak, payanda
v. desteklik etmek, desteklemek, perçinleştirmek
n. contrefort, soutien, support
v. étayer, soutenir, renforcer; arc-bouter; supporter
e: Intending to provide resources for buttressing Christian religion
32
notorious
adj. infamous, known for disgrace; well-known (usually ignobly)
no·to·ri·ous /nəuˈtɔːriəs, nə- US nou-, nə-/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: notorius, from Latin notus; NOTICE2]
famous or well-known for something bad
= infamous
a notorious computer hacker
notorious cases of human rights abuses
notorious for
a judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption
>notoriously adv
Statistics can be notoriously unreliable.
The program is notoriously difficult to learn.
بدنام رسوا.
adj. adı çıkmış, dile düşmüş, kötü tanınmış
adj. notoire, mal famé; célèbre
33
compromise
n. settling of a disagreement by making mutual concessions
v. settle a disagreement by making mutual concessions
com·pro·mise1 /ˈkɔmprəmaɪz US ˈkɑːm-/ n
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: compromis, from Latin compromissum 'joint promise', from compromittere, from com- ( COM-) + promittere ( PROMISE2)]
[U and C]
an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement
Compromise is an inevitable part of marriage.
To stop the argument they decided on a compromise.
compromise with
Fresh attempts at compromise with the legislature were also on the agenda.
compromise between
a compromise between government and opposition
If moderates fail to reach a compromise , the extremists will dominate the agenda.
Everyone has to be prepared to make compromises .
[C]
a solution to a problem in which two things or situations are changed slightly so that they can exist together
compromise between
a happy compromise between the needs of family and work compromise 2
compromise2 v
[I]
to reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts less that what they wanted at first
She admitted that she was unable to compromise.
compromise with
His work-mates demanded that he never compromise with the bosses.
compromise on
The new regime was prepared to compromise on the oil dispute.
[T]
to do something which is against your principles and which therefore seems dishonest or shameful
compromise your principles/standards/integrity etc
As soon as you compromise your principles you are lost.
compromise yourself
She had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation.
تراضی، مصالحه ، توافق، مصالحه کردن ، تسویه کردن .
n. uzlaşma, uyuşma, ödün, taviz, ödün vererek anlaşmaya varma
v. uzlaştırmak, ara bulmak, uzlaşmak, anlaşmak, gölge düşürmek, riske atmak
n. compromis; transaction
v. compromettre, se compromettre; transiger, composer
34
bail
n. money pledged in order to release someone from jail; freeing from jail by a sum of money; pail, bucket
v. free a person from jail by pledging a sum of money; empty out water; rescue from distress; leave, depart (Slang); temporarily give property to another person without transferring ownership
bail1 /beɪl/ n
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: 'keeping someone as a prisoner', from baillier 'to deliver, keep as a prisoner', from Medieval Latin bajulare 'to control', from Latin bajulus 'someone who carries loads']
[U]
money left with a court of law to make sure that a prisoner will return when their trial starts
Carpenter is free on bail while he appeals his conviction.
She was murdered by a man who was out on bail for rape.
The three men were released on bail pending an appeal.
He is not likely to be granted bail .
Carter has been refused bail and will remain in custody.
The judge ordered that Jones be held without bail .
Why can't you ask your father to put up bail for you?
Two of the defendants jumped bail and fled to New York.
Bail was set at $30,000.
[C usually plural]
one of the two small pieces of wood laid on top of the stumps in a game of cricket
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLLOCATES for sense 1
(out) on bail
release somebody on bail
grant somebody bail
refuse somebody bail
post bail
hold somebody without bail (=make someone stay in prison until their trial)
stand bail/put up bail BrE (=pay someone's bail)
jump bail also skip bail British English (=not return to trial as you promised)
set somebody's bail at something (=say how much bail they must pay)
conditional bail BrE (=bail given if someone agrees to do something)
unconditional bail BrE (=bail given without having to agree to do something)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bail 2
bail2 v
[Sense: 1-2, 4-6; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: bail 'container for liquids' (15-19 centuries), from Old French baille, from Medieval Latin bajula, from Latin bajulus ( BAIL1); bail out]
[Sense: 3; Origin: BAIL1]
also bail out
AmE bale out BrE [I] informal
to escape from a situation that you do not want to be in any more
After ten years in the business, McArthur is baling out.
I don't know anybody at this party - let's bail.
[T usually passive] BrE
if someone is bailed, they are let out of prison to wait for their trial after they have left a sum of money with the court
Dakers was bailed to appear at Durham Crown Court.
bail out phr v
bail sb/sth⇔out also bale somebody/something⇔out BrE
to do something to help someone out of trouble, especially financial problems
Some local businesses have offered to bail out the museum.
Sutton bailed his team out with a goal in the last minute.
bail sb⇔out
to leave a large sum of money with a court so that someone can be let out of prison while waiting for their trial
Clarke's family paid £500 to bail him out.
AmE also bale out
to escape from a plane, using a parachute
bail sth⇔out also bale something⇔out BrE
to remove water that has come into a boat
توقیف، حبس، واگذاری، انتقال، ضمانت، کفالت، بامانت سپردن ، کفیل گرفتن ، تسمه ، حلقه دور چلیک ، سطل، بقید کفیل آزاد کردن .
n. kefil, kefalet, teminât; çember, kulp
v. kefaletle serbest bırakmak, kurtarmak; emanet etmek, suyunu boşaltmak (kayık)
n. caution, libération sous caution; cautionnement; garant; somme fournie à titre de cautionnement; écope; seau
v. accorder la liberté provisoire à, libérer sous caution; écoper (vider de son eau un navire); délivrer du danger; partir, quitter, s'en aller (Familier); tirer qqn d'affaire, tirer d'un mauvais pas
e: Ronaldinho released from Paraguayan prison on bail
35
crate
n. wooden box; old car, old plane, piece of junk (Slang)
v. pack in a crate or box
crate1 /kreɪt/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: cratis 'framework of thin woven branches']
a large box made of wood or plastic that is used for carrying fruit, bottles etc
crate of
a crate of beer
old-fashioned a very old car or plane that does not work very well crate 2
crate2 also crate up v [T]
to pack things into a crate
صندوقی که چینی یا شیشه درآن میگذارند، صندوقه ، درجعبه گذاردن ، جعبه بندی(چینی آلات).
n. kasa, sandık, büyük sepet; küfe
v. kasaya yerleştirmek, sandıklamak; küfelemek
n. caisse; cageot; vieille voiture, ferraille, débris
v. mettre en caisse
e: Sherlock, are these crates for u?!
36
grudge
n. resentment, envy, grievance, enmity, bitterness
v. begrudge, resent, envy; give reluctantly; maintain enmity
grudge1 /grʌdʒ/ n [C]
a feeling of dislike for someone because you cannot forget that they harmed you in the past
grudge against
Is there anyone who might have had a grudge against her?
Mr Gillis was not normally a man to bear grudges .
I'm not harbouring some secret grudge against you.
It could be the work of someone with a grudge against the company.
You let nasty little personal grudges creep in.
grudge fight/match
a fight or sports competition between two people who dislike each other a lot
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COLLOCATES for sense 1
have/bear/hold a grudge
harbour/nurse a grudge (=try to continue feeling dislike for a long time)
someone/an employee etc with a grudge
personal grudge
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
grudge 2
grudge2 v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: grouchier; GROUCH1]
to do or give something very unwillingly
grudge doing sth
I really grudge paying for poor service.
grudge sb sth
I don't grudge him his success.
>grudging adj [usually before noun]
a grudging apology
He looked at Nick with grudging respect.
>grudgingly adv
He grudgingly admitted he'd been wrong.
بی میلی، اکراه ، بیزاری، لج، کینه ، غرض، غبطه ، بخل ورزیدن ، لجاجت کردن ، غبطه خوردن بر، رشک ورزیدن به ، غرغر کردن .
n. kin, garez, kıskanma, kincilik, hınç, garaz, kindarlık
v. isteksizce vermek, isteksiz olmak, esirgemek, haset etmek
n. animosité; rancune; hostilité, inimitié; plainte; jalousie, envie
v. garder rancune; garder une inimitié; donner sans volonté; sans laisser passer; envier
e: does still Trump holding a grudge against Mitt Romney
37
distress
n. extreme danger; trouble, hardship
v. upset, sadden, trouble, grieve; make a piece of furniture appear old, antique (by denting, scratching, painting, etc.)
dis·tress1 /dɪˈstres/ n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: destresse, from Latin districtus, past participle of distringere 'to pull apart, prevent from acting or leaving']
a feeling of extreme unhappiness
Luke's behaviour caused his parents great distress.
in distress
The girl was crying and clearly in distress.
suffering and problems caused by a lack of money, food etc
acute financial distress
in distress
charities that aid families in distress
formal great physical pain
a situation when a ship, aircraft etc is in danger and needs help
We picked up a distress signal 6 km away.
in distress
The ship is in distress and taking on water. distress 2
distress2 v [T]
to make someone feel very upset
The dream had distressed her greatly.
پریشانی، اندوه ، محنت، تنگدستی، درد، مضطرب کردن ، محنت زده کردن .n. üzüntü, dert, acı, ızdırap, felâket, sıkıntı; tehlike (gemi); haciz
v. üzmek, acı vermek; sıkmak, endişelendirmek; haczetmek, el koymak
n. angoisse, misère, danger, détresse
v. attrister, chagriner
e: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.
38
catch
n. capture; loot; latch; sarcasm; trick, something suspicious; romantic partner with many positive qualities (Slang)
v. capture; trap; understand; stick; be held, be involved
catch1 W1S1 /kætʃ/ v past tense and past participle caught /kɔːt US kɔːt/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【take and hold】
2【find/stop somebody】
3【see somebody doing something】
4【illness】
5 catch somebody by surprise/catch somebody off guard
6 catch somebody with their pants/trousers down
7【animal/fish】
8 catch a train/plane/bus
9【not miss somebody/something】
10【get stuck】
11 catch somebody's attention/interest/imagination etc
12 not catch something
13【hear】
14 catch you later
15【do/see something】
16 catch a ride
17 you won't catch me doing something
18 catch it
19 catch a glimpse of somebody/something
20 catch sight of somebody/something
21【describe well】
22【burn】
23 catch somebody's eye
24 catch yourself doing something
25【hit】
26 be caught in/without etc something
27 catch your breath
28【container】
29【shine】
30 catch the sun
31【wind】
32【sport】
Phrasal verbs
catch at something
catch on
catch somebody out
catch up
catch up with somebody
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old North French; Origin: cachier 'to hunt', from Vulgar Latin captiare, from Latin captare 'to try to catch', from capere 'to take']
【TAKE AND HOLD】
a) [I and T]
to get hold of and stop an object such as a ball that is moving through the air
→throw
Stephen leapt up and caught the ball in one hand.
'Pass me that pen, would you?' 'Here you are. Catch!'
The kids were throwing and catching a frisbee down on the beach.
b) [T]
to suddenly take hold of someone or something with your hand
He caught her elbow to steady her.
Miss Perry caught hold of my sleeve and pulled me back.
【FIND/STOP SOMEBODY】 [T]
a) to stop someone after you have been chasing them and not let them get away
'You can't catch me!' she yelled, running away.
b) to find a criminal or enemy and stop them from escaping
= capture
State police have launched a massive operation to catch the murderer.
If you go back to the city you're bound to get caught .
【SEE SOMEBODY DOING SOMETHING】 [T]
to see someone doing something that they did not want you to know they were doing
catch sb doing sth
I caught him reading my private letters.
Gemma turned around and caught the stranger looking at her intently.
catch sb in the act (of doing sth)
(=catch someone while they are doing something illegal)
The gang was caught in the act of unloading the cigarettes.
He was caught red-handed (=as he was doing something wrong) taking money from the cash register.
catch sb at it
We knew he'd been cheating, but we'd never caught him at it before.
【ILLNESS】 [T]
to get an infectious disease
Anton caught malaria while he was in Mali, and nearly died.
Many young people are still ignorant about how HIV is caught.
catch sth from/off sb/sth
In these areas, typhoid and cholera are often caught from contaminated water supplies.
I caught chicken pox off my friend at school and had to stay home for two weeks.
catch your death (of cold)
BrE spoken (=get a very bad cold)
Don't stand out there in the rain. You'll catch your death.
catch sb by surprise/catch sb off guard also catch sb napping/unawares
catch sb on the hop BrE
to do something or to happen when someone is not expecting it or prepared for it
Her question caught him off guard.
catch sb with their pants/trousers down
to discover that someone is doing something that they should not be doing or has not done something that they should have done
He's not the first politician to be caught with his pants down, and he won't be the last.
【ANIMAL/FISH】 [T]
to trap an animal or fish by using a trap, net, or hook, or by hunting it
Did you catch any fish?
Early settlers caught rabbits and squirrels and even rats in order to survive.
catch a train/plane/bus
to get on a train, plane etc in order to travel on it, or to be in time to get on a train, plane etc before it leaves
I caught the 7.15 train to London.
There's a train in now. If you run, you'll just catch it.
I have to hurry - I have a bus to catch .
【NOT MISS SOMEBODY/SOMETHING】 [T]
to not be too late to do something, see something, talk to someone etc
≠ miss
I managed to catch her just as she was leaving.
I just caught the last few minutes of the documentary.
Tumours like these can be treated quite easily if they're caught early enough.
catch the post
BrE (=post letters in time for them to be collected that day)
【GET STUCK】 [I and T]
if your hand, finger, clothing etc catches or is caught in something, it gets stuck in it accidentally
His overalls caught in the engine.
Her microphone was forever getting caught on her clothes.
catch sb's attention/interest/imagination etc
to make you notice something and feel interested in it
Lucie whistled sharply to catch the other girl's attention.
This is a story that will catch the imagination of every child.
not catch sth
spoken to not hear or understand what someone says
I'm afraid I didn't catch your name.
【HEAR】 [T]
to manage to hear a sound
I caught the muffled thud of a car door slamming in the street.
catch you later
spoken used to say goodbye
'I'll give you a call in a couple days.' 'Okay. Catch you later.'
【DO/SEE SOMETHING】 [T]
spoken especially AmE to go somewhere in order to do or see something
We could catch a movie (=go to a movie) .
M Records caught his act and signed him immediately.
catch a ride
AmE spoken to go somewhere in someone else's car
I caught a ride as far as Columbus.
you won't catch me doing sth also you won't catch me somewhere
spoken used to say that you would never do something
I love dancing but you won't catch me being the first on the dance floor!
catch it informal
to be punished by someone such as a parent or teacher because you have done something wrong
You'll catch it if Dad finds out where you've been.
catch a glimpse of sb/sth
to see someone or something for a very short time
Fans waited for hours at the airport to catch a glimpse of their idol.
catch sight of sb/sth
to suddenly see someone or something that you have been looking for or have been hoping to see
I caught sight of her in the crowd.
【DESCRIBE WELL】 [T]
to show or describe the character or quality of something well in a picture, piece of writing etc
= capture
a novel that catches the mood of post-war Britain
【BURN】
a) catch fire
if something catches fire, it starts to burn accidentally
Two farm workers died when a barn caught fire.
b) [I]
if a fire catches, it starts to burn
For some reason the charcoal wasn't catching.
catch sb's eye
a) to attract someone's attention and make them look at something
Out on the freeway, a billboard caught his eye.
b) to look at someone at the same moment that they are looking at you
Every time she caught his eye, she would glance away embarrassed.
catch yourself doing sth
to suddenly realize you are doing something
Standing there listening to the song, he caught himself smiling from ear to ear.
【HIT】 [T]
to hit someone in or on a particular part of their body
The punch caught him right in the face.
be caught in/without etc sth
to be in a situation that you cannot easily get out of or in which you do not have something you need
We got caught in a rainstorm on the way here.
Here's a useful tip if you're caught without a mirror.
catch your breath
a) to pause for a moment after a lot of physical effort in order to breathe normally again
Hang on a minute - let me catch my breath!
b) to stop breathing for a moment because something has surprised, frightened, or shocked you
c) to take some time to stop and think about what you will do next after having been very busy or active
It was an enforced absence from work, but at least it gave me a little time to catch my breath before the final push.
【CONTAINER】 [T]
if a container catches liquid, it is in a position where the liquid falls into it
Place the baking sheet under the muffin pan to catch the drips.
【SHINE】 [T]
if the light catches something or if something catches the light, the light shines on it
The sunlight caught her hair and turned it to gold.
catch the sun informal
if you catch the sun, your skin becomes red and sometimes sore because of the effects of sunlight
You've caught the sun on the back of your neck.
【WIND】 [T]
if something catches the wind or the wind catches something, it blows on it
Gary swung the sail round to catch the light wind.
【SPORT】
a) [T]
to end a player's innings in cricket by catching the ball that is hit off their bat before it touches the ground
b) [I]
to be the catcher in a game of baseball
catch at [catch at sth] phr v
to try to take hold of something
She caught at his arm, 'Hang on. I'm coming with you.'
catch on phr v
to become popular and fashionable
The idea of glasses being a fashion item has been slow to catch on.
to begin to understand or realize something
catch on to
It was a long time before the police caught on to what he was really doing.
catch out [catch sb out] phr v
to make someone make a mistake, especially deliberately and in order to prove that they are lying
The interviewer may try to catch you out.
if something unexpected catches you out, it puts you in a difficult situation because you were not expecting it or not fully prepared for it
Even the best whitewater rafters get caught out by the fierce rapids here.
catch up phr v
to improve and reach the same standard as other people in your class, group etc
If you miss a lot of classes, it's very difficult to catch up.
catch up with
At the moment our technology is more advanced, but other countries are catching up with us.
to come from behind and reach someone in front of you by going faster
catch up with
Drive faster - they're catching up with us.
catch sb up BrE
You go on ahead. I'll catch you up in a minute.
to do what needs to be done because you have not been able to do it until now
catch up on
I have some work to catch up on.
I need to catch up on some sleep (=after a period without enough sleep) .
to spend time finding out what has been happening while you have been away or during the time you have not seen someone
catch up on
The first thing I did when I got home was to phone up Jo and catch up on all the gossip.
I'll leave you two alone - I'm sure you've got a lot of catching up to do.
be/get caught up in sth
to be or get involved in something, especially something bad
I didn't want to get caught up in endless petty arguments.
catch up with [catch up with sb] phr v
to finally find someone who has been doing something illegal and punish them
It took six years for the law to catch up with them.
if something bad from the past catches up with you, you cannot avoid dealing with it any longer
At the end of the movie his murky past catches up with him. catch 2
catch2 n
[C]
an act of catching a ball that has been thrown or hit
Hey! Nice catch!
[C usually singular] informal
a hidden problem or difficulty
This deal looks too good to be true - there must be a catch somewhere.
the catch is (that)
The catch is that you can't enter the competition unless you've spent $100 in the store.
[C]
a hook or something similar for fastening a door or lid and keeping it shut
[C]
a quantity of fish that has been caught at one time
[U]
a simple game in which two or more people throw a ball to each other
Let's go outside and play catch.
a catch in your voice/throat
a short pause that you make when you are speaking because, you feel upset or are beginning to cry
There was a catch in Anne's voice and she seemed close to tears.
a (good) catch
someone who is a good person to have a relationship with or to marry because they are rich, attractive etc - often used humorously
گرفتن ، از هوا گرفتن ، بدست آوردن ، جلب کردن ، درک کردن ، فهمیدن ، دچار شدن به ، عمل گرفتن ، اخذ، دستگیره ، لغت چشمگیر، شعار.
n. yakalama, tutma av; aldatmaca, voli, kâr; kilit dili, kanca, hile, bityeniği, tuzak; topluca söylenen şarkı
v. yakalamak, tutmak, yetişmek, basmak, baskın yapmak, kapmak, gafil avlamak, edinmek (alışkanlık), cezbetmek, çekmek, enselemek, anlamak, kavramak, tutunmak, yakalanmak, tutuşmak, maruz kalmak, takılmak, vurmak, tokat atmak, çalışmak (mekanizma), sıkışmak, geçmek, bulaşmak
n. prise (au vol); attaque; prise, pêche; bon parti, futur époux ayant de brillantes qualités (Argot, Familier); capture; loquet; loqueteau; ardillon; crochet d'arrêt; cliquet; attraque, astuce; chanson à refrain, canon; sarcasme
v. attraper, prendre, saisir; pêcher; attraper, ne pas manquer (train); attirer; saisir, percevoir; rencontrer (regard); comprendre; attraper (une maladie); contracter (habitude); saisir de; se compliquer
e: although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch
39
adulate
v. flatter or admire excessively
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English adulacion, from Old French, from Latin adulation-, adulatio, from adulari to fawn on (of dogs), flatter
Date: 14th century
: excessive or slavish admiration or flattery
–ad·u·late \'a-jə-ˌlāt, -dyə-, -də-\ transitive verb
–ad·u·la·tor \-ˌlā-tər\ noun
–ad·u·la·to·ry \-lə-ˌtȯr-ē\ adjective
v. dalkavukluk etmek, pohpohlamak, yaltaklanmak
v. aduler
e: After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse ...
