Ielts-4 Flashcards
scald
n. burn caused by boiling liquid or steam
v. burn with hot liquid or steam; treat with or cover with boiling liquid or steam; heat to a temperature just below the boiling point
scald1 /skɔːld US skɔːld/ v [T]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old North French; Origin: escalder, from Late Latin excaldare ‘to wash in warm water’, from Latin calidus ‘warm’]
to burn your skin with hot liquid or steam
Don’t scald yourself with that kettle! scald 2
scald2 n [C]
a burn on your skin caused by hot liquid or steam
باآب گرم سوزاندن ، آب جوش ریختن روی، تاول زده کردن ، تاول، اثر آب جوش بر رویپوست، سوختگی، آب پز کردن .
n. yanık, haşlanarak yanan yara, İskandinav halk ozanı, ozan
v. haşlamak, kaynatmak, kaynar su dökmek, sıcak su ile yakmak
n. échaudure; brûlure causée par un liquide bouillant
v. ébouillanter, échauder, chauffer
wee
wee1 /wiː/ adj [usually before noun]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: wee ‘small amount, short time’ (13-20 centuries), from Old English wAge ‘weight’]
informal very small - used especially in Scottish English
My wee boy is three.
a wee bit informal
to a small degree
She looked a wee bit confused.
the wee (small) hours
AmE the early hours of the morning, just after 12 o’clock at night
British Equivalent: the small hours
The party continued into the wee small hours. wee 2
wee2 v [I]
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Probably from the sound of urinating]
BrE spoken to pass water from your body - used by or to children
= urinate
>wee n [singular]
Do you want a wee?
(اسکاتلند) کوچولو، ریز، یکی کمی، اندکی، لحظه ای.
v. çiş yapmak wee 2 [wɪː]
n. çiş
adj. minicik, minnacık, ufacık, mini mini
n. faible quantité, petite quantité; courte période de temps (Ecossais)
adj. minuscule, très petit; réduit
bagel
ba·gel /ˈbeɪgəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1900-2000; Language: Yiddish; Origin: beygel, from Old High German boug ‘ring’]
a small ring-shaped type of bread
نان شیرینی حلقوی
n. simit
n. baguel, bagel, petit pain en forme d’anneau; brioche, croissant
fellow
n. guy, chap; man or boy; friend, buddy; suitor; spouse; colleague; member of an academic organization
adj. having membership in, belonging to (a group, academic organization, etc.); of the same type
fel·low1 /ˈfeləu US -lou/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: feolaga ‘partner’]
old-fashioned a man
Paul’s an easy-going sort of fellow.
sb’s fellows
BrE old-fashioned people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you
Wooderson’s courage earned him the respect of his fellows.
AmE a graduate student who has a fellowship in a university
especially BrE a member of an important society or a college
She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
→ bedfellow fellow 2
fellow2 W3 adj
fellow workers/students/countrymen etc
people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you
our fellow man/men
other people in general
We all have obligations to our fellow men.
مرد، شخص، آدم، مردکه ، یارو.
n. arkadaş, kardeş, yoldaş, dost, ahbap, akran, adam, herif, sevgili, koca, eş, tek, akademi üyesi
adj. eş, aynı tür, ortak
n. gars, type; copain; ami; camarade; compagnon; petit ami; collègue; membre de l’université.
adj. membre de; de même nature que
e: there are food thieves among your fellow students
watchman
watch·man /ˈwɔtʃmən US ˈwɑːtʃ-, ˈwɔːtʃ-/ n plural watchmen /-mən/ [C]
old-fashioned someone whose job is to guard a place
= security guard
→ night watchman
مواظب، نگهبان ، پاسدار، مراقب.
n. bekçi, gözcü, nöbetçi
n. gardien; sentinelle
Lager
n. lager beer, type of beer which is made using a small amount of hops and is aged from six weeks to six months
a·ger
S3 /ˈlɑːgə US -ər/ n BrE
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: lagerbier ‘beer made to be stored’, from lager ‘storehouse’ + bier ‘beer’]
[U and C]
a light-coloured beer, or a glass of this type of beer
can/bottle/glass etc of lager
a pint of lager
آبجو دیر رس، آبجو نارس، آبجو کم الکل.
