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Biology20: Elementary Botany (Lecture) > I. Introduction > Flashcards

I. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Science of plant life

A

Botany

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2
Q

Properties of life

A

Order, reproduction, growth, energy utilization, response, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation

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3
Q

Latin word meaning “to know”

A

Science

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4
Q

Step by step process that helps solve problems

A

Scientific method

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5
Q

Branch of science that was the foundation of Biology

A

Chemistry

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6
Q

Elements that Make up 96% of life

A

C, O, H, N

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7
Q

Number of electrons in outermost shell

A

Valence

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8
Q

Gain electrons, form bonds

A

Reduce

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9
Q

Lose electrons, break bonds

A

Oxidize

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10
Q

Father of Botany

A

Theophrastus

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11
Q

Chemical reactivity

A

Atoms tend to complete/ empty partially filled valence (less valence = lose electrons)

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12
Q

Weak bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

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13
Q

Bond that transfers electrons

A

Ionic bond

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14
Q

Strong bonds

A

Covalent bond, multiple covalent, polar covalent

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15
Q

Bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons

A

Covalent

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16
Q

Bond where 2 atoms share more than one pair of electrons

A

Multiple covalent

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17
Q

Bond where two atoms unequally share a pair of electrons

A

Polar covalent

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18
Q

T or F: oxygen has higher electronegativity

A

T

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19
Q

T or F: oxygen has stronger attraction

A

T

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20
Q

Solvent of life

A

Water

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

H2O molecules stick to each other; surface tension

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O molecules stick with other materials; capillary action

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23
Q

Surface tension

A

Floating of insects on water

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24
Q

Capillary action

A

Water climbs up from plant roots to stems

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25
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Water has a low density.

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26
Q

It is the amount of heat necessary to increase temperature

A

Specific heat

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27
Q

If [H] = [OH] then

A

Neutral

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28
Q

If [H] > [OH]

A

Acidic

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29
Q

If [H] < [OH]

A

Basic

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30
Q

They are polymers

A

Macromolecules

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31
Q

It’s a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

A

Polymers

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32
Q

Two molecules are covalently bonded through water loss (dehydration)

A

Condensation

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33
Q

Rupture by addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

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34
Q

Sugars and water (CH2O)

A

Carbohydrates

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35
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Has an open chain; ex: glucose

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36
Q

A monosaccharide that contains major nutrients and raw materials for synthesis

A

Glucose

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37
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 joined by glycosidic link; ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose

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38
Q

Used for brewing beer

A

Maltose

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39
Q

Combination of glucose and galactose. It is the sugar in milk.

A

Lactose

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40
Q

Sugar in sugar cane

A

Sucrose

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41
Q

Many sugars. Ex: starch and cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

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42
Q

It is a polysaccharide that’s a storage molecule

A

Starch

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43
Q

Polysaccharide that is a structural molecule

A

Cellulose

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44
Q

Discovered by Miescher

A

Nucleic acids

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45
Q

The building blocks/ components of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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46
Q

Types of nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

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47
Q

2 types of nitrogenous base

A

Purines and pyrimidines

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48
Q

A nitrogenous base with double rings. Example: adenine and guanine

A

Purines

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49
Q

A nitrogenous base with single ring. Example: cytosine, thymine, uracil

A

Pyrimidines

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50
Q

Energy currency of the cell; transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic reactions

A

Adenosine triphosphate (atp)

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51
Q

What does ATP consist of

A

Adenine nucleotide (ribosome sugar, adenine base and phosphate group)

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52
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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53
Q

Importance of amino acids

A
  • structural molecules
  • source of energy
  • enzymes - catalyst
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54
Q

Structure of proteins. The 4 levels of organization in protein.

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

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55
Q

Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

A

Primary structure

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56
Q

Structure of proteins that is helix or pleated

A

Secondary

57
Q

Has a quaternary structure with 2 or more protein chains

A

Hemoglobin

58
Q

It holds proteins together

A

H bonds and Vander waals forces

59
Q

It is very diverse. It does not include polymers. It is insoluble in water (nonpolar). Made of fats, oils and waxes.

A

Lipids

60
Q

Three important family of lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

61
Q

These are triglycerides constructed from glycerol and fatty acid. It stores energy.

A

Fats (animal) and oils (plant)

62
Q

Two types of fats

A

Saturated and unsaturated

63
Q

Has only 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group, which is negatively charged. Forms a polar covalent bond with glycerol. Found in brains.

A

Phospholipids

64
Q

He discovered cells

A

Robert Hooke

65
Q

Cell theory of Schleiden

A

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

66
Q

Cell theory of Schwaan

A

The cell is the basic unit of structure

67
Q

Cell theory of Virchow

A

All cells arise from existing cells

68
Q

It is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions. Basis of an organism’s structure.

A

Cell

69
Q

Type of cell with no nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

70
Q

Type of cell with nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

71
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

72
Q

They are live in extremes. Halophiles and thermophiles.

A

Archaea

73
Q

Two examples of bacteria

A

Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria

74
Q

Why are cells small?

A

Because being large would have to take more volume and is therefore disadvantageous

75
Q

Part of the cell that has cellulose. Serves as protection.

A

Cell wall

76
Q

Part of cell wall that contains pectins (gels)

A

Middle lamella

77
Q

Controls water, gases and molecules. Are semipermeable.