40
farewell
n. parting, leave-taking; expression of good wishes at parting; party for one about to leave or retire
adj. of or relating to leave-taking, marking a separation
interj. goodbye, bye, so long
fare·well1 /ˌfeəˈwel US ˌfer-/ n
[U and C] old-fashioned the action of saying goodbye
Mourners gathered to bid farewell to the victims of the plane tragedy.
a farewell speech
farewell party/dinner/drink etc
a party or dinner that you have because someone is leaving a job, city etc
40 of her colleagues gathered for her farewell presentation. farewell 2
farewell2 interjection old use
goodbye
بدرود، وداع، خدا نگهدار، خداحافظ، تودیع، تودیع کردن .
n. elveda, veda
adj. veda, son
interj. elveda, uğurlar olsun, güle güle
n. adieu; soirée d'adieux; voeux de départ
adj. d'adieu, qui signifie la séparation, le départ
interj. adieux (formule de séparation)
41
ovation
n. Roman military celebration of victory; public praise; prolonged applause from an audience
o·va·tion /əuˈveɪʃən US ou-/ n [C] formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ovatio, from ovare 'to show great happiness']
if a group of people give someone an ovation, they clap to show approval
The Chancellor's entrance was greeted with a standing ovation (=everyone stood up) .
Fans gave the rock group a thunderous ovation.
ستایش و استقبال، شادی و سرور عمومی، تحسین حضار.
n. çılgınca alkış, alkış yağmuru
n. ovation
e: tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation
42
throb
n. beat, pulse, vibration
v. beat, strike
throb1 /θrɔb US θrɑːb/ v past tense and past participle throbbed present participle throbbing [I]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from the sound]
if a part of your body throbs, you have a feeling of pain in it that regularly starts and stops
The back of my neck throbbed painfully.
throb with
Her foot was throbbing with pain.
I woke up with a throbbing headache .
if music or a machine throbs, it makes a low sound or vibration with a strong regular beat
a throbbing bass line
if your heart throbs, it beats faster or more strongly than usual
if a place throbs with life, energy etc, it has a lot of life etc
The river is throbbing with life. throb 2
throb2 also throb·bing /ˈθrɔbɪŋ US ˈθrɑː-/ n [C]
a low strong regular beat or sensation
throb of
the throb of the engines
a steady throb of pain
→ heartthrob
تپش، زدن ، تپیدن ، لرزیدن ، تپش داشتن ، ضربان .
n. çarpıntı, nabız atışı, zonklama
v. çarpmak (kalp), zonklmak, titremek
n. pulsation; vibration; battement; élancement
v. palpiter, battre
e: submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code
43
precursor
n. precedent, antecedent; predecessor (in a job or position); herald or harbinger; announcer, crier
pre·cur·sor /prɪˈkəːsə US -ˈkəːrsər/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: praecursor, from praecurrere 'to run in front']
formal something that happened or existed before something else and influenced its development
precursor of/to
a precursor of modern jazz
پیشرو، منادی، ماده متشکله جسم جدید.
n. haberci, müjdeci, önceki görevli, öncü
n. précurseur
e: the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter
44
transpire
v. occur; emit vapor through the surface of an object; become known
tran·spire /trænˈspaɪə US -ˈspaɪr/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: transpirer, from Latin spirare 'to breathe']
it transpires that
formal if it transpires that something is true, you discover that it is true
It now transpires that he kept all the money for himself.
[] formal
to happen
Exactly what transpired remains unknown.
[I and T] technical
when a plant transpires, water passes through the surface of its leaves
رویدادن ، بیرون آمدن ، نشرکردن ، نفوذ کردن ، بخار پس دادن ، فاش شدن ، رخنه کردن ، فراتراویدن .
v. terlemek, kokusu çıkmak, sızmak, sızdırmak
v. transpirer; dégager; s'éclaircir, s'avérer; survenir, se produire
e: some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse
45
subculture
خرده فرهنگ
| e: Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary
46
deem
v. suppose, believe, estimate
deem /diːm/ v [T not in progressive] formal
[Language: Old English; Origin: deman]
to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality
= consider deem that
They deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.
deem sth necessary/appropriate etc
They were told to take whatever action they deemed necessary.
be deemed to be sth
They were deemed to be illegal immigrants.
be deemed to do sth
UK plans were deemed to infringe EU law.
پنداشتن ، فرض کردن ، خیال کردن .
v. farzetmek, varsaymak, saymak, zannetmek; inanmak; dikkate almak
v. considérer, être d'avis, croire, estimer
e: Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women
47
novice
n. beginner, inexperienced person, trainee
nov·ice /ˈnɔvɪs US ˈnɑː-/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin novicius, from Latin novus 'new']
someone who has no experience in a skill, subject, or activity
= beginner
The computer course is ideal for novices.
novice at
I'm still a complete novice at the sport.
This trail is not recommended for novice bikers.
someone who has recently joined a religious group to become a monk or nun
تازه کار، نو آموز، مبتدی، جدیدالایمان ، آدم ناشی، نوچه .
n. acemi, yeni, papaz adayı, rahibe adayı
n. novice, débutant
e: From A Novice to An Expert
48
journeyman
n. person who has studied a trade and is qualified to work with or under a professional; qualified worker, experienced laborer; one who does work for another and is paid by the day
jour·ney·man /ˈdʒəːnimən US -əːr-/ n plural journeymen /-mən/ [C] old-fashioned
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: journey 'day's work' (13-19 centuries) + man]
a trained worker who works for someone else
an experienced worker whose work is acceptable but not excellent
کارگر مزدور، کارگر ماهر.
n. ustabaşı, usta
n. homme de peine (payé à la journée); salarié
skilled worker
49
innate
adj. native, natural, inborn; inherent
in·nate /ˌɪˈneɪt/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of innasci, from nasci 'to be born']
an innate quality or ability is something you are born with
Children have an innate ability to learn language.
an innate belief is something you feel strongly about and are unlikely to change
the innate conservatism of the farming community
>innately adv
the army's innately conservative values
درون زاد، ذاتی، فطری، جبلی، مادرزاد، طبیعی، لاینفک ، اصلی، داخلی، درونی، چسبنده ، غریزی.
adj. doğuştan olan, allah vergisi, doğuştan, doğal
adj. inné; foncier, naturel
e: an innate perceptual skill
50
heuristic
n. heuristic method, investigative approach to problem solving
adj. serving to discover, investigative
heu·ris·tic /hjuˈrɪstɪk/ adj formal
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: heuristisch, from Greek heuriskein 'to discover']
heuristic education is based on discovering and experiencing things for yourself
helping you in the process of learning or discovery
>heuristically /-kli/ adv
پی برنده ، کشف کننده ، اکتشافی، ابتکاری، بحث اکتشافی.ذهنی، غیر مستدل.
(s). keşfe yarayan, anlamaya vesile olan.
n. heuristique ou euristique, aidant à la découverte
adj. heuristique; qui contribue à la découverte d'une solution
e: apply their domain's heuristics to solve problems
51
actuary
n. one who calculates insurance risks and premiums according to statistical probabilities
ac·tu·a·ry /ˈæktʃuəri US -tʃueri/ n plural actuaries [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: actuarius, from actum; ACT1]
someone whose job is to advise insurance companies on how much to charge for insurance, after calculating the risks
>actuarial /ˌæktʃuˈeəriəl US -ˈer-/ adj
آمارگیر، ماموراحصائیه ، (م. م. ) دبیر، منشی.
n. aktüer, sigorta uzmanı
n. actuaire
e: expert does not tend to outperform the actuarial table
52
acute
adj. grave, serious, severe; keen, sharp, sensitive; penetrating, shrewd; less than 90 degrees (Geometry); pointed
a·cute /əˈkjuːt/ adj
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【problem】
2【feeling】
3【illness】
4【senses】
5【intelligent】
6【mathematics】
7【punctuation】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of acuere 'to sharpen', from acus 'needle']
【PROBLEM】
an acute problem is very serious
The housing shortage is more acute than first thought.
【FEELING】
an acute feeling is very strong
acute pain
acute embarrassment
acute anxiety
【ILLNESS】
technical an acute illness or disease quickly becomes very serious
≠ chronic
acute arthritis
【SENSES】
acute senses such as hearing, taste, touch etc are very good and sensitive
Young children have a particularly acute sense of smell.
【INTELLIGENT】
quick to notice and understand things
= sharp
Simon's vague manner concealed an acute mind.
an acute analysis of Middle Eastern politics
【MATHEMATICS】
technical an acute angle is less than 90º
→obtuse
【PUNCTUATION】
an acute accent (=a mark used to show pronunciation) is a small mark written above a vowel. In 'café', the letter 'e' has an acute accent
→grave, circumflex circumflex
>acuteness n [U]
تیزرو، تیز، نوک تیز، (طب) حاد، بحرانی، زیرک ، تیزنظر، تند، شدید (مو. ) تیز، زیر، (سلسله ئ اعصاب) حساس، (هن. ) حاد، تیز(زاویه ئ حاد، زاویه تند).
adj. keskin, sivri, şiddetli, ; akut, aşırı; dar (açı), ilerlemiş
adj. grave; sérieux; vif; aigu
53
endorse
v. approve, sanction; sign one's name (on the back of a check, etc.)
en·dorse /ɪnˈdɔːs US -ɔːrs/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: endosser 'to put on the back', from dos 'back']
to express formal support or approval for someone or something
endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc
The Prime Minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
if a famous person endorses a product or service, they say in an advertisement that they use and like it
to sign your name on the back of a cheque to show that it is correct
[usually passive] BrE
if your driving licence is endorsed for a driving offence, an official record is made on it to show that you are guilty of the offence
>endorsement n [U and C]
celebrity endorsements
the official endorsement of his candidacy
پشت نویس کردن ، ظهرنویسی کردن ، درپشت سندنوشتن ، امضا کردن ، صحه گذاردن .
v. arkasına yazmak, ciro etmek, onaylamak, desteklemek, havale etmek
v. détourner; approuver; soutenir
e: Obama endorses Biden for president
54
inception
n. beginning, opening, commencement
in·cep·tion /ɪnˈsepʃən/ n [singular] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: inceptio, from incipere 'to begin']
the start of an organization or institution
a CD collection covering the band from its inception in 1994
آغاز، شروع، درجه گیری، اصل، اکتساب، دریافت، بستن نطفه .
n. başlangıç, başlama
n. début, ouverture, commencement
e: Inception of Our Journey
55
hover
v. hang suspended in the air, float on air; linger in an area; waver, vacillate
hov·er /ˈhɔvə US ˈhʌvər, ˈhɑː-/ v [I]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: hove 'to float in the air or on water' (13-17 centuries)]
if a bird, insect, or helicopter hovers, it stays in one place in the air
hover over/above
flies hovering above the surface of the water
to stay nervously in the same place, especially because you are waiting for something or are not certain what to do
Her younger brother hovered in the background watching us.
hover around/about
I noticed several reporters hovering around outside the courtroom.
[always + adverb/preposition]
if a level, price etc hovers around a certain amount, it stays close to that amount, only changing slightly up or down
hover around/between etc
The dollar has been hovering around the 110 yen level.
درحال توقف پر زدن ، پلکیدن ، شناور وآویزان بودن ، در تردید بودن ، منتظرشدن .
v. üstünde uçmak, etrafında gezinmek, sallanmak, duraksamak, civciv yuvası
v. planer; s'attarder aux environs
e: Imagine a hummingbird hovering almost completely still in the air
e2: hovercraft, hover board
56
flap
n. loose back and forth movement; sound made by such a movement; moveable part attached only on one side (usually hangs loosely or covers something); uproar, commotion, scandal (Slang); partially separated area of skin (Surgery)
v. loosely move back and forth, flutter (often noisily); move the wings or arms up and down; strike, slap, beat; get excited (Slang)
flap1 /flæp/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【flat piece of something】
2【movement】
3【excitement/worry】
4【part of aircraft】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【FLAT PIECE OF SOMETHING】 [C]
a thin flat piece of cloth, paper, skin etc that is fixed by one edge to a surface, which you can lift up easily
Open the tent flap, will you?
A loose flap of skin covered the wound.
→ cat flap
【MOVEMENT】 [singular]
the noisy movement of something such as cloth in the air
the flap of the sails
【EXCITEMENT/WORRY】
a flap informal
a situation in which people feel very excited or worried about something
be in a flap
Rafi's in a bit of a flap over the wedding plans.
→ unflappable
【PART OF AIRCRAFT】 [C]
a part of the wing of an aircraft that can be raised or lowered to help the aircraft go up or down flap 2
flap2 v past tense and past participle flapped present participle flapping
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from the sound]
[I and T]
if a bird flaps its wings, it moves them up and down in order to fly
[I and T]
to move quickly up and down or from side to side, often making a noise
The flags were flapping in the breeze.
Flap your arms to keep warm.
[I] BrE informal to behave in an excited or nervous way
There's no need to flap!
ضربه ، صدای چلپ، آویخته وشل، برگه یا قسمت آویخته ، زبانه کفش، بال وپرزدن مرغبهم زدن ، پرزدن ، دری وری گفتن .
n. çırpma, çırpma sesi, çarpma sesi, kanat sesi, kapak, kanat, ayakkabı dili, telaş, heyecan, sinirlenme
v. kanat çırpmak, savurmak, sallamak, sallanmak, sinirlenmek, telaşlanmak, zırvalamak, saçmalamak
n. battement; coup léger de la main; enflure; battement d'aile; abattant de porte, de table, etc.; revers (du col); lèvre; appendice (médecine); frayeur (argot)
v. battre; claquer (la langue); donner un coup léger de la main; se cogner; agiter; s'agiter; enfler; s'émouvoir (familier)
57
mainstay
n. strong rope supporting the mainmast of a sailing vessel (Nautical); chief support, something which is greatly relied upon
main·stay /ˈmeɪnsteɪ/ n
the mainstay of sth
a) an important part of something that makes it possible for it to work properly or continue to exist
Agriculture is still the mainstay of the country's economy.
b) someone who does most of the important work for a group or organization
She was the mainstay of the team.
( دریا نوردی ) مهار اصلی که از نوک شاه دگل تا پای دگل جلو امتداد دارد، تکیه گاه اصلی، وابستگی عمده ، نقطه اتکائ.
n. ana istralya, dayanak noktası
n. base, pilier (économie, philosophie), soutien principal (famille), étai de grand mat (nautique), support principal
e: That is why high-speed cameras have become such a mainstay of biology
58
entrancing
adj. hypnotizing, enthralling; enrapturing
entrance [en·trance || 'entrəns]
n. point of entry, way into a building or other structure, gate, doorway
v. hypnotize, place in a trance, enthrall
en·trance1 W3S3 /ˈentrəns/ n
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: entrer; ENTER]
[C]
a door, gate etc that you go through to enter a place
≠ exit entrance to/of
the main entrance to the school
front/back/side entrance
the station entrance
entrance hall/foyer/gate etc
[C usually singular]
the act of entering a place or room, especially in a way that people notice
Bridget made a dramatic entrance into the room.
[U]
the right or ability to go into a place
entrance to
Entrance to the museum is free.
Reporters even managed to gain entrance to her hotel.
How much is the entrance fee (=money you pay to get in somewhere) ?
[U]
permission to become a member of or become involved in a profession, university, society etc
the initial interview for entrance to the Civil Service
entrance examinations
[C]
when a person, country, organization etc first becomes involved in a particular area of activity
entrance into
The referendum blocked Switzerland's entrance into the European Economic Area.
make your/an entrance
to come onto the stage in a play entrance 2
en·trance2 /ɪnˈtrɑːns US -ˈtræns/ v [T usually passive] literary
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: trance]
if someone or something entrances you, they make you give them all your attention because they are so beautiful, interesting etc
I was entranced by the sweetness of her voice.
>entranced adj [not before noun]
She stopped, entranced.
>entrancing adj
entrancing stories
adj. büyüleyici, hayran eden, mest eden
entrance [en·trance || 'entrəns]
n. giriş, girme, kapı, antre, sahneye çıkma, atılma
v. büyülemek, mest etmek, hayran bırakmak, kendinden geçirmek
adj. enchanteur, passionnant, séduisant; ravissant
entrance [en·trance || 'entrəns]
n. entrée; accès
v. ennivrer; fasciner
e: The slow-motion video is entrancing
59
supple
adj. easy to bend, pliant; limber, able to move and bend with ease; compliant, adaptable
sup·ple /ˈsʌpəl/ adj
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: souple, from Latin supplex 'bending under, willing to obey']
someone who is supple bends and moves easily and gracefully
≠ stiff
She exercises every day to keep herself supple.
leather, skin, wood etc that is supple is soft and bends easily
>suppleness n [U]
نرم، ( در بافت ) قابل ارتجاع، کش دار، تغییر پذیر، نرم شدن ، راضی شدن ، انعطاف پذیر.
v. yumuşatmak, esnetmek supple 2 [sup·ple || 'sʌpl]
adj. yumuşak, esnek, elastik, uysal, uyumlu, kıvrak
adj. souple, flexible
e: Every part of the sprinting cat’s anatomy and supple limbs
60
polymath
n. one who is learned; highly-educated person
بحر العلوم، دانشمند همه چیز دان ، جامع علوم معقول ومنقول.
n. çok bilgili kimse, bilge
n. instruit; connaisseur
61
dilettante
n. amateur, dabbler, nonprofessional, one who engages in activities for pleasure; person having an amateur interest in the arts
adj. superficial, amateur, nonprofessional
dil·et·tan·te /ˌdɪlɪˈtænti US -ˈtɑːnti/ n [C]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Italian; Origin: , present participle of dilettare 'to give pleasure to', from Latin delectare; DELIGHT2]
someone who is not serious about what they are doing or does not study a subject thoroughly
>dilettante adj [only before noun]
(dilettanti. pl) ناشی، دوستدار تفننی صنایع زیبا، غیر حرفه .
n. amatör, zevk için ilgilenen kimse; güzel sanatlar meraklısı
n. dilettante, amateur
adj. dilettante, superficiel; amateur
62
epitaph
n. inscription on a gravestone commemorating a deceased person
وفات نامه ، نوشته روی سنگ قبر.
n. mezar yazıtı, kitabe
n. épitaphe
e: Young is a good contender for the epitaph "the last man who knew everything.
63
contender
n. rival, competitor; applicant (for a position)
con·tend·er /kənˈtendə US -ər/ n [C]
someone or something that is in competition with other people or things
contender for
a contender for the Democratic nomination
serious/strong/leading etc contender
Her new album has to be a strong contender for the Album of the Year award.
n. mücâdele eden kimse, rakip, yarışmacı, iddiacı
برنده احتمالى
ورزش : مدعى در برابر قهرمان
n. concurrent; candidat
64
paleontology
n. science of the study of geological periods through the study of fossil evidence,pa·le·on'tol·o·gy || ‚pælɪɑn'tɑlədʒɪ /-lɪɒn'tɒl-
pal·e·on·tol·o·gy
palaeontology /ˌpæliɔnˈtɔlədʒi, ˌpeɪ- US ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑː/ n [U]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: paleo- + Greek onta 'living things' + English -ology]
the study of fossils (=ancient bones, plants etc that have been preserved in rock)
>paleontologist n [C]
مبحث زیست شناسی دوران قدیم، دیرین شناسی.
n. paleontoloji, taşılbilim,pa·le·on'tol·o·gy || ‚pælɪ;ɑ;n'tɑ;lə;dʒ;ɪ; /-lɪ;ɒ;n'tɒ;l-
n. paléontologie, étude des périodes géologiques fondée sur l'étude des fossiles,pa·le·on'tol·o·gy || ‚pælɪ;ɑ;n'tɑ;lə;dʒ;ɪ; /-lɪ;ɒ;n'tɒ;l-
65
landmark
n. distinctive or prominent object in a landscape (often serves as a guide to travelers on land or sea); territorial marker; building or site which has historical significance; important event, turning point (in history)
land·mark /ˈlændmɑːk US -mɑːrk/ n [C]
something that is easy to recognize, such as a tall tree or building, and that helps you know where you are
One of Belfast's most famous landmarks, the Grosvenor Hall, has been demolished.
one of the most important events, changes, or discoveries that influences someone or something
The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the history of medicine.
landmark decision/case/ruling
The Supreme Court issued a landmark decision in January 2001.