n. alman birası
n. bière blonde
upscale
adj. luxurious, elegant, expensive; related to the upper classes, of the wealthy classes
up·scale /ˈʌpskeɪl/ adj AmE
relating to people from a high social class who have a lot of money
British Equivalent: upmarket
an affluent upscale audience
thrifty
thrift·y /ˈθrɪfti/ adj using money carefully and wisely hardworking, thrifty people >thriftily adv >thriftiness n [U] خانه دار، صرفه جو، مقتصد. z. idareyle. thriftiness i. idarelilik. adj. parcimonieux, économique; florissant
tribute
tribute [trib·ute || ‘trɪbjuːt]
n. tax, levy; gift, offering, compliment
trib·ute /ˈtrɪbjuːt/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: tributum, from tribuere ‘to give out to the tribes, pay’, from tribus; TRIBE]
something that you say, do, or give in order to express your respect or admiration for someone
The players wore black armbands as a tribute to their late teammate.
I’d like to pay tribute to (=praise and admire publicly) the party workers for all their hard work.
be a tribute to sb/sth
to be a clear sign of the good qualities that someone or something has
It was a tribute to her teaching methods that so many children passed the test.
a payment of goods or money by one ruler or country to another more powerful one, especially in order to be protected
floral tribute
BrE flowers sent to a funeral
باج، خراج، احترام، ستایش، تکریم.
n. devletin devlete barış için ödediği para, haraç, hürmet, takdir, övgü, işçinin payına düşen maden
n. tribut, hommage, cadeau; taxe
badger
bad·ger1 /ˈbædʒə US -ər/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from badge; because of the white marks on its head]
an animal which has black and white fur, lives in holes in the ground, and is active at night badger 2
badger2 v [T]
to try to persuade someone by asking them something several times
= pester
She badgered me for weeks until I finally gave in.
badger sb to do sth
My friends keep badgering me to get a cell phone.
badger sb into doing sth
I had to badger the kids into doing their homework.
(.n): دستفروش، دوره گرد، خرده فروش، (ج. ش) گورکن ، خرسک ، شغاره (mustelidae)، (.vt): سربسر گذاشتن ، اذیت کردن ، آزار کردن .
n. porsuk
v. kızdırmak, gücendirmek, rahatsız etmek, rahat vermemek, başının etini yemek (Argo); yakasını bırakmamak
n. blaireau; fourrure de blaireau
v. importuner, harceler; ennuyer, tourmenter
jackal
jack·al /ˈdʒækɔːl, -kəl US -kəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Turkish; Origin: çakal, from Persian shagal, from Sanskrit srgala]
a wild animal like a dog that lives in Asia and Africa and eats the remaining parts of dead animals
(ج. ش) شغال، توره ، جان کنی مفت.
n. çakal
n. chacal; charlatan; être infâme; qui fait un travail méprisable
sprocket
دندانه ئ زنجیری.( مک . ) دنده چرخ زنجیرخور، چرخ دنده زنجیر .
n. zincir dişlisi, zincir dişlisi çarkı, film şeridi dişlisi
n. pignon; pignon à chaîne
epilepsy
ep·i·lep·sy /ˈepɪlepsi/ n [U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: épilepsie, from Greek epilepsia, from epilambanein ‘to seize’]
a medical condition affecting your brain, that can make you suddenly become unconscious or unable to control your movements for a short time
طب) بیماری صرع، غشی، حمله ، بیهوشی، غش.
n. sara, epilepsi
n. épilepsie
uphill and downhill
useful words
e:can put it on a higher gear for downhill, and a lower gear for uphill travel to make it easier
outskirt
n. peripheral region, environ, suburb
دور از مرکز، حاشیه ، مرز، حوالی، حومه .
n. périphérie, environ, alentours
intrinsic
adj. inherent, innate, essential, fundamental, natural
in·trin·sic /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: intrinsèque, from Late Latin intrinsecus]
being part of the nature or character of someone or something
the intrinsic interest of the subject
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of sth
There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.
intrinsic to
Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.
>intrinsically /-kli/ adv
Science is seen as intrinsically good.
