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Biology20: Elementary Botany (Lecture) > Descent With Modification > Flashcards

Descent With Modification Flashcards

1
Q

Charles darwin’s book that focused biologist’s attention on the great diversity of organisms

A

On the origin of species by means of natural selection

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2
Q

Two points Charles darwin made in his book

A
  • presented evidence that many species of organisms are descendants of ancestral species
  • proposed a mechanism for the evolutionary process, natural selection
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3
Q

This greek philosopher viewed species as fixed and unchanging

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

He was interested in the ideal not in variation

A

Plato

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5
Q

Classification scheme. Scale naturae, lowest -> highest

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

Holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect

A

Old testament Of bible

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7
Q

Turned away from the study of the natural world

A

Early christian church

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8
Q

This saint believed imperfect humans cant understand perfect creation

A

St augustine

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9
Q

Lack of scholarly work in the west meanwhile science was thriving in the islamic world

A

Dark ages

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10
Q

Revival of science an other scholarship

A

Renaissance

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11
Q

Inquiry into god’s creation idea that represents a great chain of being

A

St thomas aquinus

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12
Q

Studying nature to glorify god

A

Natural theology

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13
Q

Wrote the wisdom of God, manifested in the works of the creation; thought fossils represented undiscovered living species

A

John ray

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14
Q

Interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the creator had designed each species for a specific purpose; was a FOUNDER OF TAXONOMY, classifying life’s diversity “for the greater glory of God”

A

Carolus linnaeus

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15
Q

Small changes could occur through hybridization or _________

A

“acclimitization”

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16
Q

Discovery of rocks that resemble animal parts

A

Fossil record

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17
Q

Had microscopy studies showing that fossils closely resemble living form

A

Robert hooke

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18
Q

Geological layers correspond with age

A

Law of superposition

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19
Q

Helped lay ground work for darwin’s ideas

A

Study of fossils

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20
Q

remains or traces of organisms from the past; usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata

A

Fossils

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21
Q

Paleontologist and comparative anatomist who established extinction as a fact and suggested extinctions were caused by periodic global catastrophes

A

Georges Cuvier

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22
Q

Idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

A

Gradualism

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23
Q

They perceived that changes in earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions

A

Geologists Hutton and Lyell

24
Q

Wrote an encyclopedia of nature; suggested that species could degenerate in to other species

A

Leclerc comte de buffon

25
Q

Buffon’s evidences

A

Similarity in limb structure of mammals and between related species

26
Q

Charles’s grandfather; suggested that life evolved from a common ancestor

A

Erasmus darwin

27
Q

Erasmus darwin’s evidences

A

Homology, artificial selection of domestic breeds

28
Q

A vertebrate morphologist who believed that form dictates function (archetype)

A

Etienne Geoffroy - St. Hilaire

29
Q

Evidence of St Hilaire

A

Homologous structures, vestigial traits, embryonic changes

30
Q

Strong advocate of evolution; hypothesized that species evolved through use and disuse and inheritance of traits

A

Jean baptiste lamarck

31
Q

Darwin proposed that species change through ________

A

Natural selection

32
Q

The ship Darwin took to go to Galapagos

A

Beagle

33
Q

He developed a theory of natural selection similar to darwin’s; sent darwin a manuscript

A

Alfred russell wallace

34
Q

Darwin’s two main ideas

A

Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity; natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

35
Q

This phrase summarized darwin’s perception of the unity of life; states that all organisms are related through descent

A

Descent with modification

36
Q

Meaning of descent

A

Common ancestry, homology, relation, biogeography

37
Q

What does modification denote

A

Change over time, vestigial traits, selective breeding, direct observation, fossil

38
Q

What did darwin observe in galapagos

A

Marine iguanas, land tortoises, finches

39
Q

Humans have selected plant and animal traits which benefit mankind; examples

A

Artificial selection; dog domestication, increase crop yield

40
Q

Ability to pass on genes

A

Survival of the fittest

41
Q

Force that drives evolution; individuals better adapted survive and leave more offspring; process by which individual organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce

A

Natural selection

42
Q

Components of natural selection

A

variation; differential reproduction; heredity

43
Q

Mechanism for evolution

A

Variation

44
Q

These are the environmental issues and illnesses that compose natural selection

A

Differential reproduction

45
Q

Brown beetles that are left will mate and have brown offsprig

A

Heredity

46
Q

Examples of natural selection

A

Orchid fool wasps, nonpoisonous snakes mimic poisonous snakes, katydids camouflage leaves

47
Q

Factors of natural selection

A

Gene pool must vary (from mutation, immigration and emigration), variety must be inheritable, there must be competition

48
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

Fossils (most direct evidence) , similar dna sequences (molecular level- gene and protein comparisons), homologous organs (similar in structure, diff in function), embryology

49
Q

4 forces of evolutionary change

A

Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection

50
Q

Genetically based differences in survival or reproduction that leads to genetic change in population

A

Natural selection

51
Q

Spontaneous changes in dna; results of mistakes

A

Mutations

52
Q

Movement of genes between populations

A

Gene flow

53
Q

Random changes in gene frequency

A

Genetic drift

54
Q

Modes of natural selection

A

Stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection

55
Q

Eliminates extreme phenotypes

A

Stabilizing selection

56
Q

Shifts average in one dyrection by favoring one of the extreme phenotypes; anagenesis

A

Directional selection

57
Q

Splits a population into 2 parts favoring both extremes ; cladogenesis

A

Diversifying selection

Biology20: Elementary Botany (Lecture) (13 decks)

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