نشان اختصاصی، نقطه تحول تاریخ، واقعه برجسته ، راهنما.
n. sınır taşı, yön bulma işareti, işaret
n. point de repère; objet émergeant sur le terrain; borne limite; point critique
66
prodigy
n. marvel, wonder, something extraordinary; genius, person with exceptional intelligence
prod·i·gy /ˈprɔdɪdʒi US ˈprɑː-/ n plural prodigies [C]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: prodigium 'sign telling the future, monster']
a young person who has a great natural ability in a subject or skill
-prodigious
child/infant prodigy
Mozart was a musical prodigy.
چیز غیر عادی، اعجوبه ، شگفتی، بسیار زیرک .
n. olağanüstü şey, mucize, harika, dahi
n. prodige
67
daunt
v. intimidate, frighten
daunt /dɔːnt US dɔːnt/ v [T usually passive]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: danter, from Latin domitare 'to train (something) so that it obeys']
to make someone feel afraid or less confident about something
He felt utterly daunted by the prospect of moving to another country.
Don't be daunted by all the technology.
nothing daunted
old-fashioned used to say that someone continues or starts to do something in spite of difficulties
It was steep but, nothing daunted, he started climbing.
رام کردن ، ترساندن ، بی جرات کردن .
v. yıldırmak, cesaretini kırmak, gözünü korkutmak, korkutmak
v. intimider, effrayer
e: Young is a perfect subject for a biography — perfect, but daunting
68
rancorous
adj. bitter, resentful, bearing ill will; hateful, filled with animosity, filled with enmity
معاند، دارای عداوت و دشمنی دیرین .
adj. kinci, hınç besleyen
adj. plein de rancoeur, rancunier, amer,aigri
rancor=n. hatred, animosity, enmity; bitterness, resentment, ill will
e: sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes
69
blizzard
```
n. severe snowstorm
bliz·zard /ˈblɪzəd US -ərd/ n [C]
a severe snow storm
We got stuck in a blizzard.
a sudden large amount of something unpleasant or annoying that you must deal with
blizzard of
a blizzard of emails
بادشدید توام بابرف، کولاک .
i. tipi, şiddetli kar fırtınası
n. tempête de neige, blizzard
```
70
deprivation
n. taking away; lack, deficiency
dep·ri·va·tion /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃən/ n [C usually plural, U]
the lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
Sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.
social/economic/emotional etc deprivation
Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation.
deprivation of
the deprivations of prison life
deprive= v. take away, prevent from having, deny
de·prive /dɪˈpraɪv/ v
deprive of [deprive sb of sth] phr v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: deprivare, from Latin privare 'to deprive']
to prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have
A lot of these children have been deprived of a normal home life.
محرومیت، حرمان ، فقدان ، انعزال.
n. yoksunluk, mahrumiyet, mahrum etme, ihtiyaç
n. privation, manque; destitution
71
bleak
n. type of freshwater fish
adj. cold; cheerless, gloomy; bare
bleak /bliːk/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: bleikr 'pale, white']
without anything to make you feel happy or hopeful
a bleak future/prospect
The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .
cold and without any pleasant or comfortable features
a bleak January afternoon
The landscape was bleak and bare.
>bleakly adv
>bleakness n [U]
بی حفاظ، درمعرض بادسرد، متروک ، غمافزا.
n. inci balığı, tatlısu sardalyası
adj. soğuk, rüzgâr alan, rüzgârlı; çıplak; umutsuz, kasvetli, üzgün
n. ablette, gardon (poissons)
adj. froid, rude; morne, triste
e: an image of remoteness, hardship, bleakness in antarctica
72
mantle
n. sleeveless cape or cloak; covering, something which conceals or envelopes; (Geology) layer of the earth which lies between the crust and the core
v. cover with a mantle, wrap in a cloak; hide, conceal; spread across or over; blush; be coated
man·tle1 /ˈmæntl/ n
[Date: 800-900; Language: Old French; Origin: mantel, from Latin mantellum 'cloak']
take on/assume/wear the mantle of sth
formal to accept or have an important duty or job
It is up to Europe to take on the mantle of leadership in environmental issues.
a mantle of snow/darkness etc
literary something such as snow or darkness that covers a surface or area
A mantle of snow lay on the trees.
[C]
a loose piece of outer clothing without sleeves, worn especially in former times
[C]
a cover that is put over the flame of a gas or oil lamp to make it shine more brightly
[singular] technical
the part of the Earth around the central core mantle 2
mantle2 v [T]
literary to cover the surface of something
شنل زنانه ، بالاپوش، ردا، پوشش، کلاه توری.
n. harmani, kolsuz manto, örtü, kabuk, lüks gömleği
n. cape, pèlerine; manteau; vêtement; enveloppe (manteau); protection extérieure
v. couvrir d'un manteau, recouvrir, revêtir; cacher; dissimuler; rougir; écumer
73
howls
n. yowl, wail, cry (of pain, anger, protest, etc.)
v. yowl, moan, wail, cry out (in pain, anger, protest, etc.)
howl1 /haul/ v
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: From the sound]
[I]
if a dog, wolf, or other animal howls, it makes a long loud sound
→bark
The dogs howled all night.
[I]
to make a long loud cry because you are unhappy, angry, or in pain, or because you are amused or excited
Upstairs, one of the twins began to howl (=cry) .
howl in/with
Somewhere, someone was howling in pain.
He makes audiences howl with laughter .
[I and T]
to shout or demand something angrily
howl for
Republicans have been howling for military intervention.
[I]
if the wind howls, it makes a loud high sound as it blows
wind howling in the trees
howl down [howl sb/sth⇔down] phr v
to prevent someone or something from being heard by shouting loudly and angrily
= shout down howl 2
howl2 n [C]
a long loud sound made by a dog, wolf, or other animal
→bark
a loud cry or shout showing pain, anger, happiness
howl of
He let out a howl of anguish.
There were howls of protest.
This suggestion was greeted with howls of laughter .
a loud high sound made by the wind blowing
زوزه کشیدن ، فریاد زدن ، عزاداری کردن .
n. uluma, uğultu, bağırma, feryat
v. havlamak, ulumak, inlemek, uğuldamak, kahkaha atmak, bağırmak
icyn. hurlement; mugissement, cri; huée
v. mugir; hurler; crier; huer
e: The blast that howls over the ice cap
74
reverbrate
v. echo, resound, resonate
re·ver·be·rate /rɪˈvəːbəreɪt US -əːr-/ v [I]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of reverberare 'to hit back, repel', from verberare 'to hit']
if a loud sound reverberates, it is heard many times as it is sent back from different surfaces
= echo reverberate through/around etc
The bang reverberated through the house.
if a room, building etc reverberates, it seems to shake because of a loud sound
reverberate with
The room reverberated with laughter.
if an event, action, or idea reverberates, it has a strong effect over a wide area and for a long time
reverberate through/around etc
The traumas of the last week will reverberate through history.
پیچیدن ، طنین انداختن ، ولوله انداختن .
v. yansımak, yankılanmak, aksetmek, yansıtmak
v. renvoyer, répercuter; réverbérer, réfléchir; retentir; résonner
e: some powerful forces that reverberate around the world
75
unravel, ravel
v. unravel, unwind a rope or thread; confuse, perplex, bewilder
(دربافندگی) شانه مخصوص جداکردن تارهای نخ، پیچ انداختن در، گره دار کردن ، دام بلا، چیز در هم پیچیده ، نخ گوریده ، گوریدگی، از هم جدا کردن الیاف.
n. dolaşıklık, karışıklık, sökük iplik, kaçmış ilmek ravel 2 [rav·el || 'rævl]
v. sökmek, çözmek, tel tel ayırmak, dolaştırmak, karıştırmak, sökülmek, çözülmek
v. s'effilocher; enchevêtrer; embrouiller
e: Only now can we start to unravel the influ-ence of sea ice on the weather
76
abyss
n. yawning chasm, immeasurable void; something unfathomable; abode of the dead, hell
a·byss /əˈbɪs/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: abyssus, from Greek, from abyssos 'bottomless', from a- 'without' + byssos 'depth']
a very dangerous or frightening situation
abyss of
The country might plunge into the abyss of economic ruin.
At that time Bosnia was standing on the edge of an abyss .
a deep empty hole in the ground
a very big difference that separates two people or groups
the gaping abyss between these grand buildings and my own miserable home
(=abysm) بسیار عمیق، بی پایان ، غوطه ورساختن ، مغاک .
n. derinlik, boşluk, uçurum
n. abysse, fond océanique; abîme, gouffre; enfer
e: from the ocean's abyssal depths to the surface
77
overlie
v. be laid upon; cover; smother (an infant or animal) by lying on top of
o·ver·lie /ˌəuvəˈlaɪ US ˌouvər-/ v past tense overlay /-ˈleɪ/ past participle overlain /-ˈleɪn/ present participle overlying [T]
technical
to lie over something
Clay overlies chalk in the southern mountains.
v. üzerine yatmak, üzerini örtmek
v. poser sur; couvrir; se coucher sur
e: Today the ice that overlies the bedrock is up to 4km thick
78
lagoon
n. shallow body of water which is cut of from the sea by sand dunes; pond, small body of water (especially one which is connected to a larger body of water)
la·goon /ləˈguːn/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: lagune, from Italian laguna, from Latin lacuna; LACUNA]
a lake of sea water that is partly separated from the sea by rocks, sand, or coral
a coastal lagoon
AmE a small lake which is not very deep, near a larger lake or river
تالاب، مرداب.
n. gölcük, deniz kulağı, denizin uzantısı göl
n. lagune; étendue d'eau de mer peu profonde; petit étang
79
hangover
n. headache and other effects caused by heavy consumption of alcohol; something that stays the past
hang·o·ver /ˈhæŋəuvə US -ouvər/ n [C]
a pain in your head and a feeling of sickness that you get the day after you have drunk too much alcohol
I had a terrible hangover the next day.
a hangover from sth
something from the past that still exists or happens but is no longer necessary or useful
This feeling was a hangover from her schooldays.
an institution which is a hangover from Victorian times
n. içki mahmurluğu, akşamdan kalma, kalıntı, eski şey
n. mal de tête, beuverie
80
mediate
v. intervene; reconciliate, help facilitate peace between two parties in a dispute; act as an intermediary between two parties to help bring about a desired result
adj. of or through an intermediary, dependent on a mediator
میانی، وسطی، واقع درمیان ، غیر مستقیم، میانجی گری کردن ، وساطت کردن ، پابمیان گذاردن ، درمیان واقع شدن .
v. aracılık etmek, vasıta olmak, araya girmek, ara bulmak
adj. dolaylı, ara, araçlı, orta
v. négocier; servir d'intermédiaire
adj. servir d'intermédiaire, par intermédiaire
e: These experiences are mediated by other forms of knowledge
81
statutory
adj. of or pertaining to a statute; conforming to a statute, authorized by a statute
stat·u·to·ry /ˈstætʃʊtəri US -tɔːri/ adj
fixed or controlled by law
statutory employment rights
She's below the statutory age for school attendance.
>statutorily adv
طبق قانون موضوعه ، قانونی، مقرر، طبق قانون .
adj. kanuni, yasal, meşru, resmi
adj. statutaire
e: it we need to be off work for more than the statutory self-certificaion period
82
```
in person class
face to face, on campus, physical class, in class,
traditional,
```
common equivalents vs online class
83
cardivascular, aerobic, strength, endurance exercises
| vs anaerobic, hardcore
ورزش های استقامتی هوازی در مقابل قدرتی
84
conservatory
n. greenhouse, hothouse; school of fine arts (i.e. music conservatory)
con·ser·va·to·ry /kənˈsəːvətəri US -ˈsəːrvətɔːri/ n plural conservatories [C]
BrE a room with glass walls and a glass roof, where plants are grown, that is usually added on to a house
AmE a school where people are trained in music or acting
British Equivalent: conservatoire
هنرستان هنرهای زیبا ( بخصوص موسیقی ).
n. konservatuvar; limonluk, sera
n. conservatoire
85
worktop
n. table or other flat surface used for working at specially in the kithcen
میز کار آشپزخانه روی کابینت ها
86
at most
=maximum
| e: work will take three hours at most
87
sturdy
n. gid, disease of sheep and cattle caused by the presence of tapeworm larvae in the brain
adj. strong; solid and substantial; robust, hardy; firm, resolute
stur·dy /ˈstəːdi US ˈstəːr-/ adj comparative sturdier superlative sturdiest
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estourdi 'stupidly brave, stunned', from estourdir 'to stun', from Vulgar Latin exturdire 'to behave like a thrush that has got drunk from eating grapes', from Latin turdus 'thrush']
an object that is sturdy is strong, well-made, and not easily broken
→solid
That chair doesn't look very sturdy.
sturdy comfortable shoes
someone who is sturdy is strong, short, and healthy looking
→stocky
a sturdy young man
sturdy legs
determined and not easily persuaded to change your opinions
They kept up a sturdy opposition to the plan.
>sturdily adv
>sturdiness n [U]
محکم، ستبر، تنومند، قوی هیکل، خوش بنیه ، درشت.
adj. güçlü, sağlam, dayanıklı, yapılı, gürbüz, azimli, sebatlı
n. maladie des chèvres
adj. robuste, vigoureux, énergique
e: Make sure it is packed sturdy enough
88
rip
n. tear, rent, opening caused by ripping; area of water with a strong or turbulent current; ripoff, cheat, instance of deception
v. tear, rend; be torn, be rent; criticize sharply, denounce
rip1 /rɪp/ v past tense and past participle ripped present participle ripping
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from Flemish rippen 'to tear off roughly']
[I and T]
to tear something or be torn quickly and violently
Her clothes had all been ripped.
The sails ripped under the force of the wind.
Impatiently, Sue ripped the letter open .
[T always + adverb/preposition]
to remove something quickly and violently, using your hands
rip sth out/off/away/down
Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from her notebook.
The buttons had been ripped off.
rip sth/sb to shreds
a) to destroy something or damage it badly by tearing it in many places
Jill's kitten is ripping her sofa to shreds.
b) informal to strongly criticize someone, or criticize their opinions, remarks, behaviour etc
I expected to have my argument ripped to shreds.
let rip informal
to speak or behave violently or emotionally
Fran took a slow deep breath, then let rip, yelling and shouting at him.
let it/her rip informal
to make a car, boat etc go as fast as it can
Put your foot on the gas and let her rip!
rip apart [rip sth⇔apart] phr v
to tear or pull something to pieces
He was ripped apart by savage beasts in the forest.
rip off [rip sb/sth⇔off] phr v
to charge someone too much money for something
= overcharge
The agency really ripped us off.
to steal something
Somebody had come in and ripped off the TV and stereo.
to take words, ideas etc from someone else's work and use them in your own work as if they were your own ideas
= plagiarize
→ rip-off
rip through [rip through sth] phr v
to move through a place quickly and with violent force
A wave of bombings ripped through the capital's business district.
rip up [rip sth⇔up] phr v
to tear something into pieces
Sue ripped his photo up into tiny bits. rip 2
rip2 n [C]
a long tear or cut
a green leather jacket with a rip in the sleeve
RIP
RIP /ˌɑːr aɪ ˈpiː/
the abbreviation of Rest in Peace , written on a gravestone
شکافتن ، پاره کردن ، دریدن ، شکاف، چاک .
n. yırtık, sökük, değersiz tip, beş para etmez tip, çapkın, uçarı, hovarda
v. koparmak, yırtmak, yarmak, sökmek, yırtılmak, yarılmak, dikişleri açılmak, sökülmek, hızla geçip gitmek, vın diye geçmek, olanca gücüyle koşmak
n. déchirure
v. déchirer
e: packed sturdy enough, with no rips or tears
89
rope
n. strong cord made from strong braided fibers (such as hemp)
v. tie, fasten with a rope, bind with a rope
rope1 W3S3 /rəup US roup/ n
[Language: Old English; Origin: rap]
[U and C]
very strong thick string, made by twisting together many thinner strings
They tied a rope around my waist and pulled me up.
The man was coiling a length of rope.
the ropes [plural] a) all the things someone needs to know to do a job or deal with a system
I spent the first month just learning the ropes .
He works repairing streets, and knows the ropes when it comes to safety.
Miss McGinley will show you the ropes and answer any questions.
b) the rope fence that surrounds an area used for boxing or wrestling
be on the ropes informal
to be in a very bad situation, in which you are likely to be defeated
The army says the rebels are on the ropes.
be at/near etc the end of your rope
especially AmE to have no more patience or strength left to deal with a problem or a difficult situation
My son is causing endless problems, and I'm close to the end of my rope.
give sb some/enough etc rope
to give someone a lot of freedom to do something in the way they want to do it
Managers have to decide how much rope to give their subordinates.
give sb enough rope to hang themselves
to give someone freedom to do what they want to do, because you think they will cause problems for themselves and you want them to look stupid
a rope of pearls
pearls on a string, worn around your neck as jewellery
→ jump rope, skipping rope, tightrope, towrope
→money for old rope at money rope 2
rope2 v [T]
[always + adverb/preposition]
to tie things together using rope
rope sth to sth
Suitcases were roped to the top of the car.
rope sb/sth together
Mountaineers rope themselves together for safety.
AmE to catch an animal using a circle of rope
The calves are roped and branded.
rope into [rope sb into sth] phr v
to persuade someone to help you in a job or join in an activity, especially when they do not want to
rope sb into doing sth
Denise roped me into selling tickets.
rope sb in to do sth
Anyone who could sing was roped in to help.
Have you been roped in too?
rope off [rope sth⇔off] phr v
to surround an area with ropes, especially in order to separate it from another area
The stairs were roped off.
طناب، رسن ، ریسمان ، باطناب بستن ، بشکل طناب در آمدن .
n. sicim, kement, urgan, ipe dizilmiş şeyler, dizi, hareket serbestliği, hareket özgürlüğü, içeceğin yapışkan oluşumu, halat, ip, ipe çekme (idam)
v. bağlamak, halatla bağlamak, kementle yakalamak, ip ip olmak (sıvı)
n. corde, cordage, câble; filin; graisse (bière); chapelet, glane
v. ficeler, corder, attacher; lier
e: Hopefully when I’m done with it, you’ll know the ropes
90
periodic
adj. occurring at regular intervals, recurrent; cyclic; seasonal, periodicalpe·ri·od·ic || ‚pɪrɪ'ɑdɪk /‚pɪərɪ'ɒ-
pe·ri·od·ic /ˌpɪəriˈɔdɪk US -ˌpɪriˈɑː-/ adj also periodical [only before noun]
happening a number of times, usually at regular times
periodic home visits by nurses
>periodically /-kli/ adv
Teachers meet periodically to discuss progress.
دوره ای.دوره ای، دوری، نوبتی، نوبت دار، متناوب.
adj. periyodik, devirli, belli bir döneme ait, dönemsel, devresel, belli bir devre ait, düzenli yayınlanan, tam cümle ile ifade edilenpe·ri·od·ic || ‚pɪ;rɪ;'ɑ;dɪ;k /‚pɪ;ə;rɪ;'ɒ;-
adj. périodique; cyclique; saisonnierpe·ri·od·ic || ‚pɪ;rɪ;'ɑ;dɪ;k /‚pɪ;ə;rɪ;'ɒ;-
e: in library for example, magazines
91
snout
n. part of an animals head which projects forward and contains the nose and jaws; rostrum, beaklike projection bearing the mouth parts (Entomology); nozzle, spout; nose (Slang)
snout /snaut/ n
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: and Middle Low German snut]
[C]
the long nose of some kinds of animals, such as pigs
[C] BrE informal a criminal who gives information about other criminals to the police
پوزه ، خرطوم فیل، پوزه دراز جانور، سرلوله آب، لوله کتری وغیره ، پوزه زدن به .
n. burun [zool.], hortum [zool.], ön kısım (araba), kovan, duy, muhbir, ispiyoncu, tütün [brit.]
n. museau ; nez
92
presume
v. assume, take for granted; dare, venture; take liberties, permit oneself
pre·sume
S3 /prɪˈzjuːm US -ˈzuːm/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: présumer, from Latin praesumere, from sumere 'to take']
[T]
to think that something is true, although you are not certain
= assume
Each of you will make a speech, I presume?