ذاتی، اصلی، باطنی، طبیعی، ذهنی، روحی، حقیقی، مرتب، شایسته .فطری، باطنی.
adj. esas, asıl, gerçek
adj. intrinsèque; essentiel; intérieur; fondamental; naturel; inné
salivate
v. produce saliva, secrete saliva into the mouth (esp. in excessive quantities)
sal·i·vate /ˈsælɪveɪt/ v [I]
to produce more saliva in your mouth than usual, especially because you see or smell food
to look at or show interest in something or someone in a way that shows you like or want them very much - used to show disapproval
salivate at/over
The media are salivating over the story.
>salivation /ˌsælɪˈveɪʃən/ n [U]
بزاق ترشح کردن ، بزاق ایجاد کردن ، خدو آوردن .
v. tükürük salgılamak, salya akıtmak
v. saliver, produire de la salive, secréter de la salive
naive
adj. lacking worldly wisdom, unsuspecting, gullible; childish, innocent, simple, unsophisticated
na·ive /naɪˈiːv/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: naïve, feminine of naïf, from Latin nativus; NATIVE1]
not having much experience of how complicated life is, so that you trust people too much and believe that good things will always happen
→innocent
a naive young girl
Jim can be so naive sometimes.
it is naive to think/suppose/assume etc
It would be naive to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.
>naively adv
I had naively imagined that he was in love with me.
>naivety /naɪˈiːvəti/ also naiveté /naɪˈiːvəteɪ/
n [U]
dangerous political naivety
naif) ساده و بی تکلف، بیریا، ساده ، بی تجربه ، خام.
adj. saf, bön, toy
adj. naïf, innocent; enfantin, ingénu, enfantin, simple
sober
v. cause to become serious; cause to become realistic; become sober, recover from the influence of alcohol
adj. not drunk, clear-headed, lucid; rational, level-headed; calm, composed; serious
so·ber1 /ˈsəubə US ˈsoubər/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: sobre, from Latin sobrius]
not drunk
He’s a nice guy when he’s sober.
serious, and thinking or making you think carefully about things
a sober, hard-working young man
a sober reminder of the difficulties we face
plain and not at all brightly coloured
a sober grey suit
>soberly adv sober 2
sober2 also sober down v [I and T]
to become more serious in behaviour or attitude, or to make someone become more serious
His expression sobered instantly.
sober up phr v
to gradually become less drunk, or to make someone become less drunk
I had sobered up by now and felt terrible.
sober sb⇔ up
Some coffee should sober you up.
هوشیار، بهوش، عاقل، میانه رو، معتدل، متین ، سنگین ، موقر، آدم هشیار( دربرابرمست )، هوشیار بودن ، بهوش آوردن ، از مستی درآوردن .
v. ayıltmak, aklını başına getirmek
adj. ölçülü, aşırıya kaçmayan, makul, akla yatkın, sade, mat, gösterişsiz, ciddi, ağırbaşlı, içkide aşırıya kaçmayan
v. retrouver sa lucidité; dessoûler, cuver son vin
adj. sobre, modéré, tempéré; calme, posé, grave; retenu; qui n’a pas bu
e; sober climate scientist
peruse
v. read attentively, study attentively
pe·ruse /pəˈruːz/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from Latin per- ‘thoroughly’ + English use]
formal to read something, especially in a careful way
She leant forward to peruse the document more closely.
>perusal n [U and C]
بررسی کردن ، بدقت خواندن .
v. dikkatle okumak, okumak, incelemek, değerlendirmek
v. lire attentivement
bash
n. forceful blow or strike; lively party
v. punch, hit, strike
bash1 /bæʃ/ v
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Probably from the sound of hitting]
[I always + adverb/preposition, T]
to hit someone or something hard, in a way that causes pain or damage
Someone bashed him on the back of his head.
Police bashed down the door to get in.
bash sth on/against sth
He bashed his head on the back of the seat.
bash into
I accidentally bashed into a woman pushing a pram.
[T]
to criticize someone or something very strongly
He was always bashing the trade unions.
