HVIII REFORMATION/RELIGION Flashcards
WHEN could it be suggested that Henry VIII decided Catherine of Aragon would not have any more children?
1525: Catherine was past childbearing age, and Henry VIII asked Wolsey for a papal dispensation
WHAT did Wolsey do to try and secure Henry VIII’s annulment?
In 1527, he called for a special court to ‘try’ Henry for his and Catherine’s sinful marriage (as the widow of Henry’s brother). However, the Pope was reluctant to address the case and Wolsey was unable to secure any decision.
WHAT did Henry VIII do in 1531 to put pressure on the clergy?
- Pardoned the clergy of crimes against him
- This made them recognise him as lawmaker and head of the English Church
- He also made them pay him a fine of £100,000
WHEN was the First Act of Annates passed?
1532
WHAT was the First Act of Annates?
It withheld annates (payments made to Rome by the clergy upon the appointment of a new bishop) from the Pope.
WHEN was the Supplication Against the Ordinaries?
March 1532
WHAT was the Supplication Against the Ordinaries?
It was addressed to the king by the House of Commons, demanding he address the corruption of the clergy
WHEN was the formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII and WHAT was it?
1532 - a formal surrender of the Church’s independent law-making function
WHEN did Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn marry in secret?
January 1533
WHEN was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
February 1533
WHAT was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
Reformation legislation. No appeals could be made to the Pope on decisions taken in English courts. Stopped Catherine from appealing to Rome for her case on the divorce to be heard
WHEN was Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon’s annulment secured?
May 1533
WHEN was Anne Boleyn crowned Queen of England?
June 1533
WHEN was Princess Elizabeth born?
September 1533
WHEN was the first Act of Succession passed?
April 1534
WHAT was the first Act of Succession?
It declared that:
- Henry and Catherine’s marriage was void
- Succession was vested in the children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
WHEN were the Act of Supremacy and Treason Act passed?
November 1534
WHAT was the Act of Supremacy?
Acknowledged (and claimed it was always this way) that the king was the head of the Church, and could decide its organisation, personnel and doctrine
WHY did parliament only ‘acknowledge’ Henry’s royal supremacy?
They did not have the power to give him the right to be leader of the Church, so they cleverly ‘acknowledged’ it instead.
WHAT was the Treason Act?
It made the denial of royal supremacy a crime punishable by death, through spoken word, deed and writing.
NAME 1 example of a high profile figure who was convicted using the Treason Act.
Thomas More who was convicted and executed in 1535
WHAT monastic reforms did Wolsey try to implement?
1) Ordered inspections of monasteries
2) Drew up plans to close monasteries with less than 6 inmates in 1528
HOW MANY religious houses were dissolved during Wolsey’s dominance?
Over 2 dozen
WHAT was Wolsey an advocate for (in terms of religion)?
Education among the clergy (and the laity). He used the money from dissolved monasteries for this purpose
WHAT was Wolsey’s stance on Protestantism?
He strongly opposed Protestantism and Lutheranism. There were public burnings of Lutheran texts, but no executions until after he died.
WHAT were some religious criticisms of Wolsey?
He was accused of absenteeism and plurality
WHAT did historian Peter Marshall say about Wolsey?
“Wolsey was not the deeply corrupt, power-mad prelate [clergyman] of Protestant legend, but neither was he the kind of inspirational, reforming leader that English Catholicism needed.”
WHEN was the Act of Ten Articles passed?
1536
WHAT was the Act of Ten Articles?
It rejected 4 of Catholicism’s seven sacraments. Mix of Catholic and Lutheran influences
WHEN were the two sets of injunctions under Henry VIII?
1536 and 1538
WHAT did the Henry VIII injunctions do?
Aimed to transform church services and traditional worship radically. Attacked pilgrimages, relics, and images. Placed the English Bible in each church.
WHEN was the Bishop’s Book published?
1537
WHAT did the Bishop’s Book do?
Restored the 4 sacraments omitted with the Ten Articles, although at a lower status. More conservative than the Ten Articles
WHAT is some evidence of there being a lack of direction in religious policy under Henry VIII?
The 1536 Ten Articles rejected 4 of Catholicism’s seven sacraments, but then the Bishop’s Book restored them again in 1537
WHEN was the Act of the Six Articles?
1539
WHAT did the Act of the Six Articles do?
- Reasserted Catholic doctrine
- Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical
WHAT excuse did conservatives use for the more Catholic policies made at the end of Henry VIII’s reign?
They said that the more radical religious changes of the mid 1530s (e.g. the English Bible being publicly available) caused social disorder
WHEN did the dissolution of the monasteries start?
1536
By WHEN had all the monasteries been dissolved?
March 1540
WHAT traditional Catholic practices were attacked during the Henrician Reformation?
- Holy days
- Pilgrimages
- The veneration of relics (worship of items that are claimed to have belonged to religious icons like the Virgin Mary)
By WHAT date had 2/3 of monastic land been sold?
1547
WHAT are some social consequences of the dissolution of the monasteries?
1) Increased size/wealth of gentry as they bought up monastic land
2) Loss of monastic schools
3) Monks/nuns lost their jobs
4) Rebellion (e.g. the Pilgrimage of Grace)
WHAT is the Henrician Reformation often called?
‘Catholicism without the Pope’
WHAT was arguably the most important change to the Church during Henry VIII’s reign for an ordinary layman?
The use of vernacular scripture (an English Bible)
WHEN was the Great Bible published?
1539
WHAT was the Great Bible?
The first English Bible (edited by Cranmer) authorised for public use and distributed to every church.
WHAT did historian Christopher Haigh say about the success of the reformation and WHEN?
1993 - “The Protestant reformation was far less effective than the political reformations had been: legislative destruction proved easier than evangelical construction.”
WHEN were the First and Second Suppression Acts passed?
1536 and 1541
WHAT did the First and Second Suppression Acts do?
Dissolved the monasteries, confiscating Church land to the Crown.
HOW MANY monasteries were closed down under Henry VIII?
About 900
WHAT are some examples of anticlericalism before the reformation?
- Some lawyers objected to the influence of canon law and legal privileges of clergy
- Martin Luther and Lutheranism
- Satirical critiques of the Church
HOW common was anticlericalism before the reformation?
There was little committed attempt before the ‘King’s Great Matter’
WHEN did Martin Luther publish his work critiquing the Catholic Church?
1517
WHAT evidence is there of religious change during Henry VIII’s reign?
- Papal authority was destroyed
- Dissolution of the monasteries
- English Bible
- A more humanist-influenced religious culture
WHAT evidence is there of religious continuity during Henry VIII’s reign?
- Heirarchy remained unchanged
- Little attempt to alter the interior of the church or service structure
- Musical culture remained
- More conservative doctrine near end of reign (e.g. the Six Articles, 1539)