'Are his parents still alive?' 'I presume so .'
presume that
I presume we'll be there by six o'clock.
presume sb/sth to be sb/sth
From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss.
be presumed to do sth
The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC.
[T]
to accept something as true until it is shown to not be true, especially in law
= assume
We must presume innocence until we have evidence of guilt.
be presumed dead/innocent etc
Their nephew was missing, presumed dead.
[I] formal
to behave without respect or politeness by doing something that you have no right to do
presume to do sth
I would never presume to tell you what to do.
[T usually in present tense] formal
to accept something as being true and base something else on it
= presuppose
The Ancient History course presumes some knowledge of Greek.
presume that
I presume that someone will be there to meet us when we arrive.
presume on/upon sb's friendship/generosity etc
to unfairly ask someone for more than you should, because they are your friend, are generous etc
It would be presuming on his generosity to ask him for money.
فرض کردن ، مسلم دانستن ، احتمال کلی دادن ، فضولی کردن .
v. varsaymak, farzetmek, tahmin etmek, haddini aşmak, ihtimal vermek
v. présumer, supposer; oser; se permettre
e: Others presume that the crocodile was hunted out
93
fierce
adj. cruel, ferocious; powerful, strong; wild; enraged; extremely bad, very severe (Slang)
fierce /fɪəs US fɪrs/ adj
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: fiers, from Latin ferus 'wild']
done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violent
There was fierce fighting in the city.
fierce attack/opposition/criticism etc
The government's policies came under fierce attack.
The plan has evoked a fierce debate.
fierce competition between the companies
a fierce person or animal is angry or ready to attack, and looks very frightening
fierce guard dogs
She turned round, looking fierce.
fierce emotions are very strong and often angry
These people take fierce pride in their independence.
fierce cold, heat, or weather is much colder, hotter etc than usual
a fierce wind
sth fierce
AmE spoken more loudly, strongly etc than usual
It was snowing something fierce.
>fiercely adv
>fierceness n [U]
ژیان ، درنده ، شرزه ، حریص، سبع، تندخو، خشم آلود.
adj. azılı, azgın, sert, kızgın, ateşli, kötü, berbat
adj. féroce; cruel; puissant; fort; enragé, sauvage; terrible et effrayant; mauvais, très sévère (Argot)
e: Others presume that the crocodile was hunted out of Northern Africa by a fiercer predator
94
marsh, marshland
n. low lands which are usually covered partially or entirely with water; swamp; morass
marsh /mɑːʃ US mɑːrʃ/ n [U and C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: merisc, mersc]
an area of low flat ground that is always wet and soft
→bog, swamp swamp
>marshy adj
The crane lives in marshy habitats.
مردآب، سیاه آب، لجن زار، باتلاق.
n. bataklık, batak
n. marais, marécage, mélasse
e: African crocodile to migrate south to the marshlands
95
incubate
v. sit on eggs in order to hatch them; hatch eggs; keep warm to promote development and growth; develop, grow, mature
in·cu·bate /ˈɪŋkjʊbeɪt/ v [I and T]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of incubare 'to lie on', from cubare 'to lie']
if a bird incubates its eggs, or if the eggs incubate, they are kept warm until they hatch (=the birds inside are born)
technical if a disease incubates, or if you incubate it, it develops in your body until you show physical signs of it
>incubation /ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃən/ n [U]
Hepatitis has a long incubation period.
بر خوابیدن ، روی تخم خوابیدن ، جوجه کشی کردن .
v. kuluçkaya yatırmak, civciv çıkarmak, üretmek, kafasında kurmak, tasarlamak, kuluçkaya yatmak
v. incuber; faire incuber; couver; concevoir; naître, prendre forme; développer, pousser
e: to store the eggs for an 80-day incubation period
96
gnash
v. grind the teeth together (in anger or pain)
gnash /næʃ/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Probably from the sound]
gnash your teeth
to be very angry or unhappy about something, or to move your teeth against each other so that they make a noise, especially because you are unhappy or angry
دندان قرچه کردن ، دندان بهم فشردن (از خشم )، بهم فشردن ، بهم سائیدن .
v. gıcırdamak, gıcırdatmak
v. grincer (des dents)
e: These teeth-gnashing carnivores
97
reverence
n. veneration, sense of deep respect; gesture of honor, tribute
v. venerate, respect deeply, honor
rev·e·rence /ˈrevərəns/ n
revere: v. venerate, respect deeply, honor greatly
[U] formal
great respect and admiration for someone or something
reverence for
reverence for tradition
حرمت، احترام، تکریم، احترام گذاردن .
n. reverans, saygı ile eğilme, derin saygı, hürmet, hayranlık
n. admiration; décoration; révérence, courbette
v. révérer
e: they show a great deal of reverence towards these wondrous creatures
98
instill
v. introduce gradually, infuse; insert slowly in small amounts (also instil)
in·stil
BrE instill AmE /ɪnˈstɪl/ v past tense and past participle instilled present participle instilling [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: instillare, from stillare 'to fall in drops']
to teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a particular way over a period of time
instil confidence/fear/discipline etc into sb
A manager's job is to instil determination into his players.
(instil) چکاندن ، چکه چکه ریختن ، کم کم تزریق کردن ، آهسته القائ کردن ، کم کم فهماندن .
v. damla damla akıtmak, damlatmak, sokmak, işlemek, aşılamak
v. instiller; infiltrer; faire pénétrer goutte-à-goutte
e: the crocodiles' habitat, instilling fear and uneasiness in the crocs
99
candescent
adj. bright, glowing
گرماتاب، دارایتشعشع یا گرمای شدید، تابش یاگرما.
adj. incandescent; brillant, ardent, lumineux; éclatant
e: incandescent lamps
100
ingot
n. mass of cast metal (especially of gold or silver)
in·got /ˈɪŋgət/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from Old English in + goten (past participle of geotan 'to pour')]
a piece of pure metal, especially gold, usually shaped like a brick
قالب (ریخته گیری )، شمش (طلا و نقره و فلزات )، بصورت شمش در آوردن .
n. külçe, tomruk, kütük
n. lingot (de métal)
101
culminate
v. climax; end, conclude
cul·mi·nate /ˈkʌlmɪneɪt/
culminate in/with [culminate in/with sth] phr v
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of culminare, from Latin culmen 'top']
if a process culminates in or with a particular event, it ends with that event
A series of events for teachers and students will culminate in a Shakespeare festival next year.
به اوج رسیدن ، بحد اکثر ارتفاع رسیدن ، بحد اعلی رسیدن .
v. doruğa ulaşmak, sonuçlanmak; meridyen üzerinde bulunmak
v. culminer; atteindre un sommet; achever
102
burst
n. eruption; gush, spurt; volley of gunshots
v. erupt; break open; break into; shatter, smash into pieces
burst1 /bəːst US bəːrst/ v past tense and past participle burst
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【break open】
2 be bursting with something
3【move suddenly】
4 burst open
5 be bursting to do something
6 be bursting
7 burst somebody's bubble
8 burst its banks
Phrasal verbs
burst in on/upon somebody/something
burst into something
burst onto/upon/on something
burst out
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Language: Old English; Origin: berstan]
【BREAK OPEN】 [I and T]
if something bursts or if you burst it, it breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so that its contents come out
The pipes had burst and the house was under two feet of water.
be bursting with sth
to have a lot of something or be filled with something
John was bursting with ideas and good humour.
The shops are bursting with food.
be bursting with pride/energy/excitement etc
Your mum's bursting with pride for you.
【MOVE SUDDENLY】 [I always + adverb/preposition]
to move somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place
burst into/through/in etc
Jo burst into the room.
burst open
to open suddenly
The door burst open and Tom ran into the room.
be bursting to do sth informal
to want to do something very much
Zach was bursting to tell them something.
be bursting
a) BrE informal to need to go to the toilet very soon
b) also be bursting at the seams
to be so full that nothing else can fit inside
burst sb's bubble informal
to destroy someone's beliefs or hopes about something
Steve was so happy I couldn't bear to burst his bubble.
burst its banks
if a river bursts its banks, water from it goes on to the land
→full (up) to bursting at full 1 (1), burst the bubble at bubble 1 (6), the bubble bursts at bubble 1 (5)
burst in on/upon / [burst in on/upon sb/sth] phr v
to interrupt something by entering a room, in a way that embarrasses you or other people
I'm sorry to burst in on you like this.
burst into [burst into sth] phr v
to suddenly begin to make a sound, especially to start singing, crying, or laughing
Claire looked as if she were about to burst into tears .
Suddenly, the group burst into laughter .
Lydia burst into song .
burst into flames/flame
to suddenly start to burn very strongly
Their car crashed and burst into flames.
burst onto/upon/on [burst onto/upon/on sth] phr v
to suddenly appear and become very successful
The band burst onto the music scene in 1997.
burst out phr v
burst out laughing/crying/singing etc
to suddenly start to laugh, cry etc
Everyone in the room burst out laughing.
to suddenly say something in a forceful way
'I don't believe it!' she burst out angrily.
→ outburst burst 2
burst2 n [C]
the act of something bursting or the place where it has burst
a burst in the water pipe
a) a short sudden effort or increase in activity
burst of
The van gave a sudden burst of speed.
b) a short sudden and usually loud sound
burst of
sharp bursts of machine gun fire
c) a sudden strong feeling or emotion
burst of anger/enthusiasm/temper etc
قطع کردن ، ترکیدن ، ازهم پاشیدن ، شکفتن ، منفجر کردن ، انفجار، شیوع.قطاری، پشت سر هم.
n. patlama, infilak, hamle, ileri atılma, atış, açılma, göz önüne serilme
v. patlak vermek, patlamak; atılmak, fırlamak; çatlamak, yarılmak; boşanmak (gözyaşı), fışkırmak; infilak etmek, ortaya çıkmak, aniden açmak, had safhaya gelmek
n. éclatement; explosion; jaillissement, jet; coup; rafale; giclée; éclat (rire); explosion (colère); élan (éloquence); accès (enthousiasme); poussée (activité); salve (applaudissements)
v. éclater; exploser; faire éclater; sauter, crever, percer; éclore; rompre
e: burst its banks
103
pebble
n. small stone
v. make surface rough and pebbly
peb·ble /ˈpebəl/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: papolstan, from papol (perhaps from the sound of small stones hitting against each other) + stan 'stone']
a small smooth stone found especially on a beach or on the bottom of a river
The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles.
>pebbly adj
a pebbly beach
ریگ ، سنگریزه ، شیشه عینک ، نوعی عقیق، باسنگریزه فرش کردن ، باریگ حمله کردن ، ( چرمسازی ) نقش ونگار ریگی دادن به .
n. çakıl, çakıltaşı, necef taşı
v. çakıl dökmek, çakılla kaplamak
n. caillou
v. caillou; galet
104
drizzle
n. light rain
v. rain lightly
driz·zle1 /ˈdrɪzəl/ v
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Old English dreosan 'to fall']
it is drizzling
if it is drizzling, light rain and mist come out of the sky
The rain isn't too bad - it's only drizzling.
[T always + adverb/preposition]
to let a liquid fall on food in a small stream or in small drops
Drizzle the soy sauce over the chicken. drizzle 2
drizzle2 n [singular, U]
weather that is a combination of light rain and mist
A light drizzle had started by the time we left.
>driz·zly /ˈdrɪzli/ adj
نمنم باران ، ریز باریدن .
n. çiseleyen yağmur, ahmak ıslatan, çiseleme
v. çiselemek, serpiştirmek
n. bruine, crachin, pluie très fine
v. bruiner, crachiner, pleuvoir à petites gouttes
105
muggy
adj. hot and humid (Weather)
mug·gy /ˈmʌgi/ adj
[Date: 1700-1800; Origin: mug 'light rain' (1700-1800), probably from a Scandinavian language]
informal muggy weather is unpleasantly warm and the air seems wet
= humid
گرم، خفه ، مرطوب، گرفته .
adj. sıcak ve rutubetli, kapalı, nemli, bunaltıcı
adj. lourd
106
mug
n. large cup; dummy, idiot (Slang); face (Slang)
v. attack on the street with the intention to steal; rob on the street; memorize, learn by heart
mug1 S3 /mʌg/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
a tall cup used for drinking tea, coffee etc
a coffee mug
a large glass with a handle, used especially for drinking beer
a beer mug
mug/mugful of sth
a mug and the liquid inside it
Two mugs of tea, please.
BrE spoken informal someone who is stupid and easy to deceive
Only a mug would pay that much for a meal.
be a mug's game
BrE spoken to be something that only stupid people do because it is not likely to be successful or to bring you money
Gambling is a mug's game.
spoken informal a face
Something scared him. Probably your ugly mug ! mug 2
mug2 v past tense and past participle mugged present participle mugging
[T]
to attack someone and rob them in a public place
A lot of people won't go out alone at night because they're afraid of being mugged.
[I] AmE informal to make silly expressions with your face or behave in a silly way, especially for a photograph or in a play
mug for
All the kids were mugging for the camera.
mug up phr v
informal to try to learn something in a short time, especially for an examination
= swot up mug up on
Jeannie can't come. She's busy mugging up on science for her exam.
mug sth⇔up
Mug up as much as you can about the country before your trip.
آبخوری، لیوان ، ساده لوح، دهان ، دهن کجی، کتک زدن ، عکس شخص محکوم.
n. kupa, kulplu bardak, bardak, surat etme, enayi, inek (öğrenci), eşkıya
v. çok çalışmak, ineklemek, maymunluk etmek, komik mimikler yapmak, zevzeklik etmek, fotoğrafını çekmek (emniyette)
107
breeze
n. light wind; quarrel, feud
v. move quickly; blow softly
breeze1 /briːz/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: brise, perhaps from bise 'cold north wind']
a gentle wind
flowers waving in the breeze
be a breeze informal
to be very easy
Don't think that learning Dutch will be a breeze.
→shoot the breeze at shoot 1 (13) breeze 2
breeze2 v
[I always + adverb/preposition]
to walk somewhere in a calm confident way
breeze in/into/out etc
She just breezed into my office and said she wanted a job.
[T]
to do very well in a test, a piece of written work etc, with very little effort
Don't bother studying for the English exam - you'll breeze it.
breeze through [breeze through sth] phr v
to achieve something very easily
بادشمال یاشمال شرقی، بادملایم، نسیم، وزیدن (مانند نسیم).
n. hafif rüzgâr, rüzgâr, meltem, esinti; çocuk oyuncağı, tartışma, kömür artığı kül
v. coşarak gitmek, dalıvermek
n. brise; querelle, conflit, dispute
v. se déplacer rapidement, bouger en un éclair; passer en coup de vent; souffler doucement
108
gale
n. tempest, strong wind; sudden outburst; wave, fit (i.e. of laughter)
gale /geɪl/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Norwegian galen 'bad']
a very strong wind
a severe gale.
it's blowing a gale
BrE (=it's very windy)
a gale/gales of laughter
a sudden loud sound of laughter
The bar erupted into gales of laughter.
تند باد، باد، ( در دریا ) طوفان .
n. mersin ağacı, bora, fırtına, şiddetli rüzgâr, reçineli bataklık ağacı
n. rafale, coup de vent; tempête; myrte des marais; cascade de rires
109
drown
v. suffocate in water; be suffocated by water; flood, inundate with water
drown /draun/ v
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
[I and T]
to die from being under water for too long, or to kill someone in this way
Many people drowned when the boat overturned.
Jane was drowned in the river.
drown yourself
Depressed, Peter tried to drown himself.
also drown out [T]
if a loud noise drowns out another sound, it prevents it from being heard
A train blew its whistle and drowned his voice.
The noise of the battle was drowned out by his aircraft's engine.
[T]
to cover something, especially food, with more liquid than is necessary or nice
drown sth in sth
The fish was drowned in a rich sauce.
[I and T]
to have a very strong feeling or a serious problem that is difficult to deal with
drown in
Relief agencies are drowning in frustration.
The country is drowning in debt.
drown your sorrows
to drink a lot of alcohol in order to forget your problems
غرق کردن ، غرق شدن ، خیس کردن .
v. boğmak, suda boğulmak, suda boğmak, bastırmak, dağıtmak drown 2
n. boğma
v. noyer; se noyer; submerger, inonder
e: the ship may capsize and drown underwater.
110
Hippocrates
n. Greek physician (c.460-c.377 BC), father of modern medicine
بقراط
n. Hipokrat
n. Hippocrate, médecin grec de l'époque antique qui a donné son nom au serment des médecins
111
itinerant
n. traveler with a regular route, person that travels from place to place, wanderer; one who alternately works and travels
adj. wandering, traveling along a regular route; alternately working and travelling
·tin·e·rant /aɪˈtɪnərənt/ adj [only before noun] formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , present participle of itinerari 'to go on a journey', from iter 'journey']
travelling from place to place, especially to work
itinerant labourers
>itinerant n C
> itinerate V
>itineration n
سیار، دوره گرد.
adj. seyyar, gezici
n. voyageur, promeneur; vagabond, personne qui se déplace d'un lieu à un autre; ambulant, itinérant, personne qui alterne voyage et travail
adj. ambulant, itinérant (selon un itinéraire fixe)
e: itinerant barber in the Physician movie
112
circumcise
v. surgically remove the foreskin of the penis
cir·cum·cise /ˈsəːkəmsaɪz US ˈsəːr-/ v [T]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of circumcidere, from circum- ( CIRCUM-) + caedere 'to cut']
to cut off the skin at the end of the penis (=male sex organ)
to cut off a woman's clitoris (=part of her sex organs)
ختنه کردن .
v. sünnet etmek, bızırı kesme;, ruhen temizlemek, günahlardan arındırmak
v. circoncire
e: Rob therefore circumcises himself and calls himself Jesse ben Benjamin
113
autopsy
n. postmortem, examination of a corpse to determine cause of death
v. perform a postmortem examination, perform an autopsy (often in order to determine cause of death)
au·top·sy /ˈɔːtɔpsi US ˈɔːtɑːp-/ n plural autopsies [C] especially AmE
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: autopsia 'act of seeing with your own eyes', from auto- ( AUTO-) + opsis 'sight']
an examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death
British Equivalent: post mortem
an autopsy report
کالبد شکافی، ( مج. ) تشریح مرده ، تشریح نسج مرده ( درمقابل biopsy).
n. otopsi, bizzat inceleme
v. otopsi yapmak
n. autopsie, examen visuel et chimique de toutes les parties d'un cadavre (notamment pour déterminer les causes de la mort)
v. autopsier; procéder à une autopsie
e: conflict is sparked by the ethical assessment of the autopsy on the human body
114
anesthesia
n. (Pathology) lack of feeling, loss of sensation (caused by disease); (Medicine) localized or general reduction of sensitivity to pain (through drugs)
an·es·the·si·a /ˌænɪsˈθiːziə US -ʒə/ n [U]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek anaisthesia, from aisthesis 'feeling']
the usual American spelling of anaesthesia
anaesthesia
an·aes·the·si·a
also anesthesia AmE /ˌænɪsˈθiːziə US -ʒə/ n [U]
the use of anaesthetics in medicine
the state of being unable to feel pain
بیهوشی، هوش بری.
n. anestezi, duyu yitimi, uyuşturma, hissizlik, duyumsuzlaşma, uyuşma
n. anesthésie (opération); absence de sensation
115
hatch
n. brood of hatchlings; emergence from an egg; opening in a wall or floor, opening through which passengers or cargo may pass (especially in a ship); door covering such an opening, trapdoor
v. emerge from an egg; cause to come out of an egg; incubate; plan, produce, concoct; initiate; draw parallel lines to produce the effect of shading
hatch1 /hætʃ/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Origin unknown]
also hatch out [I and T]
if an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out
The eggs take three days to hatch.
also hatch out [I and T]
if a young bird, insect etc hatches, or if it is hatched, it comes out of its egg
All the chicks have hatched out.
hatch a plot/plan/deal etc
to form a plan etc in secret hatch 2
hatch2 n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: hAc]
a hole in a ship or aircraft, usually used for loading goods, or the door that covers it
escape hatch
(=a hole in an aircraft etc through which you can escape)
also hatchway
a small hole in the wall or floor between two rooms, or the door that covers it
down the hatch
spoken informal something you say before drinking an alcoholic drink quickly
دریچه ، روزنه ، نصفه در، روی تخم نشستن ( مرغ )، (مج. ) اندیشیدن ، پختن ، ایجاد کردن ، تخم گذاشتن ، تخم دادن ، جوجه بیرون آمدن ، جوجه گیر ی، (مج. ) درآمد، نتیجه ، خط انداختن ، هاشور زدن .
n. bölme, civcivler, kapak, ambar kapağı, servis penceresi, civciv çıkarma, ince çizgi, tarama
v. civciv çıkarmak, kuluçkaya yatırmak, gizlice hazırlamak, iş çevirmek, yumurtadan çıkmak, çıkmak, olmak, büyümek, tarama yapmak, ince ince çizmek
n. couvée; éclosion; poussin d'un jour; écoutille de bateau; hublot
v. éclore; couver; tramer; initier
116
Impetus
n. urge, drive, something which stimulates or impels; momentum, force through which a body moves
im·pe·tus /ˈɪmpɪtəs/ n [U]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: impetere 'to attack', from petere 'to go to, look for']
an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen more quickly
impetus for
The report may provide further impetus for reform.
