I. Introduction Flashcards
Science of plant life
Botany
Properties of life
Order, reproduction, growth, energy utilization, response, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation
Latin word meaning “to know”
Science
Step by step process that helps solve problems
Scientific method
Branch of science that was the foundation of Biology
Chemistry
Elements that Make up 96% of life
C, O, H, N
Number of electrons in outermost shell
Valence
Gain electrons, form bonds
Reduce
Lose electrons, break bonds
Oxidize
Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Chemical reactivity
Atoms tend to complete/ empty partially filled valence (less valence = lose electrons)
Weak bonds
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds
Bond that transfers electrons
Ionic bond
Strong bonds
Covalent bond, multiple covalent, polar covalent
Bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
Covalent
Bond where 2 atoms share more than one pair of electrons
Multiple covalent
Bond where two atoms unequally share a pair of electrons
Polar covalent
T or F: oxygen has higher electronegativity
T
T or F: oxygen has stronger attraction
T
Solvent of life
Water
Cohesion
H2O molecules stick to each other; surface tension
Adhesion
H2O molecules stick with other materials; capillary action
Surface tension
Floating of insects on water
Capillary action
Water climbs up from plant roots to stems
Why does ice float?
Water has a low density.
It is the amount of heat necessary to increase temperature
Specific heat
If [H] = [OH] then
Neutral
If [H] > [OH]
Acidic
If [H] < [OH]
Basic
They are polymers
Macromolecules
It’s a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Polymers
Two molecules are covalently bonded through water loss (dehydration)
Condensation
Rupture by addition of water
Hydrolysis
Sugars and water (CH2O)
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Has an open chain; ex: glucose
A monosaccharide that contains major nutrients and raw materials for synthesis
Glucose
Disaccharide
2 joined by glycosidic link; ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose
Used for brewing beer
Maltose
Combination of glucose and galactose. It is the sugar in milk.
Lactose
Sugar in sugar cane
Sucrose
Many sugars. Ex: starch and cellulose
Polysaccharides
It is a polysaccharide that’s a storage molecule
Starch
Polysaccharide that is a structural molecule
Cellulose
Discovered by Miescher
Nucleic acids
The building blocks/ components of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Types of nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
2 types of nitrogenous base
Purines and pyrimidines
A nitrogenous base with double rings. Example: adenine and guanine
Purines
A nitrogenous base with single ring. Example: cytosine, thymine, uracil
Pyrimidines
Energy currency of the cell; transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic reactions
Adenosine triphosphate (atp)
What does ATP consist of
Adenine nucleotide (ribosome sugar, adenine base and phosphate group)
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
Importance of amino acids
- structural molecules
- source of energy
- enzymes - catalyst
Structure of proteins. The 4 levels of organization in protein.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
Primary structure
Structure of proteins that is helix or pleated
Secondary
Has a quaternary structure with 2 or more protein chains
Hemoglobin
It holds proteins together
H bonds and Vander waals forces
It is very diverse. It does not include polymers. It is insoluble in water (nonpolar). Made of fats, oils and waxes.
Lipids
Three important family of lipids
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
These are triglycerides constructed from glycerol and fatty acid. It stores energy.
Fats (animal) and oils (plant)
Two types of fats
Saturated and unsaturated
Has only 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group, which is negatively charged. Forms a polar covalent bond with glycerol. Found in brains.
Phospholipids
He discovered cells
Robert Hooke
Cell theory of Schleiden
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
Cell theory of Schwaan
The cell is the basic unit of structure
Cell theory of Virchow
All cells arise from existing cells
It is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions. Basis of an organism’s structure.
Cell
Type of cell with no nucleus
Prokaryotic
Type of cell with nucleus
Eukaryotic
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
They are live in extremes. Halophiles and thermophiles.
Archaea
Two examples of bacteria
Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria
Why are cells small?
Because being large would have to take more volume and is therefore disadvantageous
Part of the cell that has cellulose. Serves as protection.
Cell wall
Part of cell wall that contains pectins (gels)
Middle lamella
Controls water, gases and molecules. Are semipermeable.
Plasma membrane/ plasmalemma
Contains genetic material. Control center of cell.
