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Bio40b > Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics Concepts > Flashcards

Blood Vessels & Hemodynamics Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common object about the same diameter as the aorta? The femoral artery? Arterioles just before entering capillaries?

A

aorta= garden hose
Femoral artery= pencil
Arterioles just before entering capillaries= thick human hair

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2
Q

What are the 3 tunics (layers), from deep to superficial, of blood vessels? Which is closest to the lumen of the vessel?

A

Tunica interna (intima)= closest to the lumen of the vessel
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)

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3
Q

Which vessel, artery, or vein, has the most uniformly circular lumen?

A

Artery

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers, deep to superficial, of the tunica interna? Which is much more prominent in arteries than veins?

A

Endothelium
Basement membrane
Internal elastic membrane

The internal elastic membrane is more prominent in arteries than veins

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers, deep to superficial, of the tunica media? Which of the two (or both?) is more prominent in arteries than veins?

A

Smooth muscle
External elastic membrane

In arteries, the smooth muscles are more prominent than in veins

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6
Q

What tissue makes up the tunica externa?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue/ loose areolar

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7
Q

What other small structures can be found sometimes weaving through the tunica externa of the biggest vessels, and what are the functions of these structures?

A

Small nerves and arterioles nourish the outer layers of the biggest vessels

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8
Q

What special feature does the tunica interna of veins have, that arteries don’t?

A

Veins have valves which are a part of the endothelium layer, arteries don’t

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the tunica interna?

A

Endothelial, simple squamous, are the type of epithelium found in the tunica interna

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10
Q

Which layer of the heart is continuous with the tunica interna of blood vessels?

A

The endocardium of the heart is continuous with the tunica interna of blood vessels

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11
Q

What layers of the tunica interna let you know that it’s a true epithelium lining blood vessels?

A

Basement membrane

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12
Q

What is the role of the elastic lamina in dealing with arterial pressure swings between systole & diastole?

A

The internal and external elastic lamina provides extensibility and elasticity and is ideal for high-pressure systems to dampen and even out the pressure

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13
Q

Which layer of blood vessels will undergo vascular spasming? Vasoconstriction? Vasodilation? Will these be more prevalent in arteries or veins?

A

The smooth muscle layer of blood vessels will undergo vascular spasming, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation. This will be more prevalent in arteries as it has a thicker muscle layer

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14
Q

How many tunics do capillaries have? Which one(s)? Are they even complete tunics? Which part is missing?

A

Capillaries only have tunica intima. Its tunica intima has an endothelium and basement membrane but is missing an internal elastic membrane.

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15
Q

Veins have 3 layers, but which is the biggest?

A

Tunica externa is the thickest of the three layers

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16
Q

What % of the blood supply do veins typically hold at rest?

A

64%

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of anastomoses of blood vessels? How do they function, and where can you find an example of each in the body?

A

Union of two or more vessels to provide “collateral circulation” which can be critical when clots occur
Arterial - venus anastomoses= capillary beds, movement from artery to vein
Arterial = circle of Willis in the head, movement from one artery to another
venous= veins in the wrist, from one vein to another

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18
Q

Why is a capillary vessel wall so thin?

A

Allows nutrients and waste to travel through the bloodstream and diffuse into the tissues.

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19
Q

If we say the cornea is unvascularized, how many capillary beds are you going to find in the cornea?

A

None

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20
Q

Even though capillaries are incredibly important for the exchange of materials, how much of your blood is typically in the capillaries at rest

A

25%

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21
Q

What do we call the channels by which blood can bypass “closed” capillary beds and return to the venous system without extensive time spent in a capillary bed?

A

Thoroughfare channel

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22
Q

Which type of capillary is least permeable, in general, to the biggest range of substances? What is the most common capillary type?

A

Continuous capillaries are the least permeable and most common capillary type

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23
Q

What do we call the spaces between endothelial cells of the tunica interna? Where small molecules can diffuse through?

A

We call the spaces between the endothelial cells of the tunica interna clefts. Small molecules can diffuse through the tiny clefts.

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24
Q

How well does diffusion work, in general, over small distances? Over large distances?

A

The greater the distance that a substance must travel, the slower the rate of diffusion.

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25
Q

What makes fenestrated capillaries unique, where are they found, how do they function, and what are some liquids that are made when blood is pushed through fenestrated capillaries?

