Diabetes

Question 1

What is diabetes?

Answer 1

High blood sugar due to the bodies poor response to insulin

Question 2

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

Autoimmune conditions causing the destruction of B cells in the pancreas

Question 3

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 3

Insulin resistance

Question 4

What are the symptoms of T1DM?

Answer 4

Polyuria 
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Fatigue
Recurrent UTIs

Question 5

What are the diagnostic criteria?

Answer 5

Fasting glucose >/= 7
Diabetes symptoms

HbA1c >48
OGTT >/= 11.1

Question 6

What is OGTT?

Answer 6

Oral glucose tolerance test

Patient given 75g anhydrous glucose and measure plasma glucose 2 hours after

Question 7

How should diabetic patients be managed?

Answer 7

Education/diet
Medication/insulin

Regular eye checks
Regular foot checks

Question 8

What are complications of poorly controlled diabetes?

Answer 8

Vascular diseae
Nephropathy 
Retinopathy 
Cataracts
Neuropathy 
Diabetic foot ulcer

Question 9

What do you need to check in urine for T1DM?

Answer 9

Glucose
Ketones
Infection
Albumin

Question 10

What antibodies are involved in T1DM?

Answer 10

GAD antibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

Question 11

What are the types of retinopathy?

Answer 11

Background
Pre-proliferative
Proliferative

Question 12

What changes occur in background retinopathy?

Answer 12

Microaneurysms
Haemorrhages
Hard exudates

Question 13

What changes occur in pre-proliferative changes?

Answer 13

Cotton wool spots
Haemorrhages
Venous beading

Question 14

What changes occur in proliferative changes?

Answer 14

New capillary growth

Question 15

What gene is associated with T1DM?

Answer 15

HLA DQ
HLA 3
HLA 4