Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology Flashcards
Encode in chemical language of DNA and reproduced in all the cells of your body
Hereditary information
Directs development of many different types of traits
DNA program
Used a technique called xray crystallography to study molecular structure; produced a picture of a dna
Maurice wilkins and rosalind franklin
Deduced that DNA was a double helix
Watson and crick
She concluded that DNA was composed of 2 antiparallel sugar phosphate backbones with nitrogenous bases paired in molecule’s interior
Rosalind franklin
Are paired with specific combinations: adenine with thymine (2), cytosine with guanine (3)
Nitrogenous bases
How does dna function
Makes copies of itself; contain information for protein production
3 main components
Replication, transcription, translation
DNA making more DNA; needs to occur before cell division; enzymes used to join nucleotides to dna strands and to correct mistakes
Replication
Making RNA from DNA
Transcription
Assembling amino acids from
RNA
Translation
Each of the new daughter molecules will have one old strand derived from parent and one newly made strand
Dna replication is semiconservative
In the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the dna strands
Information content of dna
Part of cellular machinery for translation polypeptide synthesis
Ribosome
Synthesis of RNA under direction of dna; produces messenger rna
Transcription
Actual synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under RNA; occurs on ribosomes
Translation
Where transcription and translation occur together
Prokaryote
Where r a transcripts are modified before becoming true mRNA
Eukaryotes
Sequence of nonoverlapping base triplets
Codons
How is a codon in messenger rna translated
Either into an amino acid pr a translational stop signal
Dna is copied to an rna strand; first process in gene expression; similar to replication but RNA is produced
Transcription
3 types of RNA
Messenger, transfer, ribosomal
Dna template
Messenger rna
Transfers amino acids to rna
Transfer rna
Major component of ribosome
Ribosomal
What does the cell translate an mrna message into?
Protein
Consists of a single rna strand that is only about 80 nucleotides long; roughly L-shaped
tRNA
Facilitate the specific coupling of tRNA anticodons
Ribosomes
Three binding sites for tRNA
P, A, E
Where does mRNA bind with a ribosome
Cytoplasm
Changing the genetics of plants
Plant breeding
Two types of plant breeding
Classical and modern
Genes can be transferred between species through genetic engineering
Modern plant breeding
Contains gene from different organism ex: Bt corn
Transgenic organism
Had the potential to express any of genes and produce entire plant
Totipotency
This encourages plant cells to express totipotency in a medium containing nutrients and hormones
Tissue culture
Changes in genetic material of cell
Mutations
Changes in just one base pair of gene
Point mutations
Types of point mutation
Substitutions and insertions or deletions
Replacement of one nucleotide with another; causes missense or nonsense
Substitutions
Additions and losses of nucleotide pairs; produce frameshift mutation
Insertion/deletion
Can occur during dna replication recombination or repair
Spontaneous mutations
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
Mutagens
Region of dna whose final product is either a polypeptide or rna
Gene
