hypothalamus and epithalamus

Question 1

mammillary body

Answer 1

hypothalamic nuclei that are a key link in the papez circuit of episodic, emotional memory

Question 2

arcuate nucleus

Answer 2

hypothalamic nuclei with a key role in producing releasing and inhibiting hormones which move through a portal to tropic cells of the anterior pituitary. A huge link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Question 3

ventromedial nucleus

Answer 3

stimulated by the arcuate nucleus to produce a corticotropin-releasing hormone to produce feelings of satiety

Question 4

“Tropic” cells in the anterior pituitary

Answer 4

cells stimulated by releasing and inhibiting factors produced by the arcuate (and other nuclei) that travel through a portal and reach these cells in the anterior pituitary. These cells release hormones into the blood.

Question 5

Supraoptic nucleus

Answer 5

receives sensory input about the osmolarity (hypo/hypertonicity) of blood. This nucleus responds to high blood osmolarity by stimulating the posterior pituitary to release ADH (vasopressin) to conserve water in the blood vessels and kidneys.

Question 6

Posterior pituitary

Answer 6

part of the pituitary that receives neuronal stimulation from hypothalamic nuclei and in response, secretes either ADH or oxytocin

Question 7

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 7

a hypothalamic nucleus that receives sensory info from uterine stretch receptors to stimulate the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. This stimulates more uterine contraction to produce more uterine stretch to perpetuate a positive feedback loop.

Question 8

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

Answer 8

a hypothalamic nucleus that connects axons directly to the parasympathetic arm of the ANS. Responsible for controlling all kinds of unconscious ANS activity in the “rest and recover” mode

Question 9

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

Answer 9

hypothalamus nucleus that connects axons directly to the sympathetic arm of the ANS. Responsible for controlling unconscious ANS activity in the “fight or flight” mode, including vasoconstriction to amp up body temperature

Question 10

Pineal gland

Answer 10

a small part of the epithalamus responsible for producing melatonin to regulate sleep cycles and circadian rhythms

Question 11

Habenular nuclei

Answer 11

very small epithalamic nuclei that factors in “limbic” like functions such as olfaction, emotion, and memory

Question 12

Structures in the mamillary region

Answer 12

Mamillary body, Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

Question 13

Structures in the tuberal region

Answer 13

Arcuate nucleus, Ventromedial nucleus

Question 14

Structures in the Supraoptic Region

Answer 14

Supraoptic nucleus, Paraventricular nucleus, Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

Question 15

Structures in the Epithalamus

Answer 15

Pineal gland, Habenular nuclei(inferior to pineal)