The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
technical the force that makes an object start moving, or keeps it moving
نیروی جنبش، عزم، انگیزه
n. hız, şiddet, dürtü, güdü
n. impulsion, coup de pouce; élan
e: Uk urges Europe to revise Brexit stance to inject political impetus into trade talks
117
net worth
Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an institutional unit or sector minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities
ارزش خالص دارایی ها
118
disseminate
v. scatter, spread, disperse, distribute
dis·sem·i·nate /dɪˈsemɪneɪt/ v [T] formal
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: disseminare, from seminare 'to plant seed']
to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible
Her findings have been widely disseminated .
>dissemination /dɪˌsemɪˈneɪʃən/ n [U]
the dissemination of information
تخم کاشتن ، منتشرکردن .
v. saçmak, yaymak; tohum ekmek
v. disséminer, diffuser
e:The role of disseminator requires that managers inform
119
seminal
e: Mintzberg created a seminal organisational model using three categories
120
figurehead
رئیس کاذب وظاهری
| e: other activities associated with the figurehead role
121
transplant
n. removal from one place and introduction to another (organ, refugee, etc.), transfer, relocation
v. remove from one place and introduce into another (organ, person, etc.), transfer, relocate
trans·plant1 /trænsˈplɑːnt US -ˈplænt/ v [T]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: transplantare, from Latin plantare 'to plant']
to move an organ, piece of skin etc from one person's body and put it into another as a form of medical treatment
to move a plant from one place and plant it in another place
formal to move something or someone from one place to another
>transplantation /ˌtrænsplɑːnˈteɪʃən US -plæn-/ n [U] transplant 2
trans·plant2 /ˈtrænsplɑːnt US -plænt/ n
[U and C]
the operation of transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc
→implant
heart transplant surgery
a bone marrow transplant
[C]
the organ, piece of skin etc that is moved in a transplant operation
→implant
نشاکردن ، درجای دیگری نشاندن ، مهاجرت کردن ، کوچ دادن ، نشائ زدن ، ( جراحی ) پیوندزدن ، عضو پیوند شده ، فراکاشتن .
v. nakletmek, başka yere dikmek, nakledilmek
n. greffe, transplantation
v. transplanter, greffer
122
moving
e: the experience was so moving
123
khaki, cargo and sweat pants
| polo shirt
شلوار کتان ، شلوار ارتشی و شلوار راحتی و پیراهن سه دکمه
124
baulk
n. unplowed ridge of land; rafter; incomplete and thus illegal move made by a pitcher (Baseball); block
v. refuse to move forward; hesitate; hinder, thwart
baulk /bɔːk, bɔːlk US bɔːk, bɔːlk/
a British spelling of balk
balk
balk
also baulk BrE /bɔːk, bɔːlk US bɔːk, bɔːlk/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: balk 'raised area that gets in the way of forward movement' (15-21 centuries), from Old English balca 'pile of things on the ground']
[I]
to not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or frightening
balk at
Many people would balk at setting up a new business during a recession.
Westerners balk at the prospect of snake on the menu.
[I]
if a horse balks at a fence, it stops in front of it and refuses to jump over it
[I] AmE
in baseball, to stop in the middle of the action of throwing the ball to the player who is trying to hit it
[T] formal
to stop someone or something from getting or achieving what they want
(=balk) طفره رفتن ، ردکردن ، طفره ، امتناع، روگردانی.
n. engel, ket, hata, başarısızlık, sürülmemiş tarla, kiriş, duraksama
v. ayak diremek, inatla yürümemek, inat etmek, duraksamak, engellemek, durdurmak, kaçınmak
n. billon; pierre d'achoppement; obstacle; poutre, solive; terre non labourée, manoeuvre illégale effectuée par le lanceur (Baseball)
v. déjouer, frustrer, conntrarier; entraver contrecarrer; s'arrêter, reculer, hésiter
125
fudge
n. type of candy; nonsense, foolishness
v. forge, falsify; cheat; talk nonsense; dodge, evade
fudge1 /fʌdʒ/ n
[U]
a soft creamy brown sweet food
a fudge
BrE an attempt to deal with a situation that does not solve its problems completely, or only makes it seem better fudge 2
fudge2 v
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Perhaps from fadge 'to fit, change' (16-19 centuries)]
[I and T]
to avoid giving exact details or a clear answer about something
He tried to fudge the issue by saying that he did not want to specify periods.
[T]
to change important figures or facts to deceive people
Sibley has been fudging his data for years now.
غذائی که از مخلوط شکلات وشیر وقند درست شده باشد، سخن بی معنی وبیهوده ، جفنگ ، نوعی رنگ قهوه ای، سرهم بندی کردن ، فریفتن ، آهسته حرکت کردن ، طفره رفتن ، پنهان شدن .
n. boş lâf, saçma
v. uydurmak, abartmak, yarım yamalak yapmak, uyduruk kaydırık yapmak, baştan savma yapmak, geçiştirmek, taklidini yapmak
n. fondant, type de sucrerie; bêtises, balivernes
v. parler avec prolixité; dire des sottises; agir avec négligence; fausser
126
dodge
dodge1 /dɔdʒ US dɑːdʒ/ v
[I and T]
to move quickly to avoid someone or something
He ran across the courtyard, dodging a storm of bullets.
dodge between/through/into etc
Helen clutched Edward's arm as they dodged through the traffic .
[T]
to deliberately avoid discussing something or doing something
= evade
dodge an issue/question
Senator O'Brian skillfully dodged the crucial question.
draft dodging
(=when someone avoids an order to join the army, navy etc) dodge 2
dodge2 n [C]
informal something dishonest that is done to avoid a rule or law
Businesses are investing in tree plantations as a tax dodge (=a way of avoiding paying tax) .
Dodge
Dodge
trademark
a type of US car made by Chrysler
جاخالی دادن ، این سو وآن سو رفتن ، ( مج. ) گریز زدن ، طفره زدن ، تمجمج، اهمال، جاخالی.
n. yana çekilme, kurtulma; kurnazlık; hile; dolap
v. yana kaçmak, kenara sıçramak, fırlamak, kaçınmak, sıyrılmak; kaçamak yapmak; atlatmak, kaytarmak
n. esquive; mouvement de côté
v. se jeter de côté; esquiver; éluder, éviter; ruser
e: Herd immunity level in UK high enough to dodge
second wave of Covid-19
127
ace
n. expert; champion; playing card with the A on it (Cards); unreturned serve (Tennis)
v. hit a ball that is not returned (Tennis); be a champion; receive a high score
ace1 /eɪs/ n [C]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【playing card】
2【skilful person】
3【tennis shot】
4 hold the aces
5 within an ace of (doing) something
6 have an ace up your sleeve
7 ace in the hole
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: as, from Latin, 'unit, a small coin']
【PLAYING CARD】
a playing card with a single spot on it, which usually has the highest value in a game
the ace of hearts
I've got a pair of aces.
【SKILFUL PERSON】
someone who is extremely skilful at doing something
a soccer ace
cycling ace Chris Boardman
【TENNIS SHOT】
a first shot in tennis or volleyball which is hit so well that your opponent cannot reach the ball and you win the point
She has already hit 13 aces in the match.
hold the aces
to have the advantages in a situation so that you are sure to win
The Americans hold most of the aces in this technology.
within an ace of (doing) sth
very close to doing or achieving something
The team came within an ace of winning the championship.
have an ace up your sleeve
to have a secret advantage which could help you to win or be successful
ace in the hole
AmE informal something that you keep secretly to use when you need it
That fifty dollars is my ace in the hole. ace 2
ace2 adj
ace pilot/player/skier etc
someone who is a very skilful pilot, player etc
an ace marksman
BrE spoken very good
The party was ace. ace 3
ace3 v [T]
AmE informal to do very well in an examination, a piece of written work etc
I think I aced the History test.
to hit your first shot in tennis or volleyball so well that your opponent cannot reach the ball
تک خال، آس، ذره ، نقطه ، درشرف، ذره ای مانده (به )، (مج. ) ستاره یا قهرمان تیمهای بازی، رتبه ئ اول، خلبانی که حداقل هواپیمای دشمن راسرنگون کرده باشد، تک خال زدن ، (ش. ) پیشوندی ازکلمه acetic بمعنی (دارای جوهر سرکه ) میباشد که بصورت ترکیب با سایرکلمات میاید.
adj. as, en iyi, birinci sınıf ace 2 [eɪs]
n. as, bey, birli, yek; karşılanamayan atış (tenis); beş düşman uçağı düşüren pilot
n. expert; champion, as (dans les jeux de cartes); service
v. être un as, faire partie de l'élite
128
subordinates
n. one who is subservient, someone under the authority of another; one that is subjugated
v. make subservient, dominate, subjugate; place in a position of lesser importance
adj. inferior, of secondary importance; subjugated, subservient, under the authority of another
sub·or·di·nate1 /səˈbɔːdɪnət US -ˈbɔːr-/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of subordinare 'to subordinate', from Latin ordinare; ORDAIN]
in a less important position than someone else
a subordinate officer
subordinate to
Women were subordinate to men.
less important than something else
subordinate to
These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission. subordinate 2
subordinate2 n [C]
someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization subordinate 3
sub·or·di·nate3 /səˈbɔːdɪneɪt US -ˈbɔːr-/ v [T]
to put someone or something in a less important position
subordinate sb/sth to sb/sth
Why subordinate your wishes to those of your family?
>subordination /səˌbɔːdɪˈneɪʃən US -ˌbɔːr-/ n [U]
تابع، مادون ، مرئوس.مادون ، وابسته ، فرعی، پائین تر، مرئوس، تابع قراردادن ، زیردست یامطیع کردن ، فرمانبردار.
n. ast, madun
v. desteklemek, bağlamak, emrine vermek
adj. ast, alt, tabi, bağlı, yan, emrindeki
n. subordonné; personne de rang inférieur
v. être subordonné à
adj. subordonné, secondaire, subalterne; inférieur
e: managers give commands and directions to subordinates
129
flaw
n. defect, imperfection; crack; strong gust of wind
v. make flaws in; crack; become defective; become cracked
flaw /flɔː US flɔː/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from Old Norse flaga 'flat stone'; FLAG1]
a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect
= defect flaw in
a flaw in the software
serious/major/basic/minor etc flaw
a slight flaw in the glass
A design flaw (=a mistake or weakness in the way something was made) caused the engine to explode.
a mistake or problem in an argument, plan, set of ideas etc
flaw of
Beautiful scenery does not make up for the flaws of this film.
flaw in
There is a fundamental flaw in Walton's argument.
fatal flaw
(=a weakness that makes something certain to fail)
a fault in someone's character
Jealousy is Othello's major flaw.
the former President's character flaws
درز، رخنه ، عیب، خدشه ، عیب دار کردن ، ترک برداشتن ، تند باد، آشوب ناگهانی، کاستی.
n. özür, kusur, defo, hata, üretim hatası, noksanlık, çatlak
v. çatlatmak, yarmak, sakatlamak, zarar vermek, hasara uğratmak
n. défaut, défectuosité, imperfection; fêlure; bourrasque
v. tacher d'imperfection, vicier, être vicié
e: Just because Mintzberg’s initial research had certain flaws, does not mean it is useless to other researchers
130
demanding
adj. insistently requesting, claiming in an authoritative manner; tiring, taxing, challenging
demand [de·mand || dɪ'mɑːnd]
n. claim, requirement; strong request
v. claim, require; strongly request
de·mand·ing
S3 /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ US dɪˈmæn-/ adj
needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill
a demanding job
physically/emotionally/intellectually etc demanding
Climbing is physically demanding.
expecting a lot of attention or expecting to have things exactly the way you want them, especially in a way that is not fair
Her mother could be very demanding at times.
(=exacting) طاقت فرسا، سخت، خواستار، مبرم، مصر.
adj. emek isteyen, çok şey isteyen; titiz; zahmetli, müşkülpesent
demand [de·mand || dɪ'mɑːnd]
n. talep, istek, istem, isteme, ihtiyaç, rağbet; gereksinim; hak iddiası
v. istemek, talep etmek; hak iddia etmek; sormak
adj. revendicatif
demand [de·mand || dɪ'mɑːnd]
n. demande
v. exiger; nécessiter
e: People who have
physically demanding jobs may choose these types of activities
131
spin off
byproduct
| e: The world has been changed by computers and its spin offs like smart-phones
132
drop by
short visit
| e: and some colleagues who may drop by at any time to speak with you
133
dismay
n. fear, horror
v. fill with anxiety; cause despair, discourage, daunt
dis·may1 /dɪsˈmeɪ/ n [U]
the worry, disappointment, or unhappiness you feel when something unpleasant happens
with/in dismay
They stared at each other in dismay.
to sb's dismay
I found to my dismay that I had left my notes behind.
The thought of leaving filled him with dismay . dismay 2
dismay2 v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: desmaiier]
to make someone feel worried, disappointed, and upset
The poor election turnout dismayed politicians.
ترسانیدن ، بیجرات کردن ، ترس، جبن ، وحشت زدگی، بی میلی.
n. dehşet, korku, umutsuzluk, bunalım
v. korkutmak, dehşete düşürmek, umutsuzluğa düşürmek
n. consternation, effarement
v. consterner, épouvanter
e: over the years from pharmacists dismayed at the designs of packaging
134
whittle
n. knife, pocket-knife (Archaic)
v. cut; peel; cut away, shape; cut down
whit·tle /ˈwɪtl/ v
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: whittle 'large knife' (15-19 centuries), from thwittle (14-19 centuries), from thwite 'to whittle' (11-19 centuries), from Old English thwitan]
also whittle down [T]
to gradually make something smaller by taking parts away
We need to whittle down the list of guests for the party.
[I and T]
to cut a piece of wood into a particular shape by cutting off small pieces with a knife
→carve
whittle away phr v
to gradually reduce the amount or effectiveness of something, especially something that you think should not be reduced
whittle sth⇔away
The museum is worried that government funding will be whittled away.
whittle away at
Congress is whittling away at our freedom of speech.
چاقو، ساطور، تراشیدن ، بریدن ، پیوسته کمکردن ، با چاقو تیزکردن و تراشیدن .
v. bıçakla kesmek, yontmak
n. canif, couteau
v. tailler (au couteau); couper; réduire; éplucher
e: These are whittled down to two or three that might be tested on a consumer group
135
multitude
n. many, large quantity; mass, crowd
mul·ti·tude /ˈmʌltɪtjuːd US -tuːd/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin multitudo, from multus; MULTI-]
a multitude of sb/sth
formal or literary a very large number of people or things
I had never seen such a multitude of stars before.
a multitude of possible interpretations
the multitude(s)
ordinary people, especially when they are thought of as not being very well educated
Political power has been placed in the hands of the multitude.
literary or biblical a large crowd of people
Clamoring multitudes demanded a view of the Pope.
cover/hide a multitude of sins
to make faults or problems seem less clear or noticeable - used humorously
Patterned carpet can hide a multitude of sins (=the carpet is dirty, but the pattern hides it) .
گروه ، گروه بسیار، جمعیت کثیر، بسیاری.
n. kalabalık, izdiham, çokluk
n. multitude, amas; public
e: Her book highlights a multitude of design problems
136
blister
n. bubble; pimple; raised bubble on the skin that is filled with pus; raised area just under the top layer of a structure; bubble-like structure on a plane or aviation vehicle (e.g. for shooting the guns from a bomber)
v. cause to blister or be affected with blisters
blis·ter1 /ˈblɪstə US -ər/ n [C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: blestre, blostre 'swelling on the skin', from Middle Dutch bluyster 'blister']
a swelling on your skin containing clear liquid, caused for example by a burn or continuous rubbing
New shoes always give me blisters.
a swelling on the surface of metal, rubber, painted wood etc blister 2
blister2 v [I and T]
to develop blisters or make blisters form
The paint will blister in the heat.
>blistered adj
My hands were blistered from all the digging.
تاول، آبله ، تاول زدن .
n. kabarcık, su toplama, su toplatan şey, su toplanmış kabarcık, yakı, rasat kulesi, silâh bölmesi
v. kabarmak, su toplamak, kabartmak, çıkışmak, azarlamak
n. ampoule, cloque, boursouflure; brûlure, bulle, cloche
v. boursoufler ou se couvrir de cloques, d'ampoules
-e: glare on blister foils
137
ward
n. division (of a hospital, prison, etc.); administrative section; minor, dependent; guardianship, custody; means of defending; notch in a key
v. avert danger; guard, protect
ward1 W3 /wɔːd US wɔːrd/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: weard 'guarding']
a large room in a hospital where people who need medical treatment stay
maternity/general/geriatric etc ward
(=a ward for people with a particular medical condition) on/in the ward
a young nurse in her first day on the wards
the other patients in the ward
one of the small areas that a city has been divided into for the purpose of local elections
→constituency
law someone, especially a child, who is under the legal protection of another person or of a law court
She was made a ward of court . ward 2
ward2 v
ward off [ward sth⇔off] phr v
[Language: Old English; Origin: weardian 'to guard, defend']
to do something to try to protect yourself from something bad, such as illness, danger, or attack
Don't forget insect repellent to ward off the mosquitoes.
a spell to ward off evil spirits
-ward
-ward /wəd US wərd/ suffix [in adjectives]
[Language: Old English; Origin: -weard]
towards a particular direction or place
our homeward journey
a downward movement
نگهبان ، سلول زندان ، اطاق عمومی بیماران بستری، صغیری که تحت قیومت باشد، محجور، نگهداری کردن ، توجه کردن .
n. gözetim, koğuş, hapishane, bölge, vesayet altındaki çocuk, vesayet, kilit dili, şato dış avlusu
v. korumak, önlemek
n. salle, quartier (hôpital, prison); service de direction; protégé; tutelle; surveillance; préférence; rainure de clé
v. parer, écarter (un coup); détourner; éviter; prévenir
e: hospital ward
138
spine
backbone
139
legible
adj. readable, able to be read or deciphered; clear, recognizable
le·gi·ble /ˈledʒɪbəl/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: legibilis, from Latin legere; LEGEND]
written or printed clearly enough for you to read
≠ illegible
Her handwriting was so tiny it was barely legible.