>-basher n [C]
union-bashers
bash on phr v
to continue working in order to finish something
Well, I’d better bash on.
bash out [bash sth⇔out] phr v
to produce something quickly or in great quantities but without much care or thought
I bashed out replies as fast as I could.
bash up [bash sb⇔up] phr v
to seriously hurt someone by attacking them violently bash 2
bash2 n [C]
informal a hard strong hit
= bang bash on
a bash on the head
informal a party or an event to celebrate something
a birthday bash
have a bash (at sth)
BrE spoken to try to do something, especially when you are not sure that you will succeed
Why not have a bash at windsurfing?
برهم زدن ، ترساندن ، دست پاچه نمودن ، شرمنده شدن ، ترسیدن ، خجلت.
n. darbe, sert vuruş; deneme; eğlence, parti, cümbüş
v. sertçe vurmak, çarpmak; indirmek, geçirmek
n. coup, coup de poing
v. frapper; cogner
pram
n. (British) wheeled carriage for babies, stroller, perambulator
pram
S3 /præm/ n [C]
BrE a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby can lie down while it is being pushed
American Equivalent: baby carriage
→buggy
a young woman pushing a pram
کالسکه بچه .
n. çocuk arabası [brit.], norveç balıkçı teknesi
n. landau
choke
n. act of choking; throttle (in a car)
v. strangle, block the windpipe; be strangled; block, obstruct; fill full
choke1 /tʃəuk US tʃouk/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: achoke ‘to choke’ (11-14 centuries), from Old English aceocian]
[I]
to be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not enough air
choke on
He choked on a piece of bread.
Six people choked to death on the fumes.
[T]
if something chokes you, it makes you unable to breathe properly
I felt as if there was a weight on my chest, choking me.
The smoke was choking me.
[T]
to prevent someone from breathing by putting your hands around their throat and pressing on it
His hands were round her throat, choking her.
[I and T]
to be unable to talk clearly because you are feeling a strong emotion
choke with
He was choking with rage.
I was too choked with emotion to speak.
Her voice was choked with rage.
[T] also choke sth⇔out
to say something with difficulty because you are very upset or angry
’Get out,’ she choked.
[ T] also choke sth⇔up
to fill a place so that things cannot move through it
Weeds were choking the stream.
be choked (up) with sth
The gutters were choked up with leaves.
[I] informal
to fail at doing something, especially a sport, because there is a lot of pressure on you
People said I choked, but I just had a bad day on the golf course.
[T]
if one plant chokes another, it kills it by growing all around it and taking away its light and room to grow
Weeds can quickly choke delicate garden plants.
choke a horse
AmE spoken if you say that something is big enough to choke a horse, you are emphasizing that it is very big
a wad of bills big enough to choke a horse
choke back [choke sth⇔back] phr v
to control your anger, sadness etc so that you do not show it
He choked back tears as he described what had happened.
She choked back a sob.
I choked back my anger.
choke off [choke off sth] phr v
to prevent something from happening
It is feared that higher interest rates might choke off economic recovery.
choke out [choke sth⇔out] phr v
to say something with difficulty because you are very upset or angry
His heart hammered as he choked out the words.
’No!’ she choked out.
choke up phr v
choke sth⇔up
to fill a place so that things cannot move through it
be choked up with sth
The stream was choked up with weeds.
choke sb up
to make someone feel very upset and unable to talk
This song really chokes me up.
I was really choked up when I saw her again. choke 2
choke2 n [C]
a piece of equipment in a vehicle that controls the amount of air going into the engine, and that is used to help the engine start
the sound that someone makes when they cannot breathe properly because something is in their throat or there is not enough air
She gave a little choke of laughter.
خفه کردن ، بستن ، مسدود کردن ، انسداد، اختناق، دریچه ، ساسات ( ماشین ).
n. boğma, nefesini kesme, jigle, boğumlu tüfek namlusu, kısma bobini
v. boğulmak, boğarak öldürmek; tıkanmak, ölmek, boğmak, tıkamak, nefesini kesmek; baskılamak, bastırmak, tutmak, kısmak
n. strangulation; starter (automobile)
v. étrangler; boucher; suffoquer
strangle
v. choke to death, throttle by compressing the windpipe and preventing the intake of air, asphyxiate; stifle, suppress
stran·gle /ˈstræŋgəl/ v [T]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estrangler, from Latin strangulare; STRANGULATION]
to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands, a rope etc
→choke strangle with
The victim had been strangled with a belt.
to limit or prevent the growth or development of something
Mills argues that high taxation strangles the economy.
