CH4.5 Attention and CH4.6 Language

Question 1

morphemes

Answer 1

building blocks of words

Question 2

morphology

Answer 2

form and structure of words

Question 3

syntax

Answer 3

how words and phrases are arranged in a sentence

Question 4

pragmatics

Answer 4

study of words and meanings in context

Question 5

brocas area and wernicke’s area

Answer 5

brocas area – speech production
wernickes area – speech comprehension

Question 6

arcuate fasciculus connects

Answer 6

the brocas area and Wernicke’s area

Question 7

aphasia

Answer 7

deficit of language production or comprehension

Question 8

damadge to brocas area (brocas aphasia)

Answer 8

nonfluent conversational speech and slow, halting speech production

Question 9

damage to wernickes area (wernickes aphasia)

Answer 9

retained motor production and fluency of speech but loss of comprehension of speech

nonsensical sounds
inappropriate word combos without meaning

Question 10

conduction aphasia

Answer 10

damadge to arcuate fasiculus
speech production and comprehension are intact but person is unable to repeat words or phrases

Question 11

nativist theory of language development

Answer 11

humans have an innate capacity for language called langauge aquisition device (LAD) is a hypothetical path that interprets input

critical puberty 2 years-puberty

Question 12

learning theory of language

Answer 12

language aquisition is controlled by conditioning and reinforcement

Question 13

by when do we show strong preferences for phomemes from parents

Answer 13

6 months

Question 14

the social interactionist theory of langauge

Answer 14

language aquisition occurs because of our motivation to communicate and interact with others

brain development and socialization play a large role

Question 15

linguistic relativity

Answer 15

the way we think about the world is determined by the content of language

language affects how we think

the way semantic space is identified and classified differs across languages
- more words for blue, more shades we can percieve

Question 16

attention

Answer 16

Attention refers to concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment, or sensorium

Question 17

dichotic listening tests and shadowing

Answer 17

Dichotic listening tests are designed to test selective attention. Participants are given headphones that have distinct auditory stimuli going to each ear. Participants are then asked to pay attention to either or both stimuli, then asked to repeat out loud what they heard in the attended ear, which is termed shadowing. This task tests selective attention because participants are asked to filter out information from the unattended ear. Alternatively, the task can test whether participants can subconsciously gain information from the unattended ear.

Question 18

divided vs automatic processing

Answer 18

Divided attention is the ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Most new or complex tasks require undivided attention and utilize controlled (effortful) processing, discussed in Chapter 3 of MCAT Behavioral Sciences Review. In contrast, familiar or routine actions can be performed with automatic processing, which permits the brain to focus on other tasks with divided attention. Consider learning to drive: at first, drivers intensely grip the steering wheel and pay undivided attention to the road ahead. But as you become more accustomed to driving, you can relegate some aspects of driving—like knowing how hard to push on the pedal—to automatic processing