>legibly adv
>legibility /ˌledʒɪˈbɪlɪti/ n [U]
خوانا، روشن .
adj. okunaklı, okunabilir
adj. lisible; reconnaissable, considérable
e: common studies of legibility and comprehensibility concern road traffic signs and visual display units
140
agency
n. franchise; bureau; office; means of action, method
a·gen·cy
W1S2 /ˈeɪdʒənsi/ n plural agencies [C]
a business that provides a particular service for people or organizations
an advertising/employment/travel etc agency
a local housing agency
→ dating agency, news agency
an organization or department, especially within a government, that does a specific job
a UN agency responsible for helping refugees
the Environmental Protection Agency
by/through the agency of sb
formal being done as the result of someone's help
نمایندگی، وکالت، گماشتگی، ماموریت، وساطت، پیشکاری، دفترنمایندگی.n. ajans, acenta, aracılık, organ, vasıta
n. agence; office; bureau; organisme; intermédiaire
141
comply
v. submit, consent, obey
com·ply /kəmˈplaɪ/ v past tense and past participle complied present participle complying third person singular complies [I] formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: complire, from Spanish cumplir 'to complete, do what is needed, be polite', from Latin complere; COMPLETE1]
to do what you have to do or are asked to do
→compliance, compliant compliant comply with
Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.
The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply.
موافقت کردن ، برآوردن ، اجابت کردن .
v. razı olmak, uymak, boyun eğmek
v. se conformer à, se soumettre à; obéir, consentir
compliance اجابت و قبول کار
compliant اجابت کننده و مطیع
e: parents will need to make sure that the affected child complies with all aspects of necessary
142
impair
v. spoil, mar, damage, weaken
im·pair /ɪmˈpeə US -ˈper/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: empeirer, from Vulgar Latin impejorare, from Late Latin pejorare 'to make worse']
to damage something or make it not as good as it should be
The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate.
>impairment n [U]
خراب کردن ، زیان رساندن ، معیوب کردن .
v. bozmak, zarar vermek, zayıflatmak, azaltmak
e: it is not known how much visually impaired patients will benefit
143
wit
n. intellect; reason; cleverness; sharpness; one who is sharp
v. know (Archaic)
wit /wɪt/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【amusing】
2【amusing person】
3 wits
4 frighten/scare/terrify somebody out of their wits
5 gather/collect/recover etc your wits
6 pit your wits against somebody
7 be at your wits' end
8 have the wit to do something
9 not be beyond the wit of somebody
10 to wit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Language: Old English; Origin: 'knowledge, intelligence']
【AMUSING】[U]
the ability to say things that are clever and amusing
a woman of great wit and charm
quick/dry/sharp etc wit
His sharp wit had them all smiling.
【AMUSING PERSON】 [C]
someone who is able to say clever and amusing things
wits [plural]
your ability to think quickly and make the right decisions
Alone and penniless, I was forced to live on my wits .
keep/have your wits about you
(=be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a difficult situation)
frighten/scare/terrify sb out of their wits informal
to frighten someone very much
I was terrified out of my wits at the very idea.
gather/collect/recover etc your wits
to make yourself think about what you are going to do next after you have been surprised by something
I felt helpless, but tried to gather my wits.
pit your wits against sb
to compete against someone in a test of knowledge or intelligence
be at your wits' end
to be very upset and not know what to do, because you have tried everything possible to solve a problem
have the wit to do sth
formal to be clever enough to know the right thing to do
Thankfully, Reid had the wit to see what was wrong with the plan.
not be beyond the wit of sb
formal not be too difficult for someone to do
It's surely not beyond the wit of man to come up with a solution.
to wit
old use or formal used to introduce additional information which makes it clear exactly who or what you are talking about
= namely
This does not stop me giving you a little treat. To wit, an invitation to dine at Brown's.
→battle of wits at battle 1 (5), half-wit
→live by your wits at live 1 (15), outwit, quick-witted, witty
هوش، قوه تعقل، لطافت طبع، مزاح، بذله گوئی، دانستن ، آموختن .
n. zekâ, ince zekâ, akıl, ince espri, nükte, zeki kimse
v. yâni, bilmek, öğrenmek
n. intelligence; raison; sagacité; ingéniosité, perspicacité; homme ingénieux
v. savoir, connaître (utilisation archaïque)
e: wit without learning is like a tree without fruit
144
revelation
n. act of showing, act of displaying; disclosure, divulgence; epiphany, sudden realization; divulgence of God's will to humans (Theology)
rev·e·la·tion /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/ n
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, from revelare; REVEAL]
[C]
a surprising fact about someone or something that was previously secret and is now made known
revelation about/concerning
He resigned after revelations about his affair.
startling revelations about his background
revelation that
revelations that two senior officers had lied in court
[U]
the act of suddenly making known a surprising fact that had previously been secret
revelation of
the revelation of previously unknown facts
[C] informal
something that is surprisingly good, enjoyable, or useful
revelation to
Alice Walker's novel was a real revelation to me.
[U and C]
an event, experience etc that is considered to be a message from God
>revelatory /ˌrevəˈleɪtəri US ˈrevələtɔːri/ adj
His playing has many moments of revelatory insights.
فاش سازی، آشکار سازی، افشائ، وحی، الهام.
n. açığa çıkarma, vahiy, belli etme, ilham, açığa vurma, esin
n. révélation, apparition
145
tame
v. domesticate; subdue, master; restrain, control
adj. trained, domesticated; gentle; submissive, obedient; dull, boring
tame1 /teɪm/ adj
[Language: Old English; Origin: tam]
a tame animal or bird is not wild any longer, because it has been trained to live with people
≠ wild
tame elephants
informal dull and disappointing
Most of the criticism has been pretty tame.
I decided that teaching was too tame for me.
[only before noun] BrE
used to describe a person who is willing to do what other people ask, even if it is slightly dishonest
If you have a tame doctor, he might give you a sick note.
>tamely adv
>tameness n [U] tame 2
tame2 v [T]
to reduce the power or strength of something and prevent it from causing trouble
The Prime Minister managed to tame the trade unions.
to train a wild animal to obey you and not to attack people
= domesticate
The Asian elephant can be tamed and trained.
رام، اهلی، بیروح، بیمزه ، خودمانی، راه کردن .
v. evcilleştirmek, işlemek, ehlileştirmek, uslandırmak, yumuşatmak, ekmek, işlemek (toprak), cesaretini kırmak
adj. evcil, ehli, uysal, uslu, tatsız, ekili
v. apprivoiser; domestiquer; cultiver (plante); mater: contrôler; dompter;
adj. apprivoisé, domestiqué; domestique; cultivé (terre); soumis, docile; anodin, insipide
146
poach
v. trespass, cross a border illegally; cook in boiling; hunt illegally for game or fish
poach /pəutʃ US poutʃ/ v
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【cook】
2【animals】
3【people】
4【steal ideas】
5 poach on somebody's territory/preserve
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sense: 1; Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: pochier, from poche 'bag, pocket']
[Sense: 2-5; Date: 1600-1700; Language: Old French; Origin: pocher]
【COOK】 [T]
a) to cook an egg in or over gently boiling water, without its shell
poached eggs on toast
b) to gently cook food, especially fish, in a small amount of boiling water, milk etc
Poach the salmon in white wine and water.
【ANIMALS】 [I and T]
to illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission
Deer have been poached here for years.
【PEOPLE】 [T]
to persuade someone who belongs to another organization, team etc to leave it and join yours, especially in a secret or dishonest way
That company's always poaching our staff.
poach from
Several of their reporters were poached from other papers.
【STEAL IDEAS】 [T]
to take and use someone else's ideas unfairly or illegally
poach from
characters poached from Shakespeare
poach on sb's territory/preserve
BrE to do something that is someone else's responsibility, especially when they do not want you to do it
>poaching n [U]
the poaching of elephants for their ivory tusks
آب پز کردن (تخم مرغ با پوست )، فرو کردن ، دزدکی شکار کردن ، برخلاف مقررات شکار صید کردن ، تجاوز کردن به ، راندن ، هل دادن ، بهم زدن ، لگد زدن ، خیساندن ، دزدیدن .
v. kaçak avlanmak, izinsiz avlanmak, yasak bölgeye girmek, izinsiz girmek, sportmence davranmamak, çiğnenerek topak topak olmak (toprak), vıcık vıcık olmak (toprak), toprağı çiğneyip karıştırmak, yumurtayı kabuksuz pişirmek, çılbır yapmak, ağartmak (kâğıt), kapmak, kaynatmak (yiyecek)
v. trépasser, passer une frontière illégalement; pénétrer dans le domaine d'autrui, chasser illégalement, braconner; cuire en faisant bouillir; pocher un oeuf
147
rehearse
v. drill, practice an action repeatedly in order to perfect it
re·hearse /rɪˈhəːs US -əːrs/ v
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rehercier, from herce 'farm tool for breaking up soil'; HEARSE]
[I and T]
to practise or make people practise something such as a play or concert in order to prepare for a public performance
I think we need to rehearse the first scene again.
rehearse for
The band was rehearsing for their world tour.
[T]
to practise something that you plan to say to someone
She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.
[T] formal
to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before
گفتن ، تمرین کردن ، تکرار کردن .
v. prova yapmak, tekrarlamak, sayıp dökmek, ezberden okumak
v. préparer, répéter une pièce, s'entraîner
148
beseech
v. entreat, plead, beg, ask earnestly, request
beseech
be·seech /bɪˈsiːtʃ/ v past tense and past participle besought /-ˈsɔːt US -ˈsɔːt/ or beseeched [T]
literary
[Date: 1100-1200; Origin: seek]
to eagerly and anxiously ask someone for something
= beg
درجستجوی چیزی بودن ، التماس کردن ، تقاضا کردن ، استدعا کردن .
v. rica etmek, yalvarmak, dilemek
v. solliciter; supplier; implorer; prier, demander
149
beg
v. request, plead; ask for charity
beg /beg/ v past tense and past participle begged present participle begging
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【ask】
2【money/food】
3【animal】
4 I beg your pardon
5 I beg to differ
6 beg the question
7 be going begging
8 beg, borrow, or steal
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Probably from Old English bedecian]
【ASK】 [I and T]
to ask for something in an anxious or urgent way, because you want it very much
She begged and pleaded with them until they finally agreed.
She fought back the sudden urge to run to him and beg his forgiveness.
beg to do sth
The children begged to come with us.
beg sb to do sth
I begged Helen to stay, but she wouldn't listen.
beg (sb) for sth
She ran to the nearest house and begged for help.
We could hear the prisoners begging for mercy .
I beg of you
formal (=please)
Listen, I beg of you.
beg leave to do sth
formal (=ask permission to do something)
【MONEY/FOOD】 [I and T]
to ask people to give you food, money etc, usually because you are very poor
beg (sth) from sb
a ragged child begging from passing shoppers
beg for
The old man went from door to door begging for food.
a begging letter (=a letter asking for money)
【ANIMAL】 [I]
if a dog begs, it sits up with its front legs off the ground
I beg your pardonspoken
a) used to ask someone to repeat what they have just said
'The meeting's on Wednesday.' 'I beg your pardon?' 'I said the meeting's on Wednesday.'
b) used to say sorry when you have made a mistake, or said something wrong or embarrassing
Oh, I beg your pardon. I thought you said 15 pence, not 50.
see usage note excuse 1
c) used to show that you strongly disagree with something that someone has said, or think it is unacceptable
'Chicago's an awful place.' 'I beg your pardon, that's where I'm from!'
I beg to differ
spoken formal used to say firmly that you do not agree with something that has been said
I must beg to differ on this point.
beg the question
a) to make you want to ask a question that has not yet been answered
beg the question of
This proposal begs the question of who is going to pay for the new building.
b) to treat an idea as though it were true or had been proved, when this may not be the case
be going begging
BrE spoken if something is going begging, it is available for anyone who wants it
There's a beer going begging if anyone's interested.
beg, borrow, or steal
to do whatever you must in order to get what you want - often used humorously
She'd beg, borrow, or steal the money for those shoes.
خواهش کردن (از)، خواستن ، گدائی کردن ، استدعا کردن ، درخواست کردن .
v. yalvarmak, rica etmek, dilenmek; dilemek; kaçınmak, sakınmak, itiraf etmek, arka ayakları üzerinde durmak, sustaya kalkmak
v. demander, solliciter, supplier, implorer; mendier, demander l'aumôme
150
spat
n. minor quarrel; light slap; gaiter that covers the instep and ankle and is fastened to a shoe by a strap under the heel; young oyster or other shellfish
v. quarrel; slap lightly; deposit eggs, produce spawn (of shellfish)
spit [spɪt]
n. saliva; act of ejecting saliva; pointed rod on which meat is roasted; perfect likeness; light rainfall or snowfall; narrow section of land extending into the sea; shovelful
v. eject saliva from the mouth; discharge, throw out, eject; express anger or contempt by or as if by expectorating; say quickly and angrily; fall lightly (of rain or snow)
v. spear with a thin rod, impale on a spit
spat1 /spæt/
the past tense and past participle of spit spat 2
spat2 n [C]
[Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Perhaps from the sound of a blow.]
[Sense: 2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: spatterdash 'spat' (17-20 centuries), from spatter + dash]
informal a short unimportant quarrel
a marital spat
spats [plural]
special pieces of cloth that fasten with buttons on top of a man's shoes, worn in the past
(spit of. p): ( زمان ماضی فعل spit)، به سیخ کشید، تف کرد، سوراخ کرد، (.vi and .vt.n): حلزون خوراکی خیلی کوچک ، بچه حلزون ، مرافعه ، کشمکش کردن ، سیلی، سیلی زدن .
n. istiridye yumurtası, ağız kavgası, kısa tozluk, münakaşa, atışma, şamar, şaplak, küçük istridye
v. atışmak, ağız kavgası etmek, yumurta bırakmak (istridye)
n. querelle; demi-guêtre, demi-guêtres; naissant
v. donner une légère claque; avoir une légère querelle; pondre des oeufs (coquillages etc.)
spit [spɪt]
n. broche; crachat, salive; reproduction exacte; ressemblance parfaite, identité
v. cracher; crachoter; crépiter; écumer (de colère); tomber en crachat (pluie)
v. embrocher
e: Why r Obama and trump in new spat?
151
whim
n. fancy, caprice, notion, impulse; device for operating a hoisting rope in a mine
whim /wɪm/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: whim-wham 'decorative object, whim' (16-19 centuries), of unknown origin]
a sudden feeling that you would like to do or have something, especially when there is no important or good reason
on a whim
I didn't leave just on a whim (=for no good reason) .
at the whim of sb
At work they are at the whim of the boss.
sb's every whim
Their father had always indulged her every whim.
at whim
He appeared and disappeared at whim.
هوس، هوی و هوس، تلون مزاج، وسواس، خیال، وهم، تغییر ناگهانی.
n. heves, merak, geçici istek, kapris, bocurgat
n. caprice; fantaisie, lubie
e: His mother spoiled him, indulging his every whim
152
imminent
adj. impending, forthcoming, about to happen, near, approaching (especially of an evil or dangerous event); projecting, overhanging
im·mi·nent /ˈɪmɪnənt/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of imminere 'to stick out, threaten']
an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon
imminent danger/threat/death/disaster etc
He was in imminent danger of dying.
He smiled in anticipation of her imminent arrival.
A new trade agreement is imminent.
>imminence n [U]
the imminence of the General Election
>imminently adv
قریب الوقوع، حتمی.
adj. yakın, eli kulağında
adj. imminent, proche; proéminent, pointu, se dressant
e: the imminent demise
153
mutate
v. change, alter, cause a mutation; undergo a change, be altered, undergo a mutation; change in vowel sound, be changed by umlaut (Phonetics)
mu·tate /mjuːˈteɪt US ˈmjuːteɪt/ v [I]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of mutare 'to change']
if an animal or plant mutates, it becomes different from others of the same kind, because of a change in its genetic structure
Simple organisms like bacteria mutate rapidly.
to change and develop a new form
Technology continues to mutate at an alarming rate.
تغییر دادن .
v. değişmek
v. muer; subir une mutation; métamorphoser; faire subir une mutation
e: His research points to mutations from other weedy grasses
154
penchant
n. liking, affinity; attraction
pen·chant /ˈpɔnʃɔn, ˈpentʃənt US ˈpentʃənt/ n
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: , present participle of pencher 'to lean']
a/sb's penchant for sth
if you have a penchant for something, you like that thing very much and try to do it or have it often
a penchant for fast cars
میل شدید، علاقه ، ذوق، میل وافر، آمادگی.
n. tutku, eğilim, meyil
n. penchant; affection; affinité; attirance
e: A clue lies in its penchant for growing as a weed in fields shared with a fodder crop
155
arable
adj. cultivatable; fit for cultivation
ar·a·ble /ˈærəbəl/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: arabilis, from arare 'to plow']
relating to growing crops
arable farming
arable land (=land that is suitable for growing crops)
قابل کشتکاری، قابل زرع، زمین مزروعی.
adj. tarıma elverişli, sürülebilir, ekilebilir arable 2
n. ekilebilir arazi, işlenebilir toprak
adj. arable
e: the legumes were increasingly introduced into arable rotations
156
lurk
n. hideout
v. lie in wait; hide; prowl, sneak about, slink; exist unsuspected or unseen; (Internet) be a passive participant in a discussion group (read other people's messages without adding one's own comments)
lurk /ləːk US ləːrk/ v [I ]
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: Probably from Low German or a Scandinavian language]
to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do something wrong
lurk in/behind/beneath/around etc
She didn't see the figure lurking behind the bushes.
if something such as danger, a feeling etc lurks somewhere, it exists, but you may not see it or know about it
a dark formless danger, lurking in the shadows
if you lurk in a chat room on the Internet, you read what other people are writing to each other, but you do not write any messages yourself
lurk in
I think it's sort of creepy how people lurk in chat rooms.
کمین کردن ، در تکاپو بودن ، درکمین شکار بودن ، در انتظار فرصت بودن ، دزدکی عملکردن ، در خفا انجام دادن .
v. pusuya yatmak, gizlenmek
n. menacer, rester tapi
v. s'embusquer; se cacher; s'infiltrer; se dérober (sur internet) être présent "derrière les coulisses" en groupe de débât (en cachette, sans intervenir)
e: the grass had probably lurked undetected in the English countryside
157
taunt
n. teasing, mockery; provocation
v. sneer, mock; provoke, tease
taunt1 /tɔːnt US tɔːnt/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Old French tenter 'to try, tempt']
to try to make someone angry or upset by saying unkind things to them
taunt sb about sth
The other children taunted him about his weight.
taunt sb with sth
They taunted him with the nickname 'Fatso'.
'And he'll believe you, will he?' Maria taunted.
>tauntingly adv taunt 2
taunt2 n [C often plural]
a remark or joke intended to make someone angry or upset
racist taunts
دست انداختن ومتلک گفتن ، سرزنش کردن ، شماتت کردن ، طعنه زدن ، طعنه .
n. alay, başa kakma, yüze vurma
v. başına kakmak, yüzüne vurmak, alay etmek
n. taquinerie, raillerie, moquerie, provocation
v. railler, se moquer de, provoquer, défier
e: however high they built the banks, the floods kept coming back to taunt them
158
spectre
n. spirit, ghost, phantom
spec·ter /ˈspektə US -ər/ n
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: spectre, from Latin spectrum; SPECTRUM]
the American spelling of spectre
spectre
spec·tre
BrE specter AmE /ˈspektə US -ər/ n
the spectre of sth
something that people are afraid of because it may affect them badly
The recession is again raising the spectre of unemployment.
[C] literary
a ghost
(spectre) شبح، روح، خیال وفکر، تخیل، وهم.
n. hayalet, ürkütücü şey, hayal, kuruntu, vesvese
n. spectre, esprit, fantôme
e: as winter storms return, the spectre of floods is returning too
159
torture
n. infliction of excruciating pain, torment, pain, anguish
v. inflict excruciating pain, torment, agonize
tor·ture1 /ˈtɔːtʃə US ˈtɔːrtʃər/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin tortura, from Latin tortus 'twisted', from torquere; TORQUE]
an act of deliberately hurting someone in order to force them to tell you something, to punish them, or to be cruel
He died after five days of excruciating torture.
severe physical or mental suffering
The waiting must be torture for you. torture 2
torture2 v [T]
to deliberately hurt someone in order to force them to give you information, to punish them, or to be cruel
Political opponents of the regime may be tortured.
if a feeling or knowledge tortures you, it makes you suffer a lot mentally
Rachel sat alone for hours at home, tortured by jealousy.