A

Plasma membrane/ plasmalemma

78
Q

Contains genetic material. Control center of cell.

A

Nucleus

79
Q

Site were cell makes proteins

A

Ribosomes

80
Q

Protein synthesis occurs here

A

Rough ER

81
Q

Lipid synthesis occurs here

A

Smooth ER

82
Q

Manufacturer, warehouse, sorter, shipper of cell

A

Golgi complex

83
Q

Compartment, storage in cell

A

Vacuoles

84
Q

Metabolic waste in vacuoles

A

Crystals

85
Q

Pigment that is antiherbivore

A

Anthocyanin

86
Q

Site for photosynthesis. Plastid that contain chlorophyll and dna.

A

Chloroplasts

87
Q

Powerhouse of cell. Site of respiration.

A

Mitochodria

88
Q

Plastid that contains orange and yellow pigments

A

Chromoplasts

89
Q

Colorless plastid

A

Leucoplasts/ amyloplasts

90
Q

Generates and breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

91
Q

Converts fats into sugars

A

Glyoxysomes

92
Q

Long hollow tubules. Made of spherical proteins called tubulin.

A

Microtubules

93
Q

Made of a globular protein called actin. Involved in cyclosis.

A

Mocrofilaments

94
Q

Thicker than microfilaments but thinner than tubules. Maintains rigid structure.

A

Intermediate filaments

95
Q

2 types of plant cells

A

Meristematic and differentiated

96
Q

Unspecialized cells that divide indefinitely. Can be apical or lateral.

A

Meristematic cells

97
Q

Meristems that go vertical.

A

Apical/ Tip

98
Q

Meristem that goes horizontal.

A

Lateral meristem

99
Q

2 types of lateral meristem

A

Vascular and cork cambium

100
Q

2 types of apical meristem

A

Roots and shoots

101
Q

Mature cells

A

Differentiated cells

102
Q

3 types of differentiated cells

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

103
Q

Most common differentiated cell. Has thin walls. Isodiametric and least specialized. Greek “parenchein” - pour in beside

A

Parenchyma

104
Q

Differentiated cell that has uneven thickened walls. Usually is elongated. Greek “kolla” - glue.

A

Collenchyma

105
Q

Has very thick cell walls. Greek “skelos” - hard

A

Sclerenchyma

106
Q

2 types of sclerenchyma

A

Fibers and sclereids

107
Q

Sclerenchyma that has elongated cells, is tapered at both ends, usually in groups, and provide elastic support

A

Fibers

108
Q

Two types of plant tissues

A

Simple and complex

109
Q

Three tissue systems

A

Dermal, vascular, ground

110
Q

Tissue system that deals with skin and outer covering, is for protection from physical damage and desiccation.

A

Dermal tissue system

111
Q

Structures in dermal tissue system

A

Stomata, trichomes, cuticle

112
Q

Waxy fatty substance that is a component in the cuticle

A

Cutin

113
Q

Structure in dermal tissue system that has hairs

A

Trichomes

114
Q

Structure in dermal tissue system that is made of pores and allows entry of gases

A

Stomata

115
Q

First year of growth in dermal tissue system

A

Epidermis

116
Q

Woody part in dermal tissue system. Has more that one growing season. Consists of cork cells.

A

Periderm

117
Q

Tissue system that conducts water mineral and food

A

Vascular TS

118
Q

Vascular tissue that conducts water

A

Xylem

119
Q

Vascular tissue that conducts food, sugar and other nutrients

A

Phloem

120
Q

Parts of xylem

A

Xylem parenchyma, xylary fibers, tracheary elements (tracheid-thin, vessel element-thick tubes)

121
Q

Vessel elements

A

Angiosperms, wider, shorter and less tapered, dead at maturity, perforation plates

122
Q

Parts of phloem

A

Phloem parenchyma, phloem fiber, sieve tube elements (angiosperm/gymnosperm)

123
Q

Part of phloem. They are stacked end to end. No nucleus at maturity.

A

Sieve tube members

124
Q

Tissue system that is fundamental. Consists of all tissues minus vascular and dermal.

A

Ground tissue system

125
Q

Functions of ground tissue system

A

Filler, storage, metabolism

126
Q

It causes plants to grow indeterminately because it continually divides.

A

Meristems

127
Q

Is the increase in length of roots and shoots. Causes by apical meristem. It’s outcome is a primary plant body.

A

Primary growth

128
Q

It produces tissues of primary plant body. Consists of protoderm procambium and ground meristem

A

Primary meristems

129
Q

Its primary tissue is dermal tissue/ epidermis

A

Protoderm

130
Q

Its primary tissue is vascular tissue

A

Procambium

131
Q

It’s primary tissue is ground tissue

A

Groundmeristem

132
Q

These are developed by dicots. Called lateral meristems. Single cell layers that form cylinders running lengthwise along stem/root

A

Secondary meristems

133
Q

Growth common in eudocots and gymnosperms. Rare in monocots.

A

Secondary growth

134
Q

Interconnected sacs in chloroplast

A

Thylakoids

135
Q

Stack of thylakoids

A

Granum

136
Q

Fluid outside the thylakoids

A

Stroma

137
Q

Network of fibers that organizes structures. These are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

138
Q

Channels that perforate plant cell walls

A

Plasmodesmata

Biology20: Elementary Botany (Lecture) (13 decks)

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