Nucleus
Site were cell makes proteins
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis occurs here
Rough ER
Lipid synthesis occurs here
Smooth ER
Manufacturer, warehouse, sorter, shipper of cell
Golgi complex
Compartment, storage in cell
Vacuoles
Metabolic waste in vacuoles
Crystals
Pigment that is antiherbivore
Anthocyanin
Site for photosynthesis. Plastid that contain chlorophyll and dna.
Chloroplasts
Powerhouse of cell. Site of respiration.
Mitochodria
Plastid that contains orange and yellow pigments
Chromoplasts
Colorless plastid
Leucoplasts/ amyloplasts
Generates and breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
Converts fats into sugars
Glyoxysomes
Long hollow tubules. Made of spherical proteins called tubulin.
Microtubules
Made of a globular protein called actin. Involved in cyclosis.
Mocrofilaments
Thicker than microfilaments but thinner than tubules. Maintains rigid structure.
Intermediate filaments
2 types of plant cells
Meristematic and differentiated
Unspecialized cells that divide indefinitely. Can be apical or lateral.
Meristematic cells
Meristems that go vertical.
Apical/ Tip
Meristem that goes horizontal.
Lateral meristem
2 types of lateral meristem
Vascular and cork cambium
2 types of apical meristem
Roots and shoots
Mature cells
Differentiated cells
3 types of differentiated cells
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
Most common differentiated cell. Has thin walls. Isodiametric and least specialized. Greek “parenchein” - pour in beside
Parenchyma
Differentiated cell that has uneven thickened walls. Usually is elongated. Greek “kolla” - glue.
Collenchyma
Has very thick cell walls. Greek “skelos” - hard
Sclerenchyma
2 types of sclerenchyma
Fibers and sclereids
Sclerenchyma that has elongated cells, is tapered at both ends, usually in groups, and provide elastic support
Fibers
Two types of plant tissues
Simple and complex
Three tissue systems
Dermal, vascular, ground
Tissue system that deals with skin and outer covering, is for protection from physical damage and desiccation.
Dermal tissue system
Structures in dermal tissue system
Stomata, trichomes, cuticle
Waxy fatty substance that is a component in the cuticle
Cutin
Structure in dermal tissue system that has hairs
Trichomes
Structure in dermal tissue system that is made of pores and allows entry of gases
Stomata
First year of growth in dermal tissue system
Epidermis
Woody part in dermal tissue system. Has more that one growing season. Consists of cork cells.
Periderm
Tissue system that conducts water mineral and food
Vascular TS
Vascular tissue that conducts water
Xylem
Vascular tissue that conducts food, sugar and other nutrients
Phloem
Parts of xylem
Xylem parenchyma, xylary fibers, tracheary elements (tracheid-thin, vessel element-thick tubes)
Vessel elements
Angiosperms, wider, shorter and less tapered, dead at maturity, perforation plates
Parts of phloem
Phloem parenchyma, phloem fiber, sieve tube elements (angiosperm/gymnosperm)
Part of phloem. They are stacked end to end. No nucleus at maturity.
Sieve tube members
Tissue system that is fundamental. Consists of all tissues minus vascular and dermal.
Ground tissue system
Functions of ground tissue system
Filler, storage, metabolism
It causes plants to grow indeterminately because it continually divides.
Meristems
Is the increase in length of roots and shoots. Causes by apical meristem. It’s outcome is a primary plant body.
Primary growth
It produces tissues of primary plant body. Consists of protoderm procambium and ground meristem
Primary meristems
Its primary tissue is dermal tissue/ epidermis
Protoderm
Its primary tissue is vascular tissue
Procambium
It’s primary tissue is ground tissue
Groundmeristem
These are developed by dicots. Called lateral meristems. Single cell layers that form cylinders running lengthwise along stem/root
Secondary meristems
Growth common in eudocots and gymnosperms. Rare in monocots.
Secondary growth
Interconnected sacs in chloroplast
Thylakoids
Stack of thylakoids
Granum
Fluid outside the thylakoids
Stroma
Network of fibers that organizes structures. These are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
Cytoskeleton
Channels that perforate plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
