HYS - CH5: Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

universal emotions

Answer 1

surprise, fear, contempt, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness

same way across all cultures

Question 2

James Lange Theory of emotions

Answer 2

you see a bear

detect a bear in brain activates sympathetic
(not consciouly afraid)

heard pounds

then conscious fear

physiological changes spark psychological ones (emotion starts in your body)

Question 3

Walter Cannon and Bard theory of emotions

Answer 3

problem with james lange: heart pounding could mean, fear, love, jogging when same set of changes are associated with many emotions or none

conscious expierence and physiological changes are seperate and simoltaneous events

Question 4

who came up with fight or flight

Answer 4

Cannon

Question 5

thalamus

Answer 5

relays to cortex for thinking
relays to the body for physiological changes

Question 6

thalamus is a part of what system

Answer 6

limbic system

thalamus communicates physiolgical changes to upper cortex

amygdala - fear, anger, agression
septal nuclei - dopaminergic reward
hippocampus - memory

Question 7

Schacter Singer theory or emotion - cognitive appraisal

Answer 7

environmental cues to help assign emotional states

butterflies - excited when seeing a crush
butterflies - nervous about a test

this allows for unconscious labling of physiological state so multiple physiological changes can be differently pyschologicall labeled

Question 8

which theory of emotion is most commonly accepted

Answer 8

schacter-singer: cognitive appraisal is used to distinquish between emotional states

Question 9

which theory is associated with thalamus?

Answer 9

cannon-bard

Question 10

eustress and distress

Answer 10

distress - neg
eustress - pos

Question 11

cognitive appraisal has 2 stages (primary and secondary appraisal):

primary appraisal

Answer 11

determines if situation is of concern: benign or threat
based on past history/thoughts and feelings

is the event stressful?

Question 12

secondary appraisal

Answer 12

• did the event cause harm
• can it be overcome
• will it cause future harm
  chooses a course of action

Question 13

external and internal events in stress response

Answer 13

external - bear
internal - primary and secondary appraisal events

Question 14

types of stressed

Answer 14

inclement weather, hot, cold, loud sounds, noises

challenges with time, social pressure, peer pressure, expectations, sleep, diet, alcohol, drug use, allergies, conditions

emotional responses, controls, internal expectations

Question 15

stages of stress response

Answer 15

alarm - bear occurence first time
resistance - bear comes again
exhaustion - chronic stress as bear is always around them

Question 16

alarm response hormone pathways in acute response pathways of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 16

hypothalamus (control system)
–> adrenal glands
–> epinephrine and norepinephrine

hypothalamus
–> CRH acts on pituitary gland
–> pit gland releases adrenocorticotrophin hromne (Acth) which stim adrenal glands
–> adrenal glands release cortisol

Question 17

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 17

increase heart and resp, stim glycogen breakdown, releases sugar in bloodstream, directs blood flow to heart, lungs, brain muscles

Question 18

cortisol

Answer 18

raises blood sugar, amino acids, fatty acids, decreases inflammation

happens slower

prepares for physical activity

Question 19

is pain a universal facial expression

Answer 19

no

Question 20

what happens to blood flow and skin temperature in stress response

Answer 20

blood flow to skin decreases as blood is directed to other muscles and other organs in the fight or flight response

decrease in skin temperature

Question 21

reappraisal

Answer 21

contant reevaluation of an ongoing stressful situation

Question 22

what part of appraisal invovles if a stressful event can result in future benefit

Answer 22

secondary – evaluating challenge and if it can be overcome or beneficical

NOT primary– is the event stressful?

Question 23

hormones in general adaptation syndrome created by Hans Selye?

Answer 23

cortisol (adrenal cortex stimulated to secrete this)

ACTH (hypo–> pit–> acth)

epinephrine and norephinephrine (hypothalamus –> adrenal)

Question 24

what determines if a stressor will result in eustress or distress?

Answer 24

if person expierencing stressor percieves it as pos or neg

Question 25

which are involved in storage and ret of memories? amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, prefrontal cortex

Answer 25

amygdala - associating emotion in implicit memories hippocampus - LTM, emotional memories prefrontal cortex - reg, creating and retrieving NOT thalamus - sensory station for emotional processing but not for ret and storage of memories

Question 26

person expierencing anger would have a decrease in blood pressure, heart rate variability, skin conductance, skin temp

Answer 26

NOT blood pressure, this will increase NOT skin conductance will increase NOT skin temp, this will increase in anger (but dec in stress) heart variability (variation in time between heart beats) will decrease

Question 27

a scientist using cameras to look at people in awkward situations is least likely to observe what cognitive, behavioral, physiological responses

Answer 27

cog is least likley - this is subjectve behavioral - facial expressions physiological - heart rt, skin conductance, trembling, blushing

Question 28

difference between James-Lange and Schacter-Singer theories of emotion?

Answer 28

JL: stimulus --> physiological response is only aspect required for emotion (conscious expierence of the emotion is secondary) SS: physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal (situaiton) determine the emotion expierenced whats same conscious exp of emotion is after physiological component whats diff SS has a cognitive component, JL does not as it only needs physiological arrousal

Question 29

which theories have behavioral, physiological, cognitive components of emotion? JL, CB, SS

Answer 29

CB - behavioral response follows a simoltaneous physiological arrousal and conscious emotion SS - cognitve appraisal and physiological arrousal NO BEHAVIORAL RESP JL - physiological arrousal NO BEHAVIORAL RESP

Question 30

problem focused coping vs emotionally focused strategy for stress

Answer 30

problem focused - working to overcome stressor (asking for help) emotional focused -- taking responsibility or engaging in wishful thinking involves someones feelings, self control, distracting, positive reappraisal to focus on pos outcomes

Question 31

what happens in the exhaustion phase of general adaption syndrome

Answer 31

increased susceptibility due to illness organs deteriorate (heart disease effects) decreased sympathetic NS (cant maintain elevated activity) risk of death NO continous secretion of hormones bc the body cant maintain elevated sympathetic activity

Question 32

is there a continuous secretion of hormones in the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 32

NO continous secretion of hormones bc the body cant maintain elevated sympathetic activity results in decreased sympathetic NS activity

Question 33

compare theories of emotion

Answer 33

Question 34

sensory and explicit memory systems in formation and ret of emotional memory-- what is emotional memory? What is difference between implicit and explicity memory of emotion?

Answer 34

emotional memory - unconsicous implicit memory Thus, explicit memory of the emotion produces a conscious memory of the experience, and implicit memory determines the expression of past emotions. PTSD EXAMPLE: The explicit memory is the “story” of the event: what happened, where it occurred, who was involved, the fact that the scenario was traumatic, and so forth. The implicit memory corresponds to the sensations of unease and anxiety when put back into a similar environment.

Question 35

what is the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 35

When subjected to stress, the body initially responds via the sympathetic nervous system. The “fight-or-flight” response initiates an increase in heart rate and decrease in digestion, with all available energy being reserved for reacting to the stressful event. The sequence of physiological responses developed by Hans Selye is called the general adaptation syndrome and consists of three distinct stages, as shown in

Question 36

what happens in the resistance phase of general adaption syndrome

Answer 36

The next stage is resistance, in which the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Question 37

actue and chronic affects of stress on the body

Answer 37

Question 38

general adaptation syndrome across lifetime

Answer 38