>strangler n [C]
گلوی کسی را فشردن ، خفه کردن .
v. boğmak, boğarak öldürmek, gelişimini engellemek, bastırmak, boğazlamak, tutmak
v. étrangler
immortal
n. being which will live forever and never die; one whose fame will last for all time
adj. deathless, undying, eternal, everlasting; lasting for all time, eternally remembered
im·mor·tal /ɪˈmɔːtl US -ɔːr-/ adj
living or continuing for ever
≠ mortal
Plato believed that the soul is immortal.
an immortal line, play, song etc is so famous that it will never be forgotten
In the immortal words of Henry Ford, ‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.’
>immortal n [C]
ابدی، فنا ناپذیر، جاویدان ، جاوید.
n. ölümsüz varlık
adj. ölümsüz, ölmez, ebedi, sonsuz
n. immortel
adj. immortel, éternel
frigid
adj. cold; frozen; sexually unresponsive
fri·gid /ˈfrɪdʒɪd/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: frigidus, from frigus ‘cold’]
a woman who is frigid does not like having sex
literary not friendly or kind
= cold, icy icy, frosty frosty
The guard looked at us with a frigid stare.
formal very cold
= icy
His breath steamed in the frigid air.
>frigidly adv
>frigidity /frɪˈdʒɪdɪti/ n [U]
بسیار سرد، منجمد، دارای اندکی تمایل جنسی.
adj. buz gibi, çok soğuk, soğuk, duygusuz, cinsel ilişkiden zevk almayan
adj. très froid, glacial, frigide
throe
n. violent pangs; torturous struggle, suffering
1 : PANG, SPASM
2 plural : a hard or painful struggle
n. sancı, ağrı, sızı, dert
n. au beau milieu de, en proie à; à l’agonie
entail
n. legal limitation which determines who may inherit an estate or property; predetermined succession for a position or office
v. intail, involve, cause; require; demand; set a limitation on who may inherit an estate or property
en·tail /ɪnˈteɪl/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: taile ‘legal limitation’, from Old French taillier ‘to cut, limit’]
to involve something as a necessary part or result
A new computer system entails a lot of re-training.
Some foreign travel is entailed in the job.
entail doing sth
The journey will entail changing trains twice.
old use if you entail property, you arrange for it to be given to a specific person, usually your oldest son, when you die
مستلزم بودن ، شامل بودن ، فراهم کردن ، متضمن بودن ، دربرداشتن ، حمل کردن بر، حبس یاوقفکردن ، موجب شدن .
n. satılmaması koşuluyla verilen mülk, mülkiyeti muhafaza
v. satılmaması koşuluyla vermek, şarta bağlamak, gerektirmek, yol açmak, kaosamak
n. leg, héritage
v. entraîner, occasionner; rendre nécessaire; imposer
peg
n. wedge, spike; pin, dowel; clothespin, clip
v. fasten with clothespin; strengthen with a wedge, reinforce with a spike
peg1 /peg/ n [C]
——————————————————————————–
1【short stick】
2【hanging wet clothes】
3【tent】
4 take/bring somebody down a peg (or two)
5【musical instrument】
6 a peg to hang something on
7【drink】
——————————————————————————–
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Probably from Middle Dutch pegge]
【SHORT STICK】
a short piece of wood, metal, or plastic that is attached to a wall or fits into a hole, used especially to hang things on or to fasten things together
Sarah hung her coat on the peg.
a table fitted together with pegs
a pattern made with coloured pegs on a board
【HANGING WET CLOTHES】
BrE a small plastic or wooden object used to fasten wet clothes to a thin rope to dry
= clothespeg
American Equivalent: clothespin
【TENT】
a pointed piece of wood or metal that you push into the ground in order to keep a tent in the correct position
take/bring sb down a peg (or two)
to make someone realize that they are not as important or skilled as they think they are
Evans is an arrogant bully who needs taking down a peg or two.
【MUSICAL INSTRUMENT】
a wooden screw used to make the strings of a violin, guitar etc tighter or looser
= tuning peg
a peg to hang sth on
BrE something that is used as a reason for doing, discussing, or believing something
As a peg to hang it on, the tournament had the 100th anniversary of Nehru’s birth.