A

Fenestrated capillaries have small holes (fenestrations) that allow for more flow of blood plasma out of the capillary for the FILTRATION of the blood. They are found in the choroid plexuses of brain ventricles that produce CSF. They are also found in ciliary processes of the eyes that produce aqueous humor.

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26
Q

What is the very special structure/function relationship in sinusoid capillaries? How do red cells (and huge proteins) get into and out of sinusoidal capillaries? Where does this need to happen in the body?

A

Sinusoid capillaries are a way for red blood cells and huge proteins to get into and out of the bloodstream through sinusoidal cavities. This happens in red marrow where RBCs are built and need to enter the blood(entering capillaries). In the spleen, damaged RBCs need to be removed (exiting capillaries).

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27
Q

If we want to speed up the diffusion of substances from one place to another by moving fluid, too, what do we call that process?

A

Bulk flow

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28
Q

When you deal with net filtration and resorption at the capillaries, what are the two types of pressure to consider?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

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29
Q

When you deal with net filtration and resorption at the capillaries, what do the “B” of BOP and BHP, and the IF of IFHP and IFOP stand for?

A

B= blood
IF= interstitial fluid

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30
Q

What equation, using BHP, IFOP, BOP, and IFHP, tells us how to calculate net filtration or net reabsorption at the capillaries?

A

Net filtration:
BHP + IFOP > BOP + IFHP

Net reabsorption:
BHP + IFOP < BOP + IFHP

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31
Q

In general, which occurs more during the day? Net filtration, or net reabsorption?

A

Net filtration

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32
Q

Are hydrostatic and osmotic pressures typically higher in the blood or the interstitial fluid?

A

Blood

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33
Q

Which has the same directional effect on fluid as BHP? IFOP, BOP, or IFHP?

A

BHP and IFOP both encourage fluid to LEAVE the capillary into the IF

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34
Q

If net filtration pressure on the venous side is a net negative, what is going on? Net reabsorption or net filtration?

A

Net reabsorption

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35
Q

Using the idea of net filtration/reabsorption, how does hypertension lead to edema in tissues?

A

The veins are having trouble transporting enough blood all the way to the feet and then back to the heart, so it gathers in the legs. Increased pressure causes the fluid to be pushed out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue, leading to edema.

36
Q

What equation links Blood Pressure (BP) and Cardiac Output (CO)? What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?

A

BP = CO x SVR
SVR= lumen diameter, blood vessel length, and blood viscosity

37
Q

What is the overall effect of blood viscosity and blood vessel length on SVR? On BP?
What are some factors that can change, that will have an effect on BP?

A

If you increase blood viscosity, you’ll increase SVR (resistance) and increase blood pressure.

If you increase blood vessel length, you’ll increase SVR and increase blood pressure.

Cardiac output, blood volume, SVR, blood viscosity, and vessel length changes will have an effect on BP

38
Q

If you want to drastically reduce the SVR, what can you do to the diameter of blood vessels?

A

Vasodilate

39
Q

How does the skeletal pump work? What is its role? What structure, found only in the tunica interna of veins, makes it work? What is an example of a muscle that would be part of the skeletal pump?

A

The skeletal pump helps the heart by using skeletal muscles around deep veins to squeeze venous blood back up to the heart. The structure of the tunica interna of veins that make it work are the one-way valves. The soleus is an example of a muscle that would be part of a skeletal pump.

40
Q

Are you likely to see the skeletal pump working in deep or superficial veins? Why?

A

Deep veins because the deep veins are thicker and are deep to skeletal muscle

41
Q

How does the respiratory pump work? What is its role? What is an example of a muscle that would be part of the respiratory pump?

A

Inhalation pushes the diaphragm down, a muscle part of the respiratory pump, which compresses the abdomen, increasing abdominal pressure and decreasing thoracic pressure. Increased abdominal pressure “squeezes” veins of the abdomen and forces blood superiorly into the decompressed thoracic veins.

42
Q

Remembering a muscle like Temporalis, do you think it would normally be part of the skeletal pump? The respiratory pump? Neither?

A

The Temporalis would not be part of any pump as the temporalis is superior to the heart, so the blood doesn’t have to fight against gravity to return to the heart.

43
Q

What is the relationship between the velocity of blood in vessels, and the cross-sectional area of that vessel? This relationship tells us that the slowest-moving blood will be found where? The fastest-moving blood? Will blood accelerate or decelerate from the capillaries to the veins? Why?

A

The less cross-sectional area a vessel has, the higher the velocity of the blood in that vessel.

