Hypercalcaemia Flashcards
1
Q
What is hypercalcaemia?
A
High serum calcium
2
Q
What is normal plasma calcium level?
A
2.1-2.6 mmol/L
3
Q
What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
A
Abdominal pain Vomiting Constipation Polyuria Depression Renal stones
4
Q
What is the pneumonic for hypercalcaemia?
A
Bones
Stones
Groans
Moans
5
Q
What are the main causes of hypercalcaemia?
A
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Malignancy
6
Q
How do you differentiate between bony mets and primary hyperparathyroidism?
A
Both have normal or low albumin
Primary hyperparathyroidism = low phosphate, high PTH
Bony mets = raised phosphate, high ALP
7
Q
How do you manage hypercalcaemia?
A
Treat underlying cause
Fluids
Bisphosphonates
8
Q
What is a mnemonic for other causes for hypercalcaemia?
A
CHIMPANZEES
9
Q
What are other causes of hypercalcaemia?
A
Calcium supplementation Hyperparathyroidism Iatrogentic (Drugs: Thiazides) Milk Alkali syndrome Paget disease of the bone Acromegaly + Addison's disease Neoplasia Zolinger-Ellison Syndrome Excessive Vitamin D Excessive Vitamin A Sarcoidosis