【DRINK】
BrE old-fashioned a small amount of strong alcoholic drink, especially whisky or brandy
→square peg in a round hole at square 1 (12) peg 2
peg2 past tense and past participle pegged present participle pegging
v [T]
to set prices, wages etc at a particular level, or set them in relation to something else
peg sth at sth
The dividend was pegged at 6.1p.
peg sth to sth
a currency pegged to the American dollar
to fasten something somewhere with a peg
The tent flap was pegged open.
Outside, a woman was pegging sheets to a washing line.
peg as [peg sb/sth as sth] phr v
to believe or say that someone has a particular type of character, or that a situation has particular qualities
I’d had him pegged as a troublemaker.
peg away phr v
to work hard and with determination
peg away at
She pegged away at her essay.
peg back [peg sb/sth⇔back] phr v
to stop someone from winning in a sport or from increasing the amount by which they are winning - used in news reports
They were pegged back by an equaliser from Jameson.
peg out phr v
BrE informal to die, or to fall down because you are tired
peg sth⇔out
BrE to fasten wet clothes to a washing line to dry
peg sth⇔out
to mark a piece of ground with wooden sticks
(.nand .vt.vi): میخ، میخ چوبی، چنگک ، عذر، بهانه ، میخ زدن ، میخکوب کردن محکم کردن ، زحمت کشیدن ، کوشش کردن ، درجه ، دندانه ، پا، (.adj): (pegged) دربالا پهن ودر پائین نازک ( شبیه میخ ).
n. ağaç çivi, askı kancası (elbise), çamaşır mandalı, kazık (kısa), bahane, dübel, sodalı viski [brit.], akort vidası, mazeret, vesile
v. ağaç çivi ile çakmak, kazık çakarak sabitlemek, belirlemek, saptamak, atmak (taş vb.)
n. piquet; cheville; pince à linge; épingle; fosset; goupille; pointe; fer; pique
v. cheviller; brocher; marquer (des points- jeux); stabiliser (Economie); attacher avec une pince à linge; renforcer par piquet
compilation
n. collection of plays or other literary works; combining of documents or other materials into one book; translation of a programs written in a high-level language to another language (Computers); compiling of data
com·pi·la·tion /ˌkɔmpɪˈleɪʃən US ˌkɑːm-/ n
[C]
a book, list, record etc which consists of different pieces of information, songs etc
compilation of
a compilation of love songs
compilation CD/album/tape
[U]
the process of making a book, list, record etc from different pieces of information, songs etc
dictionary compilation
گردآوری، تالیف، تلفیق.همگردانی.
n. derleme, derleme eser
n. compilation, création de logiciels à partir d’un code source en langage évolué (informatique)
culprit
n. one accused, offender, guilty party
cul·prit /ˈkʌlprɪt/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: cul (from culpable ‘guilty’) + prit ‘ready (to prove it)’]
the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong
→victim
Police finally managed to catch the culprit.
informal the reason for a particular problem or difficulty
High production costs are the main culprit .
متهم، مقصر، آدم خطاکار یا مجرم.
n. suçlu, zanlı, sanık, hükümlü
n. accusé, qui commit des crimes
grim
adj. unyielding; stern, fierce; merciless, heartless, cruel; horrible, frightful
grim /grɪm/ adj
[Language: Old English; Origin: grimm]
making you feel worried or unhappy
= harsh
the grim reality of rebuilding the shattered town
When he lost his job, his future looked grim.
Millions of Britons face the grim prospect (=something bad that will probably happen) of dearer home loans.
We received the grim news in silence.
looking or sounding very serious
’I’ll survive,’ he said with a grim smile.
The child hung on to her arm with grim determination .
The police officers were silent and grim-faced.
BrE informal very bad, ugly, or unpleasant
The weather forecast is pretty grim.
They painted a grim picture of what life used to be like there.
a grim industrial town
[not before noun] informal
ill
Juliet felt grim through the early months of her pregnancy.
hold/hang on for/like grim death
BrE informal to hold something very tightly because you are afraid
>grimly adv
Arnold smiled grimly.