The slowest-moving blood will be found in capillaries (most cross-sections) and the fastest-moving blood will be found in the aorta (least cross-sections). Blood will accelerate from the capillaries to the veins because the veins have fewer cross-sections.

44
Q

Regarding adrenergic compounds (Norepinephrine & epinephrine), what is the difference in their action to increase BP, when comparing them used neuronally vs. hormonally?

A

Different methods, the same effect

Neuronally: ANS
Goes down the thalamus, T1-T5, lateral gray horn, white ramus communicants, gray ramus communicants, close precapillary sphincters (increasing resistance and BP)

Hormonally:
Goes down the thalamus, goes to T1-T11, a myelinated preganglionic neuron, sympathetic trunk, aorticorenal ganglion, adrenal gland of kidneys releasing hormones that reach the blood vessels and vasocontrict (increase resistance and BP)

45
Q

What are the 3 main “effector” organs that we talk about that are involved in increasing BP to combat hypertension?

A

kidney, heart, blood vessels

46
Q

What are some inputs into the Cardiovascular center of the medulla that help set BP?

A

From baroreceptors: monitor blood pressure
From chemoreceptors: monitors blood acidity (H+), CO2, and O2

47
Q

How does thoracolumbar output via spinal nerves, to the integument, increase blood pressure? (It might be interesting to note here, that thoracolumbar output is actually constricting a structure, rather than the usual dilation we see from sympathetic innervation of blood vessels outside the integument, bronchi, bronchioles…) Which equation for BP will be relevant to this discussion about changing blood vessel diameter in the integument to change BP?

A

Vasconstrict precapillary sphincters, increasing resistance which increases BP
BP = HR x SV x SVR

48
Q

Mechanistically, at the level of the kidney, how does aldosterone increase BP by increasing blood volume?

A

Increases water resorption from the urine back into the blood, increasing blood volume which increases blood pressure

49
Q

What other way does aldosterone increase BP (through action at the blood vessels of the integument)?

A

Angiotensin II is going to contract the precapillary sphincters, put more blood back in circulation, pulling it back to your core, and increase blood pressure

50
Q

What other molecule (released from the posterior pituitary) has similar effects as aldosterone in increasing BP?

A

ADH, or “vasopressin”

51
Q

What other molecule of the RAAS also increases BP through this same vasoconstricting mechanism in the integument?

A

ADH

52
Q

If you’re going to increase Na and water reabsorption from the kidneys back into the blood, what factors are you going to increase? Blood volume? SV? EDV? ESV? HR? CO? SVR? BP?

A

Blood volume, SV, CO, and BP increase

53
Q

What are some causes of severe, acute hypotension, via hypotensive shock?

A
  • Inadequate flow of blood to tissue from standing up too quickly
  • Loss of blood volume
  • Acute, inappropriate, vasodilation (decreased SVR) can cause huge, sometimes fatal, acute hypotensive through hypotensive shock
54
Q

Why is blood vessel diameter unique in increasing BP by being DECREASED? When so many other factors increase BP when they themselves are increased (Blood volume, SV, EDV, HR, CO…)

A

When blood vessel diameter is decreased, less blood flows through which increases blood pressure as less blood makes it to the heart

55
Q

What is the compound most associated with the correction of hypertension?

A

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

56
Q

How could you very generally explain all the effects of ANP in decreasing BP?

A

Shuts down the release of renin by Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells so that means these all also decrease: water absorption at the kidney, blood volume, SV, CO, and BP

Basically, does the opposite of JG cells

57
Q

(Ignoring the right and left coronary arteries coming off the aorta) what are the first 3 branches (in order) of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

58
Q

Which two arteries come off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right subclavian and right common carotid

59
Q

Which structures do the vertebral arteries run through on their way up to the head and the Circle of Willis?

A

Transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae

60
Q

What are 3 of the 6 primary branches of the external carotid? Of the 3 you pick, what areas of the head/neck do they serve?

A

Occipital branch= serves the skin and muscles superficial to the occipital bone

Superficial temporal branch= serves the skin and muscles superficial to the temporal bone

Facial branch= serves the skin and muscles superficial to the face

61
Q

Which of the two (internal or external carotid) is medial, and which is lateral? Which feeds the Circle of Willis? What is the other main artery that feeds the Circle of Willis?

A

The internal carotid is medial and the external carotid is lateral. The internal carotid feeds the Circle of Willis. The Basilar Artery is the other main artery that feeds the Circle of Willis.