>torturer n [C]
شکنجه ، عذاب، زجر، عذاب دادن ، زجر دادن .
n. işkence, eziyet, ızdırap
v. işkence etmek, eziyet etmek, çektirmek, çarpıtmak
n. souffrance, douleur, torture
v. torturer
e: Back in the days when rivers took a more tortuous path to the sea
160
meander
v. walk about aimlessly; carry on in a leisurely way; wander, roam; ramble
me·an·der /miˈændə US -ər/ v [I]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: maeander, from Greek, from Maiandros (now Menderes), river in Turkey]
if a river, stream, road etc meanders, it has a lot of bends rather than going in a straight line
meander along/across/down etc
The river meandered gently along the valley floor.
[always + adverb/preposition]
to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way rather than take the most direct way possible
meander along/through etc
Cows still meander through these villages.
also meander on
if a conversation or piece of writing meanders on, it is too long and has no purpose or structure
>meanderings n [plural]
his aimless meanderings through Europe
>meander n [C]\
پیچ، خم، دور، گردش، راه پر پیچ وخم، پیچ وخم داشتن ، مسیر پیچیده ای را طیکردن ، چماب.
v. kıvrılmak, kıvırmak, boş boş dolaşmak, dolambaçlı yoldan gitmek meander 2
n. labirent, dolambaçlı yol, kıvrım, menderes
v. serpenter; vagabonder; aller ici et là
e: flood waters lost impetus and volume while meandering across flood plains
161
dyke
n. protective wall, rampart; drainage channel; (Slang) lesbian
v. build a protective wall, construct a rampart; dig a drainage channel
dyke
dike /daɪk/ n [C]
[Sense: 1, 3; Origin: Old English dic 'ditch, dike']
[Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Probably from morphadyke 'male and female person, homosexual' (1900-2000), from hermaphrodite]
a wall or bank built to keep back water and prevent flooding
taboo informal an offensive word for a lesbian (=woman who is sexually attracted to women) . Do not use this word.
especially BrE a narrow passage to carry water away
= ditch
(=dike) سد، دیواری که برای جلوگیری از آب دریا می سازند (در هلند )، آب بند، بند آب.
n. set, bent, siper, lezbiyen
n. digue, levée; chaussée surélevée; fossé, chenal; gouine (langage vulgaire)
v. endiguer (une rivière); protéger par des digues
162
err
v. make a mistake, be wrong, misjudge
err /əː US əːr/ v [I]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: errer, from Latin errare]
err on the side of sth
to be more careful or safe than is necessary, in order to make sure that nothing bad happens
It's always best to err on the side of caution .
old use to make a mistake
خطاکردن ، دراشتباه بودن ، غلط بودن ، گمراه شدن ، بغلط قضاوت کردن .
v. yanılmak, hata yapmak, yanlış olmak, günah işlemek
v. errer; se tromper
e: Dykes are only as good as their weakest link—-and the water will unerringly find it
163
mighty
adj. strong; powerful; great
adv. very much (Informal)
might·y1 /ˈmaɪti/ adj comparative mightier superlative mightiest
literary
very strong and powerful, or very big and impressive
the mighty Mississippi river
a mighty army
→high and mighty at high 1 (26) mighty 2
mighty2 adv
AmE informal very
You seem mighty sure of your facts.
They got out of there mighty fast, I can tell you.
نیرومند، توانا، زورمند، قوی، مقتدر، بزرگ .
adj. kuvvetli, güçlü, aziz, zorlu, muazzam, büyük, pek çok
adj. puissant, fort; formidable; considérable
adv. puissant, fort, intense
164
utopia
n. place or state of ideal perfection; idealistic scheme for political or social perfection
Utopia [U·to·pi·a || juː'təʊpjə]
n. work of fiction by Sir Thomas More describing an imaginary island "Utopia" on which there is perfect social and political order
u·to·pi·a
also Utopia /juːˈtəupiə US -ˈtou-/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Utopia imaginary perfect country in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More, from Greek ou 'not, no' + topos 'place']
an imaginary perfect world where everyone is happy
→dystopia
>utopian adj
a utopian society
>utopianism n [U]
دولت یا کشور کامل و ایده آلی، مدینه فاضله .
n. düşler ülkesi, gerçekleşmesi imkânsız düşünce, ütopya
n. utopie
Utopia [U·to·pi·a || juː'təʊpjə]
n. "Utopie", roman de fiction de Sir Thomas More qui décrit une île imaginaire "Utopie" où il règne un parfait ordre social et politique
e: It sounds expensive and utopian, until you realise how much we spend trying to drain cities and protect our watery margins
165
snob
n. haughty person, arrogant person
snob /snɔb US snɑːb/ n [C]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: snob 'shoemaker, person of low social rank' (18-19 centuries)]
someone who thinks they are better than people from a lower social class - used to show disapproval
Stop being such a snob.
I don't want to sound like a snob, but I thought she was vulgar.
someone who thinks they are better than other people because they know more about something than other people - used to show disapproval
a bunch of intellectual snobs
music/wine snob
snob value/appeal
BrE something that has snob value is liked by people who think they are better than other people
That kind of car has real snob appeal .
adj:snobbish
قلمبه ، برجستگی، مغرور، افاده ای، با بغض شدید گریستن .
n. snob, züppe
n. snob; orgueilleux
166
solace
n. consolation, relief from distress; source of comfort
v. comfort, console, encourage; relieve, appease
sol·ace /ˈsɔlɪs US ˈsɑː-/ n formal
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: solas, from Latin solatio, from solari 'to comfort']
[U]
a feeling of emotional comfort at a time of great sadness or disappointment
seek/find solace in sth
After the death of her son, Val found solace in the church.
be a solace to sb
to bring a feeling of comfort and calmness to someone, when they are sad or disappointed
Mary was a great solace to me after Arthur died.
>solace v [T] literary
تسلیت خاطر، مایه تسلی، آرامش، تسکین ، آرام کردن ، تسلی دادن ، تسلیت گفتن .
i., f. teselli, teselli sebebi; f. teselli etmek, kederini hafifletmek.
n. consolation, soulagement
v. consoler, encourager; apaiser, améliorer
e: baby sucks his fingers for comfort, but, finding no solace
167
shriek
n. scream, loud shrill cry, screech
v. scream, cry out in a loud shrill voice, screech
shriek1 /ʃriːk/ v
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Probably from a Scandinavian language]
[I]
to make a very high loud sound, especially because you are afraid, angry, excited, or in pain
= scream
They were dragged from their homes, shrieking and weeping.
He shrieked in agony.
shriek with
A group of students were shrieking with laughter.
[T]
to say something in a high loud voice because you are excited, afraid, or angry
= scream
'I'm pregnant,' she shrieked.
shriek at
'I'll kill you,' Anne shrieked at him. shriek 2
shriek2 n [C]
a loud high sound made because you are frightened, excited, angry etc
= scream shriek of
a shriek of laughter
with a shriek
With a shriek of delight, Jean hugged Maggie.
give/let out a shriek
Ella let out a piercing shriek.
جیغ زدن (مثل بعضی از پرندگان )، فریاد دلخراش زدن ، جیغ، فریاد.
(f). (i). çığlık atmak, haykırmak, feryat etmek; (i). feryat, çığlık, haykırma.
n. cri strident, clameur
v. hurler; crier
e: his body stiffens, and he lets rip an almighty shriek of distress
168
crumple
v. crush out of shape, wrinkle; become wrinkled, be crushed; collapse, cave in
crum·ple /ˈkrʌmpəl/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: crump 'to curl up' (14-19 centuries), from crump, crumb 'bent' (11-18 centuries), from Old English]
[I and T] also crumple up
to crush something so that it becomes smaller and bent, or to be crushed in this way
Dan tore the page out, crumpled it, and threw it in the wastepaper basket.
[I]
if your face crumples, you suddenly look sad or disappointed, as if you might cry
[I]
if your body crumples, you fall down in an uncontrolled way
crumple to
The blow hit him in the head and he crumpled to the ground.
مچاله ، مچاله کردن ، از اطو انداختن .
(f). buruşturmak, buruşmak, örselemek, örselenmek; çökmek.
v. plier, rader; se froisser, se plisser; ébranler
e: he sucks his fingers for comfort, but, finding no solace, his mouth crumples
169
chortle
n. chuckle, loud laughter
v. laugh loudly, chuckle
chortle
chor·tle /ˈtʃɔːtl US ˈtʃɔːrtl/ v [I] formal
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: chuckle + snort]
to laugh because you are amused or pleased about something
Harry chortled with delight.
>chortle n [C]
صدای خورخور یاخنده ، سرود وتسبیح خواندن ، مناجات کردن ، صدای خرخرکردن ، صدایخرناس کردن ، خندیدن .
n. kıkırdama
v. kıkırdamak, kıkır kıkır gülmek
n. gloussement
v. glousser
e: Mom picks him up, reassures him, and two minutes later, a chortling and alert Daniel returns to the darkened booth
170
engross
v. absorb one's interest or attention; write in large clear letters, write in a formal style; monopolize, control a majority of a commodity (Business)
en·gross /ɪnˈgrəus US -ˈgrous/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: engrosser, from French en gros 'in a mass, by wholesale']
if something engrosses you, it interests you so much that you do not notice anything else
The scene was stunning, and for a time engrossed all our attention.
engross yourself in sth
Take your mind off it by engrossing yourself in a good book.
>engrossed adj
Dad was engrossed in the paper.
Who's that guy Ally's been engrossed in conversation with all night?
>engrossing adj
درشت نوشتن ، جلب کردن ، اشغال کردن ، احتکارکردن ، مشغول، مجذوب.
v. dalmak, dikkatini vermek, cezbetmek, çekmek, tekeline almak, hazırlamak, temize çekmek, resmi dille yazmak
v. captiver; rédiger en grosse lettres
e:Daniel is now engrossed in watching video clips
171
rudimentary
adj. basic, elementary, fundamental; not fully developed, immature
ru·di·men·ta·ry /ˌruːdɪˈmentəri/ adj
a rudimentary knowledge or understanding of a subject is very simple and basic
≠ sophisticated
Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.
my rudimentary German
rudimentary equipment, methods, systems etc are very basic and not advanced
subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form
The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.
ناقص، اولیه ، بدوی، ابتدائی.
adj. temel, ilkel, tam gelişmemiş, dumura uğramış
adj. rudimentaire, de base, élémentaire; qui n'est pas développé
e: to theorise that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge of the physical world and even rudimentary programming for math and language
172
contiguity
n. touching; proximity, closeness
con·tig·u·ous /kənˈtɪgjuəs/ adj formal
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: contiguus, from contingere; CONTINGENT1]
next to something, or next to each other
America's 48 contiguous states
>contiguously adv
>contiguity /ˌkɔntɪˈgjuːɪti US ˌkɑːn-/ n [U]
نزدیکی، مجاورت، برخورد، تماس، وابستگی، ربط.
(i). hemhudutluk; yekpare bir saha veya kütle.
n. yakınlık, komşuluk, bitişiklik; temas
e: were shown physical events that appeared to violate such basic concepts as gravity, solidity and contiguity
173
outage
n. brief suspension of operation; temporary failure in the supply of power; quantity of something lost in storage or during shipping
out·age /ˈautɪdʒ/ n [C] AmE
a period of time during which a service such as the electricity supply cannot be provided
British Equivalent: power cut
a power outage
قطع، قطع برق.سوراخ، راه خروج، زمان قطع برق، مدت.
n. zayiat, fire, depolama ve taşıma sırasında ziyan olan miktar
n. panne, coupure de courant
174
precocious
adj. mature for one's age, unusually well-developed
syn.: advanced forward premature
ant.: backward
pre·co·cious /prɪˈkəuʃəs US -ˈkou-/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: praecox 'becoming ripe early', from coquere 'to cook, ripen']
a precocious child shows intelligence or skill at a very young age, or behaves in an adult way - sometimes used to show disapproval in British English
a precocious child who walked and talked early
>precociously adv
>precociousness also precocity /prɪˈkɔsɪti US -ˈkɑː-/ n [U]
زود رس، پیش رس، نابهنگام، باهوش.
adj. erken gelişmiş, vaktinden önce yetişmiş, büyümüş de küçülmüş, bacaksız
adj. précoce
175
squat
n. low crouching position; act of squatting; (Sports) weight lifting exercise wherein the lifter lifts a barbell while rising from a crouching position ; (Zoology) animal's den (such as a hare etc.); place inhabited by squatters (building etc.); sudden fall, crushing fall; small vein of ore; (Slang) small amount, insignificant amount
v. sit on one's haunches, crouch down low; occupy land by settling on it (legally or illegally)
adj. short and thickset, pudgy, stocky; sitting on one's haunches, crouched down low
squat1 /skɔwt US skwɑːt/ v past tense and past participle squatted present participle squatting [I]
jeans
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: esquatir, from quatir 'to press', from Vulgar Latin coactire 'to press together', from Latin cogere; COGENT]
to sit with your knees bent under you and your bottom just off the ground, balancing on your feet
squat down
He squatted down beside the little girl.
to live in a building or on a piece of land without permission and without paying rent squat 2
squat2 adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: squat 'in a squatting position' (15-19 centuries), from an old past participle of SQUAT1]
short and thick or low and wide, especially in a way which is not attractive
squat stone cottages
a squat little old man squat 3
squat3 n
[Sense: 1-2; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: SQUAT1]
[Sense: 3; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: diddlysquat; DIDDLY]
[C]
a squatting position
[C] BrE
a house that people are living in without permission and without paying rent
She lives in a squat in Camden.
[U] AmE informal nothing, or nearly nothing. Squat is often used in negative sentences for emphasis
He had a job that paid him squat.
You don't know squat about it.
چمباتمه زدن ، قوز کردن ، محل چمباتمه زنی، چاق وخپل.
n. çömelme, izinsiz yerleşme
v. çömelmek, çökmek, izinsiz yerleşmek, kurulmak, araziye sahip çıkmak, başkasının arazisine kurulmak
adj. çömelmiş, alçak, bodur, bücür, güdük, bastıbacak
n. accroupissement; posture accroupie; chute soudaine; petite quantité, quantité insignifiante; tanière animale; squat, fait d'occuper un logement sans permisssion
v. s'accroupir; se tapir; s'étaler; occuper une terre de façon illégale , squatter
adj. petit et épais, ramassé, accroupi; trapu; écrasé, surbaissé (bâtiment)
176
preoccupation
--
| مشغله ذهنی
177
chop
n. blow; blow of an axe; cut of meat; seal, trademark
v. cut (as with an axe); cut down; cut into pieces, mince
chop1 /tʃɔp US tʃɑːp/ v past tense and past participle chopped present participle chopping [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Perhaps from chap; CHAPPED]
also chop up
to cut something into smaller pieces
He went outside to chop some more wood for the fire.
Can you chop up some carrots for me?
Add two finely chopped onions and a clove of garlic.
chop sth into pieces/chunks etc
Chop the meat into small cubes.
informal to reduce an amount of money by a large amount
He suddenly found that his income had been chopped in half.
chop and change
BrE informal to keep changing your mind
You can't keep chopping and changing like this!
chop at [chop at sth] phr v
to hit something with a sharp tool in order to cut it
They chopped at the bushes with their knives.
chop down [chop sth⇔down] phr v
to make a tree fall down by cutting it with a sharp tool
A couple of the older trees will have to be chopped down.
Large areas of rainforest are being chopped down every day.
chop off [chop sth⇔off] phr v
to remove something by cutting it with a sharp tool
The branch had been chopped off. chop 2
chop2 n [C]
a small piece of meat on a bone, usually cut from a sheep or pig
→steak
a grilled pork chop
a lamb chop
the chopBrE
a) if you get or are given the chop, you lose your job
Six more staff got the chop last week.
He was worried that he might be for the chop (=lose his job) .
b) if something gets or is given the chop, it is closed or stopped because people do not want to pay for it any more
We were worried the project might get the chop.
Several other factories might now be for the chop (=likely to be closed or stopped) .
a hard downward movement that you make with your hand
a karate chop
the act of hitting something with a sharp tool in order to cut it
With one last chop he split the log in two.
chops [plural] informal
the lower part of the face of a person or animal - used humorously
Jack was grinning all over his chops.
ریز ریز کردن ، بریدن ، جدا کردن ، شکستن .
n. vuruş, darbe, doğrama, yarma; çırpıntı; pirzola, külbastı, ağız, çene, çene kemiği, mühür (hindistan); işaret, kalite, kalite belgesi, marka
v. balta ile kesmek, yarmak, doğramak, kesmek, kırmak (odun); söyleyivermek, pat diye söylemek; yandan vuruş yapmak (kriket)
n. coup de poing, coup de hache ; côtelette; cachet, symbole commercial
v. couper, fendre, hacher
e: chopped logs of trees
178
heap
n. pile, mound; special area of memory which is used to store important resources (Computers)
v. pile up; fill full
heap1 /hiːp/ n [C]
[Language: Old English;]
a large untidy pile of things
a rubbish heap
heap of
There was a heap of stones where the building used to be.
in a heap
The envelopes for posting lay in a heap on her desk.
We piled the branches into heaps for burning.
heaps informal
a lot of something
heaps of
The children have heaps of energy.
heaps better/bigger etc
(=much better, bigger etc)
fall/collapse etc in a heap
to fall down and lie without moving
They finally collapsed in a heap on the grass.
humorous an old car that is in bad condition
at the top/bottom of the heap
high up and successful or low down and unsuccessful in an organization or in society
The very poor are at the bottom of the heap.
be struck all of a heap
BrE old-fashioned informal to be suddenly very surprised or confused heap 2
heap2 v [T]
also heap up
to put a lot of things on top of each other in an untidy way
= pile heap on
Jean heaped logs on the fire.
heap sth with sth
to put a lot of something on a surface
= pile
She gave him a glass of whisky and heaped his plate with food.
heap praise/insults etc on sb
to praise, insult etc someone a lot
He heaped all the blame on his secretary.
توده ، کپه ، کومه ، پشته ، انبوه ، گروه ، جمعیت، توده کردن ، پرکردن .
n. yığın, küme, öbek, bir sürü, bir yığın, döküntü, hurda yığını
v. tepeleme doldurmak, ağzına kabar doldurmak, yüklemek
n. tas, amoncellement: segment de mémoire, espace spécial dans la mémoire servant au stockage de ressources importantes (informatique)
v. entasser, amonceler, amasser; emplir, combler
e: in 4Shanbeh soori they make seven heap to jump over
179
linger
v. stay longer than usual, tarry; delay; persist, remain; be slow in dying; move slowly
lin·ger /ˈlɪŋgə US -ər/ v [I]
[Date: 1200-1300; Origin: leng 'to lengthen, delay' (11-16 centuries), from Old English lengan]
also linger on
to continue to exist, be noticeable etc for longer than is usual or desirable
a taste that lingers in your mouth
Unfortunately the tax will linger on until April.
also linger on
to stay somewhere a little longer, especially because you do not want to leave
linger over
They lingered over coffee and missed the last bus.
I spent a week at Kandersteg and could happily have lingered on.
[always + adverb/preposition]
to continue looking at or dealing with something for longer than is usual or desirable
linger on/over
Mike let his eyes linger on her face.
There's no need to linger over this stage of the interview.
also linger on
to continue to live although you are slowly dying
He surprised all the doctors by lingering on for several weeks.
درنگ کردن ، تاخیر کردن ، دیر رفتن ، مردد بودن ، دم آخر را گذراندن .
v. durmak, geçmişte kalmak, ayrılamamak, oyalanmak, uzamak, geçmek bilmemek, can çekişmek
v. s'attarder; être retardé; se maintenir; prolonger; persister
180
back off
back off phr v
to move backwards, away from someone or something
She backed off and then turned and ran.
to stop telling someone what to do, or stop criticizing them, especially so that they can deal with something themselves
I think you should back off for a while.
Back off, Marc! Let me run my own life!
to stop supporting something, or decide not to do something you were planning to do
Jerry backed off when he realized how much work was involved.
back off from
The company has backed off from investing new money.
عقب نشستن، کوتاه آمدن
reculer, s'abstenir, abandonner, renoncer à
181
insult
n. affront, offense, rude remark or action
v. speak or act in a rude or contemptuous manner, offend, affront
in·sult1 /ɪnˈsʌlt/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: insulter, from Latin insultare 'to jump on, insult', from saltare 'to jump']
to offend someone by saying or doing something they think is rude
Nobody insults my family and gets away with it!