>grimness n [U]
ترسناک ، شوم، عبوس، سخت، ظالم.
adj. zalim, gaddar, acımasız, sert, korkunç, suratsız
adj. sardonique (sourire); menaçant; cruel; sinistre; lugubre; effrayant; terrible; satanique
dwindle
v. diminish, decrease, wane, fade, peter out
dwin·dle /ˈdwɪndl/ v [I]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: dwine ‘to become less’]
also dwindle away
to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller
The elephant population is dwindling.
His money had dwindled away.
dwindle to
The stream has dwindled to a trickle.
>dwindling adj
dwindling resources
رفته رفته کوچک شدن ، تدریجا کاهش یافتن ، کم شدن ، تحلیل رفتن .
v. azalmak, küçülmek, çekmek, bozulmak
v. diminuer, soustraire, affaiblir
breach
n. violation, infringement; crack, gap
v. break through, burst into
breach1 W3 /briːtʃ/ n
[Language: Old English; Origin: bryce]
[U and C]
an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement
breach of
This was a clear breach of the 1994 Trade Agreement.
They sued the company for breach of contract .
a breach of professional duty
be in breach of sth
He was clearly in breach of the law.
[C]
a serious disagreement between people, groups, or countries
breach with
Britain did not want to risk a breach with the US over sanctions.
breach between
What had caused the sudden breach between Henry and his son?
She wanted to help heal the breach between them.
breach of confidence/trust
an action in which someone does something that people have trusted them not to do
We regard the publication of this information as a serious breach of trust.
breach of security
an action in which someone manages to learn secret information or manages to get into a place that is guarded
There had been a major breach of security at the air base.
breach of the peace
BrE the crime of making too much noise or fighting in a public place
He was arrested and charged with breach of the peace.
[C]
a hole made in a wall that is intended to protect a place
breach in
a breach in the castle wall
a breach in the flood defence barrier
step into the breach
to help by doing someone else’s job or work when they are unable to do it
= step in
Thanks for stepping into the breach last week. breach 2
breach2 v [T]
to break a law, rule, or agreement
= break
The company accused him of breaching his contract.
Traders who breach the rules could face a fine of up to £10,000.
to break a hole in a wall that is intended to protect a place
The storm had breached the sea wall in two places.
نقض عهد، رخنه ، نقض کردن ، نقض عهد کردن ، ایجاد شکاف کردن ، رخنه کردن در.
n. ihlal, uymama, çiğneme, bozulma, bozma (anlaşmayı); gedik, yarık, dalgaların sahile vurup kırılması
v. gedik açmak, yarmak, kırmak
n. infraction, contravention; violation (loi); manquement (au devoir) rupture (contrat); brouille, rupture (amis); trou, brèche
v. ouvrir une brèche; battre en brèche; percer (les lignes ennemies) (Militaire)
levee
n. embankment built along a river to prevent flooding; raised edge around an irrigated field; pier; formal reception (such as held by royalty)
v. build a dike, create an embankment along a river to prevent flooding; create a raised edge around an irrigated field (Agriculture)
lev·ee /ˈlevi/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: levée, from lever ‘to raise’]
a special wall built to stop a river flooding
مجلس پذیرائی، سلام عام، بارعام دادن ، خاکریز، بند، لنگرگاه .
n. nehir taşmasına karşı set, taşmayı önleyen set, resmi kabul, kabul töreni
n. levée; pile; réception officielle
v. élever un barrage; construire une digue; construire des terrasses (agriculture)
hammer
n. tool with a hard solid head (used to beat, pound, drive nails, etc.)
v. hit or strike with a hammer; forcefully persuade, argue strongly; defeat, beat (in competition, battle, etc.)
ham·mer1 /ˈhæmə US -ər/ n [C]
1【tool】
2 come/go under the hammer
3 hammer blow
4 hammer and tongs
5【gun】
6【sport】
7【piano】
——————————————————————————–
[Language: Old English; Origin: hamor]
【TOOL】
a) a tool with a heavy metal part on a long handle, used for hitting nails into wood
b) a tool like this with a wooden head used to make something flat, make a noise etc
an auctioneer’s hammer
come/go under the hammer
to be offered for sale at an auction
hammer blow
BrE an event that damages something very seriously
hammer blow for
The decision is a hammer blow for the coal industry.