62
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that branch the Circle of Willis?

A

Right internal carotid, Basilar, left internal carotid

63
Q

What are the two segments of the Circle of Willis that contribute to the arterial anastomoses of the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior communicating and posterior communicating

64
Q

What structure(s) do the esophageals feed? The mediastinals? The pericardials? Bronchials? Intercostals? Lumbars? Renals? Adrenals? Superior and inferior phrenics?

A

esophageal=esophagus

mediastinals= mediastinum cavity

pericardials= heart

bronchials= lungs

intercostals= ribs

lumbars= lumbar region

renals= kidneys

adrenals= adrenal glands

Superior and inferior phrenics= diaphragm

65
Q

The thoracic and abdominal aortae are separated by which structure?

A

Diaphragm

66
Q

Of the Aortic arch, the ascending aorta, and descending aorta, which moves superiorly, which moves posteriorly, and which moves inferiorly?

A

The ascending aorta moves superiorly

The descending aorta moves inferiorly and posteriorly

67
Q

What are the 3 main trunks coming off the abdominal aorta, from superior to inferior?

A

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

68
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk, where do they go, and what structures do they feed?

A

Left gastric= run laterally (left) to serve the stomach
splenic= run laterally (left) to serve the spleen
Common hepatic= run laterally (right) to serve the liver

69
Q

In which direction do the 3 major trunks of the abdominal aorta face?

A

Anteriorly

70
Q

What primary arteries branch off of the superior mesenteric trunk?

A

Jejunal and Ileocolic (intestinal)

Right Colic (feeds ascending colon) and Middle Colic (feeds transverse colon)

71
Q

What primary arteries branch off of the inferior mesenteric trunk?

A

Left colic (feeds descending colon)
Sigmoids (feeds sigmoid colon)
Superior rectal (feeds rectum)

72
Q

All the arteries of the upper limb stem from which artery most medial and proximal to the heart?

A

Subclavian artery

73
Q

Which is correct order of arteries serving the arm from proximal to the heart to distal – starting with subclavian and ending with the ulnar?

A

Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Ulnar

74
Q

Immediately inferior to the abdominal aorta, what 2 arteries make the first split to feed the two legs?

A

Right common iliac and left common iliac

75
Q

What is the difference between the internal and external iliac arteries, in terms of areas served?

A

The external iliac runs down and feeds the entire leg
The internal iliac serves the inferior and superior gluteals

76
Q

From the external iliac, what is the next artery immediately inferior?

A

Right femoral

77
Q

What are some main arteries moving inferiorly down the lower leg?

A

Femoral

Popliteal

Posterior tibial runs to fibular and to the lateral and medial plantar which feeds the plantar metatarsal and digitals

Anterior tibial feeds the dorsalis pedis, which goes to the arcuate and feeds the dorsal metatarsal and digitals

78
Q

Which sinus of the head makes a ring around the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone of the skull?

A

Cavernous sinus

79
Q

Which sinus connects the posterior aspect of the inferior superior sagittal sinus to the transverse sinuses?

A

Straight sinus

80
Q

All of the sinuses of the head eventually drain into which veins?

A

Internal and external jugular sinus

81
Q

What is the structure and function of the hepatic portal system? How does it differ from typical systemic capillaries?

A

The hepatic portal brings blood from the intestinal capillaries (full of nutrients) to the liver for offloading of all those nutrients. (Glycogensis= Glucose into Glycogen for storage)

Typical systemic capillaries: stripped of nutrients and carrying waste, venous blood of most veins goes back to the heart to be refreshed

82
Q

How do the location and function of the renal veins compare and contrast to those of the renal arteries?

A

The renal arteries form directly from the descending aorta, whereas the renal veins return cleansed blood directly to the inferior vena cava.

83
Q

How do the location and function of the azygos veins compare and contrast to those of the azygos arteries (be careful here…)

A

The azygos vein carries blood from the back of your chest and abdomen to your heart.

There is no azygos artery

84
Q

What vein drains everything below the heart back into the right atrium? What vein drains everything above the heart back into the right atrium?

A

Below the heart back into the right atrium= inferior vena cava
Above the heart back into the right atrium= superior vena cava

85
Q

What’s wrong with the statement “Arteries carry oxygenated blood”?

A

Arteries may carry deoxygenated blood, for example, the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated to the lungs to become oxygenated

Bio40b (28 decks)

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