I hope Andy won't be insulted if I don't come.
insult sb by doing sth
They insult us by ignoring our complaints.
insult sb's intelligence
to say or do something that suggests you think someone is stupid
I won't insult your intelligence by lying. Yes, I told him. insult 2
in·sult2 /ˈɪnsʌlt/ n [C]
a remark or action that is offensive or deliberately rude
She was shouting insults at her boyfriend.
$200 for all that work? It's an insult.
Their offer was so low I took it as an insult (=thought it was meant to be an insult) .
be an insult to sb's intelligence
to offend someone by being too simple or stupid
Some advertising is an insult to our intelligence.
→add insult to injury at add
توهین کردن به ، بی احترامی کردن به ، خوار کردن ، فحش دادن ، بالیدن ، توهین .
n. aşağılama, hor görme, onur kırma, hakaret
v. onurunu kırmak, aşağılamak, şerefini iki paralık etmek, hakaret etmek
n. insulte, offense
v. insulter, offenser
182
slaughter
n. killing of an animal; brutal killing of a person; mass killing of animals or humans, carnage, massacre; overwhelming defeat (Informal)
v. butcher an animal; murder a person; indiscriminately kill a large number of people or animals, massacre; defeat overwhelmingly (Informal)
slaugh·ter1 /ˈslɔːtə US ˈslɔːtər/ v [T]
to kill an animal, especially for its meat
to kill a lot of people in a cruel or violent way
= butcher
Hundreds of innocent civilians had been slaughtered by government troops.
see usage note kill 1
informal to defeat an opponent in a sport or game by a large number of points
= hammer
We got slaughtered, 110 - 54. slaughter 2
slaughter2 n [U]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: slatr 'meat, killing animals for meat']
when people kill animals, especially for their meat
the export of live animals for slaughter
when large numbers of people are killed in a cruel or violent way
the slaughter of defenceless women and children
کشتار فجیع، قتل عام، خونریزی، ذبح، کشتار کردن .
n. kesim, kırım, katliam, kıyım, toplu katliam, kan dökme, mahvetme, bozguna uğratma
v. kesmek, boğazlamak, kılıçtan geçirmek, katletmek, toplu katliam yapmak, mahvetmek, bozguna uğratmak
n. abattage (d'animaux de boucherie); tuerie, carnage, massacre
v. abattre, tuer, massacrer; battre (adversaire)
183
primitive
n. early man, one of the first humans; painter from period before the Renaissance
adj. old, ancient; primeval, from prehistoric times; simple, crude; original, initial; uncivilized, uncultured
prim·i·tive1 /ˈprɪmɪtɪv/ adj
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【way of life】
2【not modern】
3【animals/plants】
4【feelings】
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: primitivus, from primus; PRIME1]
【WAY OF LIFE】
belonging to a simple way of life that existed in the past and does not have modern industries and machines
≠ advanced, modern modern
a primitive society
a primitive nomadic tribe
the tools used by primitive man
primitive art
【NOT MODERN】
something that is primitive is very simple and does not have the extra modern parts that would make it faster, better, more comfortable etc
≠ advanced, modern modern
The first station buildings were quite primitive.
The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
Conditions at the camp are very primitive.
a primitive steam engine
【ANIMALS/PLANTS】
a primitive animal or plant has a simple structure or body
primitive life-forms that live deep in the ocean
a primitive single-celled creature
【FEELINGS】
primitive feelings are not based on reason, and seem to come from a part of people's character that is ancient and animal-like
the primitive instinct of survival
primitive desires
>primitively adv
>primitiveness n [U] primitive 2
primitive2 n [C]
an artist who paints simple pictures like those of a child
بدوی، اولیه ، اصلی.پیشین ، قدیم، بدوی، انسان اولیه .
n. ilk insan, primitif, yapmacıksız ve kendi kendini yetiştirmiş ressam, kök sözcük
adj. ilk, ilkel, ilk çağa ait, basit, primitif
n. personne primitif; dessin existant avant la période de la renaissance
adj. primitif; primaire; simple; rude, grossier; rudimentaire
184
blaze
n. flame; glowing light; ignition, flaring up
v. flare up, ignite; glow, shine; be publicized
blaze 1
blaze1 /bleɪz/ n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【fire】
2【light/colour】
3 blaze of publicity/glory
4
5 what the blazes/who the blazes etc
6 like blazes
7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sense: 1-6; Origin: Old English blAse 'torch']
[Sense: 7; Date: 1600-1700; Language: German; Origin: blas 'white mark']
【FIRE】
a) [C usually singular]
a big dangerous fire - used especially in news reports
→ablaze
It took almost 100 firemen to bring the blaze under control.
fight/tackle/control a blaze
Helicopters were used to help fight the blaze.
house/factory/barn etc blaze
a huge chemical factory blaze
b) [singular]
a fire burning with strong bright flames
I lit the fire and soon had a cheerful blaze going.
【LIGHT/COLOUR】 [singular]
very bright light or colour
→ablaze blaze of
the blaze of light from the security lamps
The garden is a blaze of colour at this time of year.
blaze of publicity/glory
a lot of public attention or success and praise
As soon as the trial was over, the blaze of publicity surrounding him vanished.
She played the Canada tournament then retired, going out in a blaze of glory (=ending her career with a lot of success and praise) .
[singular]
a sudden show of very strong emotion
A blaze of anger flashed across his face.
what the blazes/who the blazes etc
old-fashioned spoken used to emphasize a question when you are annoyed
What the blazes is going on here?
like blazes
old-fashioned spoken as fast, as much, or as strongly as possible
We had to run like blazes.
[C usually singular]
a white mark, especially one down the front of a horse's face blaze 2
blaze2 v [I]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1【fire】
2【light】
3【eyes】
4【gun】
5 blaze a trail
6 be blazed across/all over something
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Sense: 1-4, 6; Date: 1200-1300; Origin: BLAZE11]
[Sense: 5; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: blaze 'mark showing a path to be followed, made by cutting a piece from a tree' (17-20 centuries); BLAZE17]
【FIRE】
to burn very brightly and strongly
→blazing
The room was warm and cosy, with a fire blazing in the hearth.
【LIGHT】
to shine with a very bright light
A huge truck was advancing towards us, its headlights blazing.
The sun blazed down as we walked along the valley.
【EYES】 [usually in progressive]
literary if someone's eyes are blazing, their eyes are shining brightly because they are feeling a very strong emotion, usually anger
blaze with
Linda leapt to her feet, her dark eyes blazing with anger.
【GUN】 also blaze away
if guns blaze, they fire bullets quickly and continuously
An enemy plane roared overhead, its guns blazing.
blaze a trail
to develop or do something new and important, or to do something important that no one has done before
an innovative young company that has blazed a trail for others to follow
be blazed across/all over sth
if something is blazed across a newspaper etc, it is written in a way that everyone will notice
News of their divorce was blazed across all the tabloids.
شعله درخشان یا آتش مشتعل، ( مج. ) رنگ یا نور درخشان ، فروغ، درخشندگی، جار زدن ، باتصویر نشان دادن .
n. alev, ateş, yangın; pırıltı, ışıltı; öfkelenme, köpürme; atın alnındaki beyazlık, yol bulmak için ağaçlara kazınan işaret
v. alev alev yanmak; parlamak, ışımak; yıldızı parlamak; tutuşmak; ağaçlara işaret koymak
n. flamme; flambée; éclat; flamboiement; embrasement
v. flamber, flamboyer, s'embraser, s'emporter (colère); éclater; éclairer; briller; connaître la gloire
185
divination
n. practice of foretelling the future through supernatural means
v.divine
غیب گوئی، پیش گوئی، فالگیری، تفال، حدس درست.
(i). kehanet, keşif, fal açma, gaipten haber verme; isabetli tahmin. div'inator (i). kâhin, falcı. divin'a tory (s). kehanete ait, kehanet iddiasında, gaipten haber veren.
n. divination
e: fāl-e Hafez, which is divination using the Dīvān of Hafez
186
Gregorian
Gregorian [Gre·go·ri·an || grɪ'gɔːrɪən]
adj. of or pertaining to any of the popes named Gregory (especially Gregory I and Gregory XIII); of or pertaining to the Gregorian calendar
تقویم میلادی
187
lay off
postpone; fire, dismiss from a job
'lay-off
n [C]
an occasion when an employer ends a worker's employment for a temporary period of time because there is not enough work
more lay-offs in the car industry
→lay off
lay off phr v
lay sb⇔off
to stop employing someone because there is no work for them to do
→layoff
The company laid off 250 workers in December.
Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry.
lay off (sth) informal to stop using or doing something
I think you'd better lay off alcohol for a while.
lay off doing sth
I had to lay off running for several months.
lay off (sb) informal to stop annoying someone or hurting them
Just lay off, will you!
I wish he'd lay off me!
lay sth⇔off
to pass the ball to someone in your team in a game such as football - used in sports reports
lay sth off to sb
Murphy has the ball and then lays it off to Owen.
فصل کم کاری، متوقف ساختن ، بخدمت خاتمه دادن .
işten çıkarmak, geçici olarak uzaklaştırmak, ara vermek, kesmek, bırakmak, rahat bırakmak, bitmek, bir kenara koymak
repousser; licencier, renvoyer, congédier
e: Many people feel anxious
that they may be “laid-off” if they can’t work as hard as others
188
sovereignty
n. supreme power; autonomy, self-rule, independence; self-governing state or territory
sove·reign·ty /ˈsɔvrɪnti US ˈsɑːv-/ n [U]
complete freedom and power to govern
the sovereignty of Parliament
sovereignty over
Spain's claim of sovereignty over the territory
the power that an independent country has to govern itself
the defence of our national sovereignty
(=sovranty) سلطه ، حق حاکمیت، پادشاهی، قدرت.
i. egemenlik, hâkimiyet, hükümranlık.
n. souveraineté; pouvoir, royautée: Us Nord stream 2 sanctions issue is a matter of German sovereignty
e: Macron defends the idea of European sovereignty
189
oriental
o·ri·en·tal1 /ˌɔːriˈentl, ˌɔri- US ˌɔː-/ adj
relating to or from the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan
a beautiful oriental rug
oriental art oriental 2
oriental2 also Oriental n [C] old-fashioned not polite
a word for someone from the eastern part of the world, especially China or Japan, now considered offensive
→ occidental
adj. doğuya özgü, doğu, parlak (inci), oryantal
adj. oriental
e: an experiment to test the thought processing of both oriental and occidental worlds
<> occidental
190
prospective
adj. expected, anticipated; likely; coming in the future; possible, potential
pro·spec·tive /prəˈspektɪv/ adj [only before noun]
prospective employee/candidate/buyer etc
someone who is likely to do a particular thing or achieve a particular position
likely to happen
the prospective costs of providing pensions
مربوط به آینده ، موثر درآینده .
adj. olası, muhtemel, müstakbel, gelecekteki
adj. éventuel; futur; estimatif; possible, potentiel
e: generalisations made about nationalities can be harmful to prospective employees.
191
vain
adj. conceited, proud, egotistical; worthless, futile; without meaning or significance
vain /veɪn/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin vanus 'empty, vain']
someone who is vain is too proud of their good looks, abilities, or position - used to show disapproval
= conceited
Men can be just as vain as women.
see usage note proud
in vain
a) without success in spite of your efforts
Police searched in vain for the missing gunman.
b) without purpose or without positive results
Altman swore that his son's death would not be in vain.
→take sb's name in vain at name 1 (12)
a vain attempt, hope or search fails to achieve the result you wanted
vain attempt/effort/bid
The young mother died in a vain attempt to save her drowning son.
vain threat/promise etc
literary a threat, promise etc that is not worrying because the person cannot do what they say they will
>vainly adv
The instructor struggled vainly to open his parachute.
بیهوده ، عبث، بیفایده ، باطل، پوچ، ناچیز، جزئی، تهی، مغرور، خودبین ، مغرورانه ، بطور بیهوده .
adj. boş, faydasız, gururlu, nafile, abes, anlamsız, beyhude, kendini beğenmiş, kibirli
adj. vaniteux; vain, mensonger, creux
e: India soldiers deaths in clash no in vain
192
front-line
e: who have been on the front-line of this campaign for years
193
onerous
adj. burdensome, laborious; oppressive; involving obligations that outweigh any possible benefits (Law)
on·er·ous /ˈɔnərəs, ˈəu- US ˈɑː-, ˈou-/ adj formal
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: onereus, from Latin onerosus, from onus; ONUS]
work or a responsibility that is onerous is difficult and worrying or makes you tired
an onerous task
سنگین ، گران ، شاق، دشوار، طاقت فرسا.
adj. ağır, zahmetli, külfetli
adj. lourd, pesant; pénible
e: The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the island's freshwater supply
194
muddle
n. mess, disorganization; confusion
v. confuse; mess up; soil; disturb; cause disorder; struggle through, push on
mud·dle1 /ˈmʌdl/ n
be in a muddle/get into a muddle
BrE a) to be confused
I'm in such a muddle, I'd completely forgotten you were coming today.
be in a muddle/get into a muddle over/about
My grandmother tends to get into a muddle over names.
b) to be untidy or in a disorganized state
Sorry about the mess - we're in a bit of a muddle at the moment.
All my files have got into a muddle somehow.
[C usually singular, U]
when there is confusion about something, and things are done wrong as a result
Our accountant finally managed to sort out the muddle.
muddle over/about
There was a bit of a muddle over our hotel reservations. muddle 2
muddle2 also muddle up v [T] especially BrE
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from early Dutch moddelen 'to make muddy', from Middle Dutch modde 'mud']
to put things in the wrong order
Someone's muddled up all the papers on my desk.
Recently the government seems to have lost its way and muddled its priorities.
to confuse one person or thing with another, and make a mistake
= mix up
The twins are so alike that it's easy to muddle them up.
Spanish and Italian are very similar and I sometimes get them muddled up .
muddle sth with sth
Be careful not to muddle the files you've already worked on with the others.
to confuse someone, especially so that they make a mistake
Don't muddle her with all the extra details at the moment.
Could you just repeat those figures - I've got a bit muddled up .
muddle along/on phr v
to continue doing something without having any clear plan or purpose, or without having enough help or support
There's no point in muddling on in the same old job for ever.
Many of the students complained that they were left to muddle along on their own.
muddle through () [muddle through (sth)] phr v
to succeed in doing something with difficulty, or not in a very satisfactory way
There were some difficult questions but I managed to muddle through.
The team managed to muddle through another season.
گیج کردن ، خراب کردن ، درهم وبرهم کردن ، گیجی، تیرگی.
n. karışıklık, şaşkınlık, sersemlik, karışık şey
v. karıştırmak, becerememek, yüzüne gözüne bulaştırmak
n. fouillis; désordre; confusion, désorganisation
v. embrouiller, brouiller; emmêler; gâcher (une affaire), perturber
195
turnout
n. number of spectators or participants; outfit; equipment; cleaning; production, output; employee strike
turn·out
also 'turn-out /ˈtəːnaut US ˈtəːrn-/ n
[singular]
the number of people who vote in an election
high/low turnout
the low turn-out of 54 percent in the March elections
→turn out(3)
[singular]
the number of people who go to a party, meeting, or other organized event
I was disappointed by the turn-out for our home match.
[C] AmE
a place at the side of a narrow road where cars can wait to let others pass
n. grev, grevci, katılanlar, katılım (sayısı), malzeme, kıyafet, üretim, verim, sapak, dönemeç, yol ayrımı, tâli yol
n. spectateurs, nombre de participants; uniforme, tenue; équipement, attirail; nettoyage; production, rendement; grève d'ouvriers
e: Trump rejects low turnout manipulation
196
eviction
n. expulsion, dispossession, ejection
n. mahkeme kararıyla tahliye, tahliye, kanunen el koyma
اخراج، خلع ید.
n. expulsion, éviction
e:why us is expecting an avalanche of evictions ?
تخلیه اجباری، اخراج
197
seal
n. any of several species of carnivorous marine mammals from the suborder Pinnipedia; imprint; stamp, insignia; material used to tightly close an opening or object; mark, symbol; sign of approval or authorization
v. fasten, secure, close tightly; imprint, stamp; approve, authorize; determine, set, decide
seal1 S3 /siːl/ n [C]
[Sense: 1; Origin: Old English seolh]
[Sense: 2-6; Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: seel, from Latin sigillum, from signum; SIGN1]
a large sea animal that eats fish and lives around coasts
a) a mark that has a special design and shows the legal or official authority of a person or organization
The document carried the seal of the governor's office.
b) the object that is used to make this mark
a piece of rubber or plastic that keeps air, water, dirt etc out of something
airtight/watertight seal
an airtight seal around the windows
a piece of wax, paper, wire etc that you have to break in order to open a container, document etc
seal of approval
if you give something your seal of approval, you say that you approve of it, especially officially
A number of employers have already given their seal of approval to the scheme.
set the seal on sth
BrE to make something definite or complete
In 1972, Nixon himself went to China to set the seal on the new relationship. seal 2
seal2 v [T]
also seal up
to close an entrance or a container with something that stops air, water etc from coming in or out of it
The window was sealed shut.
seal a joint/crack/opening/gap
A quick way to seal awkward gaps is to use a foam filler.
Dried milk is kept in hermetically sealed (=very tightly closed) containers.
if a building, area, or country is sealed, no one can enter or leave it
Authorities plan to seal the border.
to close an envelope, package etc by using something sticky to hold its edges in place
He wrote the address and sealed the envelope.
to cover the surface of something with something that will protect it
Wooden decks should be sealed to prevent cracking.
seal sb's fate
to make something, especially something bad, sure to happen
The outbreak of war sealed the government's fate.
seal a deal/bargain/pact etc
to make an agreement more formal or definite
seal a victory/win/match
to make a victory certain
Smith's goal sealed the victory.
→sb's lips are sealed at lip , all signed and sealed at sign 2 (6)
seal in [seal sth⇔in] phr v
to stop something that is inside something else from getting out
Fry the meat quickly to seal in the juices.
seal off [seal sth⇔off] phr v
to stop people from entering an area or building, because it is dangerous
Following a bomb warning, police have sealed off the whole area.
(ج. ش. ) خوک آبی، گوساله ماهی، مهر(mhor)، نشان ، تضمین ، مهر کردن ، صحه گذاشتن ، مهر و موم کردن ، بستن ، درزگیری کردن .مهر، مهر زدن ، محکم چسباندن ، مهر و موم کردن .
n. mühür, damga, kaşe, kurşun mühür, mühürlü mum, sır tutma, ağzı sıkı olma, ayıbalığı, fok
v. mühürlemek, damgalamak, belirlemek (yazgı), kapamak, kapatmak, fok avlamak, ayıbalığı avlamak
n. phoque; sceau, cachet; joint; marque, signe; garantie, gage
v. sceller, cacheter; fermer; plomber; rendre étanche; garantir; donner en gage; finir
198
nefarious
adj. evil; wicked; vile
ne·far·i·ous /nɪˈfeəriəs US -ˈfer-/ adj formal
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: nefarius, from nefas 'crime']
evil or criminal
nefarious activities such as drug trafficking and fraud
شریر، زشت، نابکار، بدکار، شنیع، ناهنجار.
adj. kötü, çirkin, alçak, hain
adj. infâme, scélérat, malfaisant, néfaste; pervers; abominable, méprisable
e: globalization is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be for these endangered languages
199
collusion
n. conspiracy; agreement formed with the intent to defraud (Law)
a secret agreement that two or more people make in order to do something dishonest
ساخت وپاخت، تبانی، سازش، هم نیرنگ ، بست وبند.
collusion (f)
n. collusion, conspiracy; agreement formed with the intent to defraud (Law)
e: There is lack of evidence on Russia-Taliban collusion
200
agile
adj. nimble, graceful; quick, fast; lively
a·gile /ˈædʒaɪl US ˈædʒəl/ adj
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin agilis, from agere; AGENT]
able to move quickly and easily
Dogs are surprisingly agile.
someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently
He was physically strong and mentally agile.
>agility /əˈdʒɪlɪti/ n [U]
With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.
چابک ، زرنگ ، فرز، زیرک ، سریعالانتقال.
adj. çevik, atik, kıvrak; becerikli
adj. agile, leste; rapide; éveillé
e: picture of a swarm of fish, colorful and agile!