hammer and tongs informal
a) if people go at each other hammer and tongs, they fight or argue very loudly
b) if someone does something hammer and tongs, they do it with all their energy
【GUN】
the part of a gun that hits the explosive charge that fires a bullet
【SPORT】
a heavy metal ball on a wire with a handle at the end, which you throw as far as possible as a sport
【PIANO】
a wooden part of a piano that hits the strings inside to make a musical sound hammer 2
hammer2 v
——————————————————————————–
1【hit with a hammer】
2【hit repeatedly】
3【hurt with problems】
4【hit hard】
5【criticize】
6 hammer something home
7【heart】
8【defeat】
Phrasal verbs
hammer away
hammer something⇔in
hammer something⇔out
——————————————————————————–
【HIT WITH A HAMMER】 [I and T]
to hit something with a hammer in order to force it into a particular position or shape
hammer sth in/into sth
Hammer the nails into the back of the frame.
hammer away (at sth)
All afternoon, Martin had been hammering away in the conservatory.
the sound of hammering and sawing
【HIT REPEATEDLY】 [I]
to hit something many times, especially making a loud noise
= pound, bang bang hammer at
Daniella hammered at the door.
The rain was hammering against the window.
【HURT WITH PROBLEMS】 [T]
to hurt someone or something by causing them a lot of problems
British industry was being hammered by the recession.
【HIT HARD】 [T] informal
to hit or kick something very hard
Robinson hammered the ball into the goal.
【CRITICIZE】 [T]
to strongly criticize or attack someone for something they have said or done
The president has been hammered for his lack of leadership.
hammer sth home
to make sure that people understand something by repeating it many times
The message must be hammered home that crime doesn’t pay.
【HEART】 [I]
if your heart hammers, you feel it beating strongly and quickly
= pound
She stood outside the door, her heart hammering.
【DEFEAT】 [T] informal
to defeat someone completely at a sport
Arsenal hammered Manchester United 5-0.
hammer away phr v
to keep saying something because you want people to understand or accept it
hammer away at
I keep hammering away at this point because it’s important.
to work hard and continuously at something
hammer away at
You need to keep on hammering away at achieving your goals.
hammer in [hammer sth⇔in] phr v
to keep saying something until people completely understand it
The coach hammered his message into the team.
hammer out [hammer sth⇔out] phr v
to decide on an agreement, contract etc after a lot of discussion and disagreement
Leading oil producers tried to hammer out a deal.
چکش، پتک ، چخماق، استخوان چکشی، چکش زدن ، کوبیدن ، سخت کوشیدن ، ضربت زدن .
n. çekiç, tokmak, tüfek horozu
v. çekiçlemek, çekiçle vurmak, dövmek, çakmak, işlemek, ağır yenilgiye uğratmak, hızlı atmak
n. marteau
v. marteler; battre, démolir
come off
happen, occur, take place, transpire; be finished; appear, seem; succeed.
come off phr v
come off (sth)
to become removed from something
The label had come off, so there was no way of knowing what was on the disk.
come off (sth)
BrE to fall off something
Dyson came off his bike as he rounded the last corner, but wasn’t badly hurt.
informal if something that has been planned comes off, it happens
In the end the trip never came off.
informal to be successful
It was a good idea, but it didn’t quite come off.
The performance on the first night came off pretty well .
come off sth
to stop taking a drug that you have been taking regularly
It wasn’t until I tried to come off the pills that I realized I was addicted.
come off best/better/worst etc
BrE to gain or lose the most, more, the least etc from a situation
As far as pensions go, it’s still women who come off worst.
come off it!
BrE spoken used to tell someone that you do not believe what they are saying
Oh come off it! You can’t seriously be saying you knew nothing about any of this.
bring up
raise,
e: the first thing u bring up in the interview
commensurate
adj. corresponding, proportionate, equal
com·men·su·rate /kəˈmenʃərɪt/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: commensuratus, from Latin com- ( COM-) + Late Latin mensuratus ‘measured’]
matching something in size, quality, or length of time
commensurate with
Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.
متناسب.
adj. orantılı, oranlı, uygun, eşit
adj. proportionné
